Ceramic evidence suggests that the fort was first built around 300 CE and occupied until the early 6th century CE with later limited occupation in the Ummayad and Late Islamic periods (Parker, 2006). Three "identifiable earthquakes" (Southern Cyril Quake - 363 CE, Fire in the Sky Quake - 502 CE, and the 551 CE Beirut Quake) were interpreted as providing breaks in the stratigraphic sequence which is listed below (JW: the earthquake assignments of 502 and 551 CE are incorrect). There is additional evidence on the site for one or two more earthquakes.

Stratum	Period	Approximate Dates (CE)
VI	Late Roman IV	284-324
VB	Early Byzantine I	324-363
VA	Early Byzantine II	363-400
IV	Early Byzantine III-IV	400-502
III	Late Byzantine I-II	502-551
Post Stratum III Gap	intermittent use of site for camping and as a cemetery	551-1900
II	Ottoman	1900-1918
I	Modern	1918-

The stratigraphic framework was based on numismatic and ceramic evidence. The details of the stratigraphy are fairly complex. There are a number of apparent dating contradictions in their report that were explained as intrusive and, while this appears to have been necessary to make sense of the phasing and deal with incidences of stone robbing, etc., it does add some additional uncertainty to the dating. The dates for the 2nd and 3rd earthquakes provided by Parker (2006) are incorrect and may have been relied on to sort through the difficult chronology. Both the Fire in the Sky Quake of 502 CE and the 551 CE Beirut Quake were too far away to have caused the type of devastation reported at el-Lejjun absent some sort of unusual site effect - which does not appear to be present. The dates provided below are based on information in their report rather than their earthquake date assignments.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Lain and Parker (2006:144) report that a beaten earth floor and ash layer in Room A.13 which ante-dated the 1st earthquake (Stratum VI-VB) was chock-full of tile fragments suggesting an apparent roof collapse due to an unknown cause. Such "collapse" debris was not found in any other excavation areas. The floor would have been built after initial construction of the fort which Parker (2006) dates to around 300 CE based on ceramic evidence.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Lain and Parker (2006:130) established a terminus post quem of 355 CE in the aedes where architectural installations from a rebuild after the 1st earthquake included a new floor. Underneath the new floor was a layer which yielded Early Byzantine pottery and two coins dated to 330-340 CE and 355 - 385 CE. A terminus ante quem comes from Room A.13 where Lain and Parker (2006:149) report on a 0.25-0.33 m thick beaten earth floor which was constructed from fill and leveled after the first earthquake. In an intrusive pit (A.13.009), a coin hoard was discovered with 249 bronze coins all dated from 326 to 383-384. The latest coin (Coin #461) was an issue of Arcadius dated to 383-384 which provides a terminus ante quem of 384 CE. This earthquake appears to have struck between 355 and 384 CE indicating that it is probable that the southern Cyril Quake was responsible for the seismic damage.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Parker (2006:120) dates underlying Stratum IV to the 5th century CE however noted a relative scarcity of 5th century coinage - something he characterized as a regional phenomenon. Only a few early 5th century coins were recovered and none dated from 450-491 CE. Thus, the terminus post quem for this earthquake is 450 CE. It appears that the legion was demobilized in ca. 530 CE - as suggested by Procopius - according to Parker (2006:121). The latest closely dateable Byzantine coins [in overlying Stratum III] [] are issues of Justinian I dated 534-565 (Parker, 2006:121). There were signs in Stratum III of demobilization and conversion to civilian use such as dumping of debris on the via praetoria which Lain and Parker (2006:157) characterizes as an absence of normal military discipline, the relative dearth of evidence underneath the earthquake debris of the 3rd earthquake in the principia suggesting an orderly and systematic evacuation of the headquarters complex (Lain and Parker, 2006:157) and a corpse interred in Room N.2 something Parker (2006:121) characterizes as a clear loss of military discipline. Thus, the terminus ante quem for this earthquake is ~530 CE. The earthquake struck between ~450 and ~530 CE.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Parker (2006:121) describes the last phase of significant occupation as follows:

The later phase (ca. 530-51) of Stratum III began with the demobilization of the legion ca. 530, as suggested by a passage in Procopius (Anecdota 24.12-14). It is notable that the latest closely dateable Byzantine coins from el-Lejjun are issues of Justinian I, dated 534-65, exactly what one would expect if Procopius' assertion were true. Some structures like the principia, were completely abandoned. Others, like the church, were extensively robbed. Large amounts of trash were dumped in barrack alleyways and even in major thoroughfares, such as the via praetoria. In Area N the rooms rebuilt rebuilt after 502 afterward witnessed little actual occupation. It is especially telling that a human corpse was interred in one room (N.2) that opened directly onto the via principalis a clear sign of the absence of military discipline.

Some inhabitants, perhaps discharged soldiers and their families or civilians from the surrounding countryside, continued to live within the fortress, however. The discovery of a human infant within the northwest angle tower in the debris of the earthquake of July 9, 551, implies that families were now living in the fortifications. The earthquake of 551 was a major catastrophe.

The numismatic finds and demobilization evidence described above provide a terminus post quem of ~530 CE for seismic destruction and final abandonment of the fortress at el-Lejjun. A terminus ante quem is not so well defined because after the 3rd earthquake, there is a Post Stratum Gap that lasted until 1900 CE. Parker (2006:121) notes that there is some evidence of camping and limited reoccupation of the domestic complex near the north gate in the Umayyad period (661-750 CE). Sherds and coins of Ayyubid/Mamluk (1174-1516) and Ottoman periods [also] attest [to] occasional later use of the fortress. Because Groot et al (2006:183) report discovery of a nearly complete Umayyad Lamp in Square 4 of Area B (Barracks) in the Post Stratum Gap, the Umayyad period (661 - 750 CE) is the terminus ante quem for this earthquake and the date for this earthquake is constrained to ~530 - 750 CE. deVries et al (2006:196) also found Umayyad sherds in the Post Stratum Gap in Rooms C.3, C.4, C.6, and C.7 of the northwest Angle Tower along with an Umayyad coin dated to 700-750 CE in locus C.4.018.

Although Parker (2006) attributed the 3rd earthquake to the 551 CE Beirut Quake, this is unlikely as the epicenter was far away - near Beirut. One of the sources for the 551 CE Beirut Quake (The Life of Symeon of the Wondrous Mountain) states that damage was limited south of Tyre and there are no reports of earthquake destruction in Jerusalem which is 121 km. closer to the epicenter than el-Lejjun. The most likely candidate for this earthquake is the Inscription at Areopolis Quake which struck Aeropolis - a mere ~12 km. from el-Lejjun - in the late 6th century - before 597 CE.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Groot et al (2006:183) report discovery of a nearly complete Umayyad Lamp in Square 4 of Area B (Barracks - B.6.038) in the Post Stratum Gap - above and later than the 3rd earthquake layer. Above the Ummayyad lamp was a 0.7 m thick layer of tumble containing some roof beams and many wall blocks (Groot et al, 2006:183). They note that the basalt roof beams found embedded in the lowest tumble level (B.6.032) suggests initial massive destruction rather than gradual decay over time. The wall blocks, found in the upper layer of tumble, contained one late Islamic (1174-1918 CE) and one Ayyubid/Mamluk (1174-1516 CE) sherd indicating a significant amount of time may have passed between the possibly seismically induced roof collapse and the wall collapse which was not characterized as necessarily having a seismic origin. This opens up the possibility that one of the mid 8th century CE earthquakes or a later earthquake may have also caused damage at el-Lejjun. deVries et al (2006:196) suggests that Umayyad abandonment of the northwest tower was probably triggered by further major collapse. In the North Gate, deVries et al (2006:207) found evidence of full scale destruction in layers above 3rd earthquake debris and post-earthquake occupation layers which contained Late Byzantine/Umayyad and Umayyad sherds. Subsoil/tumble was found in C.9.008 (north room), C.9.009 (south room) and C.9.005 (stairwell) bear ample witness to the destruction of the rooms, perhaps in the Umayyad period. Although Late Byzantine sherds were found in Post Stratum layers in the North Gate, if one assumes that the 3rd earthquake was the Inscription at Aeropolis Quake which struck before 597 CE - probably within a decade of 597 CE, one can establish an approximate and fairly conservative terminus post quem for this earthquake of ~600 CE. While the terminus ante quem is the end of the post stratum III gap (1918 CE), it is probable that that the earthquake struck much earlier.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Lain and Parker (2006:144) report that a beaten earth floor and ash layer in Room A.13 which ante-dated the 1st earthquake (Stratum VI-VB) was chock-full of tile fragments suggesting an apparent roof collapse due to an unknown cause. Such "collapse" debris was not found in any other excavation areas.

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Parker (2006:120) describes the seismic effects of this earthquake as follows:

At el-Lejjun, this earthquake had a profound impact on both the fortress and the vicus. The original limestone barracks in praetentura and possibly elsewhere in the fortress were leveled to their foundations. New chert barracks, only about half their former number, were erected along a slightly different alignment in both the praetentura and in the latera praetoria south of the principia. Rows of barrack-like rooms were erected on either side of the northern via principalis. The principia also seems to have suffered extensive damage, requiring some portions to be completely rebuilt, such as the interior of the aedes, the rooms in the official block north of the aedes, and the rooms north of the central courtyard [of the principia].

Reported seismic effects are summarized in the table below:

Location	Source	Description
praetentura	Parker (2006:120)	The original limestone barracks in praetentura and possibly elsewhere in the fortress were leveled to their foundations.
principia	Parker (2006:120)	The principia also seems to have suffered extensive damage, requiring some portions to be completely rebuilt, such as the interior of the aedes, the rooms in the official block north of the aedes, and the rooms north of the central courtyard [of the principia].
The mansio in the western vicus	Parker (2006:120)	The mansio in the western vicus was destroyed in 363 and never rebuilt.
principia	Lain and Parker (2006:131)	The earthquake brought down tile roofs throughout the principia
principia	Lain and Parker (2006:131)	The west arcade between the central courtyard and the cross hall of the principia fell while the major walls were left standing.
A.7	Lain and Parker (2006:133)	Three engaged half and quarter columns with Nabatean style capitals were found in the earthquake debris
Wall A.8.003 in principia	Lain and Parker (2006:151)	The wall contains a substantial crack running through the center of its eastern end

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Parker (2006:121) describes the seismic effects of the earthquake as follows:

At el-Lejjun, the earthquake is best attested stratigraphically in the Area B barracks. Some barrack rooms, such as B.4, collapsed and were permanently abandoned. Others, such as the B.1 storeroom in the centurion's quarters, partially collapsed but were reused.

Reported seismic effects are summarized in the table below:

Location	Source	Description
Area B Barracks	Parker (2006:121)	Some barrack rooms, such as B.4, collapsed and were permanently abandoned.
Area B Barracks	Groot et al (2006:185)	Room B.1 suffered collapse of two of it's three roofing arches Figure 8 Two fallen roof arches caused by earthquake in the barracks, from the north. Parker (1982) The B.1 room was backfilled to cover the collapsed roofing arches prior to laying a new floor and re-using the room for storage after the earthquake.
principia and other buildings in the fortress	Parker (2006:121)	The earthquake damaged the principia and many other buildings within the fortress.
Area N	Schick (2006:233)	Rooms severely damaged Roofing system of rooms N.1 and N.3 collapsed completely

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Parker (2006:121) describes seismic effects from this earthquake as follows:

At el-Lejjun, the seismic shock severely affected most parts of the fortress, including the principia, the barracks, the northwest angle tower, the church, and the rooms along the via principalis. Those structures attached to the deep foundations of the curtain wall, such as the horreum and the bath, seem to have better weathered the shock of 551, but even these structures partially collapsed. The fortress was apparently then almost completely abandoned.

Seismic effects are listed in the table below:

Location	Source	Description
principia	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	toppled original architecture which had survived the previous two earthquakes and created heavy architectural tumble from walls and installations.
principia	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	the direction of architectural collapse was from south to north and that much of the material fell in aligned patterns
groma - square A.7	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	drums and capitals dislodged from half and quarter columns lay in aligned rows.
groma - square A.7	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	ashlar limestone and chert blocks from adjacent walls tumbled into the groma's southwest corner
groma - square A.7	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	The guardroom that adjoined the gate hall was filled with upended basalt roof beams
Square A.1	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	arches of the south portico collapsed in aligned rows between piers of the colonnade
Square A.2 - officium	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	The entire south wall of the room had toppled northward to fill the officium with 18 rows of aligned wall blocks, Pl 4.11 Collapsed south wall of the A2, officium within the aedes. The wall fell in the earthquake of 551. View to the west. Parker (2006) representing collapsed courses of the wall. The fallen wall overlay roof tile debris that yielded Late Byzantine pottery.
aedes	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	first the roof tile caved in.
aedes	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	Next, the three sided podium collapsed, with blocks from its flagstone surface and barrel-vaulted substructures rolling down into the center of the shrine
aedes	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	Finally the aedes walls toppled, creating a sloping stratum of jumbled limestone wall blocks.
aedes	Lain and Parker (2006:132)	The debris from both the tumbled podium and the collapsed walls of the aedes yielded Late Byzantine pottery.
A.15	Lain and Parker (2006:134)	A subsoil tumble layer in A.15.003 covered the entire square and exhibited marked declivity from south to north, contained ashlar limestone blocks, chert blocks, and basalt roof beams arrayed in patterns indicative of seismic collapse. The basalt beams were concentrated in the south end of the square above the sidewalk. The beams measured 1.75 m in length, and all lay with their short ends oriented north-south. The limestone and chert blocks lay in two fairly regular rows and extended east-west across the square, along the same line as the A.15.008 curb
A.13.007	Lain and Parker (2006:154)	Collapsed Walls in tumble layer
Areas B and L	Groot et al (2006:185)	collapse of most of the remaining barrack rooms still standing in Areas B and L
Northwest Angle Tower - C.3 and C.7	deVries et al (2006:196)	collapse of upper floors and ceilings Pl 6.1 The northeast room (C.3) within the Angle Tower. The two meter sticks rest in the window. Note the arch springers to the left and right. In the foreground is the lower layer of tumble within the room. View to the south. Parker (2006)
Northwest Angle Tower - C.3 and C.7	deVries et al (2006:196)	destruction of all arches except the southern ones in Room C.3
Northwest Angle Tower - C.7	deVries et al (2006:192)	collapsed ceiling caused by arch collapse- deVries et al (2006:192) notes that the earthquake which collapsed the ceiling must have been quite a force to destroy something so sturdy
Angle Tower - C.7	deVries et al (2006:193)	The skeleton of an infant found in Angle Tower Pl 6.6 Skeleton of a human infant found in the northwest room (C.7) of the angle tower. The infant apparently was a casualty of the 551 earthquake. Parker (2006) who apparently fell to his/her death from an upper story
Room N.2	Parker (2006)	Collapsed Arches and Roofing slabs Pl 8.7 View of Room N.2, with collapsed arches and roofing slabs, probably from the 551 earthquake. View to the south. Parker (2006) in room N.2 which probably fell during this earthquake
Horreum	Crawford (2006:238)	Stratum III occupation ended in all three rooms with massive wall collapse, perhaps resulting from the 551 earthquake

Maps and Plans

• Plan of the Fort at El-Lejjun
  Plan of el-Lejjun fortress with excavation areas
  1980-89
  
  modified by JW from Parker (2006)
  modified from Parker (2006)

Location	Source	Description
Barracks - Room B.6	Groot et al (2006:183)	0.7 m thick layer of tumble containing some roof beams and many wall blocks where the basalt roof beams found embedded in the lowest tumble level (B.6.032) suggests initial massive destruction rather than gradual decay over time
North Gate	deVries et al (2006:207)	full scale destruction in layers above 3rd earthquake debris and post-earthquake occupation layers which contained Late Byzantine/Umayyad and Umayyad sherds. Subsoil/tumble was found in C.9.008 (north room), C.9.009 (south room) and C.9.005 (stairwell) which bear ample witness to the destruction of the rooms, perhaps in the Umayyad period

• Earthquake Archeological Effects chart
  Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)
  
  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
  of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Description	Intensity
Displaced Walls	Reported Roof collapse would be accompanied by wall displacement.	VII +

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VII (7) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

• Earthquake Archeological Effects chart
  Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)
  
  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
  of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Description	Intensity
Collapsed Walls	The original limestone barracks in praetentura and possibly elsewhere in the fortress were leveled to their foundations.	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	The mansio in the western vicus was destroyed in 363 and never rebuilt.	VIII +
Displaced Walls	The earthquake brought down tile roofs throughout the principia Roof collapse indicates displaced walls or arch damage	VII +
Arch damage	The west arcade between the central courtyard and the cross hall of the principia fell	VI +
Displaced masonry blocks in columns	Three engaged half and quarter columns with Nabatean style capitals were found in the earthquake debris	VIII +
Penetrative fractures in masonry blocks	The wall contains a substantial crack running through the center of its eastern end	VI +

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

• Earthquake Archeological Effects chart
  Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)
  
  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
  of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Description	Intensity
Collapsed Walls	Some barrack rooms, such as B.4, collapsed and were permanently abandoned.	VIII +
Collapsed Arches	Room B.1 suffered collapse of two of it's three roofing arches Figure 8 Two fallen roof arches caused by earthquake in the barracks, from the north. Parker (1982)	VI +
Displaced Walls	Roofing system of rooms N.1 and N.3 collapsed completely Rooms [N.1 and N.2] severely damaged Roof collapse implies Displaced Walls and/or Arch damage	VII +

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

• Earthquake Archeological Effects chart
  Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)
  
  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
  of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Description	Intensity
Collapsed Walls	toppled original architecture which had survived the previous two earthquakes and created heavy architectural tumble from walls and installations	VIII +
Displaced masonry blocks in columns	drums and capitals dislodged from half and quarter columns lay in aligned rows	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	ashlar limestone and chert blocks from adjacent walls tumbled into the groma's southwest corner	VIII +
Damaged Arches	arches of the south portico collapsed in aligned rows between piers of the colonnade	VI +
Collapsed Walls	The entire south wall of the room had toppled northward to fill the officium with 18 rows of aligned wall blocks, Pl 4.11 Collapsed south wall of the A2, officium within the aedes. The wall fell in the earthquake of 551. View to the west. Parker (2006) representing collapsed courses of the wall.	VIII +
Collapsed Vaults	the three sided podium collapsed, with blocks from its flagstone surface and barrel-vaulted substructures rolling down into the center of the shrine	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	Finally the aedes walls toppled	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	A subsoil tumble layer in A.15.003 covered the entire square ...The limestone and chert blocks lay in two fairly regular rows and extended east-west across the square	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	A.13.007 - Collapsed Walls in tumble layer	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	collapse of most of the remaining barrack rooms still standing in Areas B and L	VIII +
Collapsed Walls	Northwest Tower - collapse of upper floors and ceilings Pl 6.1 The northeast room (C.3) within the Angle Tower. The two meter sticks rest in the window. Note the arch springers to the left and right. In the foreground is the lower layer of tumble within the room. View to the south. Parker (2006)	VIII +
Arch Damage	Northwest Tower - destruction of all arches except the southern ones in Room C.3	VI +
Arch Damage	Northwest Tower - collapsed ceiling caused by arch collapse- deVries et al (2006:192) notes that the earthquake which collapsed the ceiling must have been quite a force to destroy something so sturdy	IX + (upgraded to IX based on deVries et al (2006) observation
Arch Damage	Room N.2 - Collapsed Arches and Roofing slabs Pl 8.7 View of Room N.2, with collapsed arches and roofing slabs, probably from the 551 earthquake. View to the south. Parker (2006) in room N.2 which probably fell during this earthquake	VI +
Collapsed Walls	Horreum - Stratum III occupation ended in all three rooms with massive wall collapse	VIII +

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of IX (9) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

• Earthquake Archeological Effects chart
  Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)
  
  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
  of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Description	Intensity
Displaced Walls	Barracks Room B.6 - 0.7 m thick layer of tumble containing some roof beams and many wall blocks where the basalt roof beams found embedded in the lowest tumble level (B.6.032) suggests initial massive destruction rather than gradual decay over time Roof collapse caused by either displaced walls or arch damage Note: Wall block tumble interpreted as coming from a later time and not necessarily seismically induced	VII +
Displaced Walls	North Gate - full scale destruction in layers above 3rd earthquake debris and post-earthquake occupation layers which contained Late Byzantine/Umayyad and Umayyad sherds. Subsoil/tumble was found in C.9.008 (north room), C.9.009 (south room) and C.9.005 (stairwell) which bear ample witness to the destruction of the rooms, perhaps in the Umayyad period	VIII +

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

Parker, S.T. 2006: The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1989, Washington

Parker, S.T. (ed.) 1987: The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Interim Report on the Limes Arabicus Project, 1980–1985, BAR International Series 340, Oxford

Note: The final report refers back to Interim Report on some issues of dating and phasing and suggests that a complete report is to be had from both the Interim and Final Report

Parker, S.T. 1991: ‘Preliminary Report on the 1989 Season of the Limes Arabicus Project’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies 27, 117–54

Parker, S.T. 1990: ‘Preliminary Report on the 1987 Season of the “Limes Arabicus” Project’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies 26, 89–136

Parker, S.T. 1988: ‘Preliminary Report on the 1985 Season of the Limes Arabicus Project’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Supplementary Studies 25, 131–74

Parker, S. T. (1982). "Preliminary Report on the 1980 Season of the Central "Limes Arabicus" Project." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research(247): 1-26.

Lander, J. and Parker, S. T. 1982: ‘Legio IV Martia and the legionary camp at El-Lejjun’, Byzantinische Forschungen 8, 185–210

Parker, S.T. 1986: Romans and Saracens. A History of the Arabian Frontier, Winona Lake, 58–74

Kennedy, D.L. 2000: The Roman Army in Jordan, London, 146–50

Kennedy, D.L. and Riley, D.N. 1990: Rome’s Desert Frontier from the Air, London, 131

legionaryfortresses.info page for El-Lejjun

Limes Arabicus

El-Lejjun on APAAME flickr.com