| Description | Image | Source |
|---|---|---|
| fig. 2 Map showing location of cores and trenches |
Figure 2Map of marine and continental data presented here: the submarine Avrona Fault mapped by Hartman (2015) in white line, paleoseismic trench locations (yellow lines), piston cores in red circles; Inset: blow-up of land survey data collections (trenches in yellow and GPR lines in black; GPR data not presented here); red star: the location of the fault observed in trench T3 (Fig. 3); red line: the suggested fault trace of the on-land Avrona Fault, traced between the edge of the submarine fault and the surface rupture of the 1068 AD and 1458 AD earthquakes observed in T3. Kanari et al (2015) |
Figure 2 - from Kanari et al (2015) |
| Grain size distribution and 14C age determinations of core MG10P27 |
Figure 53D grain size distribution up to 2 mm (left) and radiocarbon dating results (right) along the canyon core MG10P27. Color bar represent % of grain size differential distribution by volume. Black dots represent the chronological age of the pelagic sediments, whereas diamonds represent the different color groups of LBF shells from within the MTDs. Ash-Mor et al (2017) |
Figure 5 - from Ash-Mor et al (2017) |
| Fig. 4 Grain size distribution and 14C age determinations of core P27 |
Figure 4Grain size distribution (downcore spectrum of % volume per grain diameter) and 14C age determinations (cal BC/AD) of core P27 from the northern Gulf of Aqaba Elat. 14C age calibrated using Calib 7.0 (Stuiver and Reimer, 1993) and Marine13 calibration curve (Reimer et al, 2013). Kanari et al (2015) |
Figure 4 - from Kanari et al (2015) |
anomalous [coarse grain] events in the submarine core P27 correspondto mass flow events triggered by the earthquakes of 1068 AD and 1458 AD. Even if these events did not generate a destructive tsunami, they may may have recorded seismic activity. Dating presented, however, is not entirely convincing and what was interpreted as due to the 1068 CE earthquake may have flowed in the mid 8th century CE. Ash-Mor et al (2017:45) state that
according to Kanari (2016), unit P27C in the canyon core coincides, within the error range, with a ~7MW earthquake which occurred in 948 years BP (1068 CE) and caused heavy destruction to Aqaba (Ambraseys et al., 1994; Ben-Menahem, 1991; Kagan et al., 2011).
| Description | Image | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Map showing location of cores and trenches |
Figure 2 Map of marine and continental data presented here: the submarine Avrona Fault mapped by Hartman (2015) in white line, paleoseismic trench locations (yellow lines), piston cores in red circles; Inset: blow-up of land survey data collections (trenches in yellow and GPR lines in black; GPR data not presented here); red star: the location of the fault observed in trench T3 (Fig. 3); red line: the suggested fault trace of the on-land Avrona Fault, traced between the edge of the submarine fault and the surface rupture of the 1068 AD and 1458 AD earthquakes observed in T3. Kanari et al (2015) |
Figure 2 - from Kanari et al (2015) |
| Grain size distribution and 14C age determinations of core MG10P27 |
Figure 53D grain size distribution up to 2 mm (left) and radiocarbon dating results (right) along the slope core MG10P22. Color bar represent % of grain size differential distribution by volume. Black dots represent the chronological age of the pelagic sediments, whereas diamonds represent the different color groups of LBF shells from within the MTDs. Ash-Mor et al (2017) |
Figure 5 - from Ash-Mor et al (2017) |
| Grain size distributions of cores P17, P22, and P29 |
Figure 5Grain size distribution (downcore spectrum of % volume per grain diameter) of cores P17 (540 mbsl), P22 (316 mbsl) and P29 (282 mbsl) from the Northern Gulf of Aqaba-Elat; see Fig. 2 for core locations Kanari et al (2015) |
Figure 5 - from Kanari et al (2015) |
were determined using radiocarbon dating of foraminifera, gastropod and bivalves.They came to the following conclusions:
For some events, more than one anomalous events appear to coincide in time in different cores. We suggest that where anomalous events in different cores coincide in their age constraints – it is most likely evidence for mass flow triggered by earthquake events, driving coarse material from the shallower shelf edge into the deep basin (as opposed to sporadic slumping, or mass flow triggered by flashfloods).Kanari et al (2015) counted seven events excluding 1068 and 1458 CE events and concluded that
5 earthquakes ruptured the Avrona Playa between 14.2±0.3 and 3.7±0.3 kain addition to two events dated to 40 ka (less confidence due to the limits of radiocarbon dating for this age) and 2.5 ka.