Text (with hotlink) | Original Language | Biographical Info | Religion | Date of Composition | Location Composed | Notes |
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Damage and Chronology Reports from Textual Sources | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Ibn Tagri Birdi | Arabic |
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Muslim | 15th c. CE | Cairo |
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as-Suyuti | Arabic |
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Sufi Muslim | 15th c. CE | Cairo |
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Mujir al-Din | Arabic |
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Hanbali Sunni Muslim | ca. 1495 CE | Jerusalem |
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Ibn Iyas | Arabic |
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Muslim | before 1522 CE | Egypt |
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Other Authors | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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Text (with hotlink) | Original Language | Biographical Info | Religion | Date of Composition | Location Composed | Notes |
Location (with hotlink) | Status | Intensity | Notes |
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Karak | Rebuilding efforts may have removed destruction evidence leaving rebuilding evidence instead. | ||
Petra - Introduction | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Petra - Jabal Harun | possible | ≥ 8 | Phase 12 destruction event - not well dated -
Mikkola et al (2008) noted that in this destruction event all remaining roof structures collapsed and there was a layer of stone tumble. Hard-packed, clayey soil directly under the lowermost deposits of stone tumble [...] contained relatively few findsapparently making it difficult to date. Also found in the stone tumble were the remains of two fallen arches, a row of voussoirs, some drums fallen froma column, and many other architectural elements found throughout the complex. |
Petra - Petra Church | possible | ≥ 8 | Fiema et al (2001) characterized structural destruction of the church in Phase X as likely caused by an
earthquake with a date that is not easy to determine. A very general terminus post quemof the early 7th century CE was provided. Destruction due to a second earthquake was identified in Phase XIIA which was dated from late Umayyad to early Ottoman. Taken together this suggests that the first earthquake struck in the 7th or 8th century CE and the second struck between the 8th and 16th or 17th century CE. |
Petra - Blue Chapel and the Ridge Church | possible | Later undated earthquake(s)- Perry in Bikai et al (2020:70) noted that from the 8th c. A.D. on, the abandoned structures suffered extensive damage from repeated earthquakes. |
|
Shivta | possible | ≥ 8 | Erickson-Gini (2013) identified earthquake collapse at Shivta which she
dated to possibly in the Middle Islamic periodafter the site was abandoned at the end of the Early Islamic period.Korjenkov and Mazor (1999a) identified a post Byzantine earthquake which struck after 7th century CE abandonment. The terminus ante quem for this earthquake is not well established. Korjenkov and Mazor (1999a) estimated an Intensity of 8-9 for the post Byzantine earthquake and placed the epicenter a few tens of kilometers away in the WSW direction. They also report that a site effect is not likely at this location. |
Baydha | possible | ≥ 8 | Late Islamic (Mamluk/Ottoman) earthquake -
Sinibaldi (2018:75) reports that Mosque 2 (aka the Western Mosque) which
Sinibaldi (2016:95)
dates to not earlier than the 13th-14th century CE (Mamluk period)was probably destroyed by an earthquake. |
el-Lejjun | possible | ≥ 8 | 4th Earthquake - ~600 CE - 1918 CE - Groot et al (2006:183) report discovery of a
nearly complete Umayyad Lamp in Square 4 of Area B (Barracks - B.6.038) in the Post Stratum Gap - above and later than the 3rd earthquake layer.
Above the Ummayyad lamp was a 0.7 m thick layer of tumble containing some roof beams and many wall blocks(Groot et al, 2006:183). They note that the basalt roof beams found embedded in the lowest tumble level (B.6.032) suggests initial massive destruction rather than gradual decay over time. The wall blocks, found in the upper layer of tumble, contained one late Islamic (1174-1918 CE) and one Ayyubid/Mamluk (1174-1516 CE) sherd indicating a significant amount of time may have passed between the possibly seismically induced roof collapse and the wall collapse which was not characterized as necessarily having a seismic origin. This opens up the possibility that one of the mid 8th century CE earthquakes or a later earthquake may have also caused damage at el-Lejjun. deVries et al (2006:196) suggests that Umayyad abandonment of the northwest tower was probably triggered by further major collapse. In the North Gate, deVries et al (2006:207) found evidence of full scale destruction in layers above 3rd earthquake debris and post-earthquake occupation layerswhich contained Late Byzantine/Umayyad and Umayyad sherds. Subsoil/tumble was found in C.9.008 (north room), C.9.009 (south room) and C.9.005 (stairwell) bear ample witness to the destruction of the rooms, perhaps in the Umayyad period. Although Late Byzantine sherds were found in Post Stratum layers in the North Gate, if one assumes that the 3rd earthquake was the Inscription at Aeropolis Quake which struck before 597 CE - probably within a decade of 597 CE, one can establish an approximate and fairly conservative terminus post quem for this earthquake of ~600 CE. While the terminus ante quem is the end of the post stratum III gap (1918 CE), it is probable that that the earthquake struck much earlier. |
Castellum of Qasr Bshir | possible | ≥ 8 | Later Earthquake(s) - Above what was presumed to be a Late Umayyad collapse layer
Clark (1987:490) found another collapse layer in H.2
A period of abandonment followed [the Late Umayyad collapse], punctuated by a squatter occupation of the room, during which a fire was lit in the corner. There followed a major collapse of masonry, after which no further occupation of the room took place. |
Location (with hotlink) | Status | Intensity | Notes |
Location (with hotlink) | Status | Intensity | Notes | ||||||||||
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Jordan Valley - Tell Saidiyeh and Ghor Kabed Trenches | unlikely to possible | ≥ 7 | Ferry et al (2011) detected 12 surface rupturing seismic events in 4 trenches (T1-T4) in Tell Saidiyeh and Ghor Kabed; 10 of which were prehistoric. The tightest chronology came from the Ghor Kabed trenches (T1 and T2) where Events Y and Z were constrained to between 560 and 1800 CE. | ||||||||||
Dead Sea - Seismite Types | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||
Dead Sea - En Feshka | no evidence | The top of Kagan et. al. (2011)'s section in En Feshka began around 1300 CE. | |||||||||||
Dead Sea - Nahal Darga | possible | ≥ 7 | Enzel et. al. (2000) identified a 25-50 cm. thick seismite in coarse grained lithology in Deformed Unit 10 at the base of Stratigraphic Unit 13 which dated to 1450-1550 CE (~ 400-500 yrs BP). | ||||||||||
Dead Sea - En Gedi | possible | 8.3 - 9.1 |
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Dead Sea - Nahal Ze 'elim | possible | 8.2 - 9.0 | Ken-Tor et al (2001a) did not encounter any seismites at site ZA-1 whose age ranges encompassed 1458 CE. At site ZA-2, Kagan et. al. (2011) encountered a 10 cm. thick Type 4 seismite which was dated to ~1525 CE ± 125. The date was not within their Bayesian modeled range and was extrapolated. Kagan et. al. (2011) suggested that this particular seismite formed during an earthquake in 1458 CE. | ||||||||||
Araba - Introduction | n/a | n/a | n/a | ||||||||||
Araba - Qasr Tilah | possible | ≥ 7 | Haynes et al. (2006) dated Event I to 1515-1918 CE. | ||||||||||
Araba - Taybeh Trench | possible | LeFevre et al. (2018) assigned a 1458 CE date to a seismite labeled as E2 which was age modeled to 1581 CE ± 133. | |||||||||||
Araba - Qatar Trench | possible | ≥ 7 | Klinger et. al. (2015) identified one seismic event which fits.
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Araba - Taba Sabhka Trench | possible | ≥ 7 | Allison (2013) assigned a 1068 CE date to a seismic event which they dated to between 1045 and 1661 CE and Allison (2013) assigned a 1212 CE date to a seismic event which they dated to between the mid 11th century CE and the 16-17th centuries CE. | ||||||||||
Araba - Elat Sabhka Trenches | possible | Kanari et al (2020) dated Event E2 in Trench T3 to after 1294 CE and assigned it to earthquakes in 1458 or 1588 CE. Kanari et al (2020) dated sand blows SB1 and SB2 in Trench T3 to between 1287 and 1635 CE and suggested they may have formed during an earthquake in 1458 CE. | |||||||||||
Araba - Trenches in Aqaba | possible | ≥ 7 |
Niemi (2011:153) noted that the most recent scarp-forming event fault [in Trench AQ-1] occurred after A.D. 1045-1278 based on a corrected, calibrated radiocarbon age from charcoal collected from a buried campfire at the base of the scarp in Trench T-1. This likely represents fault motion in one of the historical earthquakes affecting southern Jordan (e.g. 1068, 1212, 1458, or 1588). |
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Location (with hotlink) | Status | Intensity | Notes |