Image | Description | Source |
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![]() ![]() The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and 14C dates. Ages presented in 14C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
Lithosection with dates | Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
![]() ![]() The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and 14C dates. Ages presented in 14C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
Lithosection with dates - big | Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
![]() ![]() The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and 14C dates. Ages presented in 14C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
Lithosection with dates - really big | Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
![]() ![]() The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and 14C dates. Ages presented in 14C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. slight modification by Williams Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
Modified Lithosection with dates - really big | Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
![]() ![]() A modified age model for Ze'elim section studied in outcrop (Ken-Tor et al., 2001a) and drill core (Migowski et al., 2004). A-H denote events discussed in the text. The present model was constrained by two rules (1) each event horizon (top of each intraclast breccia) matches a historical earthquake of notice (2) each continuous deposition segment shows a uniform deposition rate. Two outcomes support the model: Two of the breccia layers match pairs of earthquakes (64-31 B.C.; 1202-1210 A.D.) such that the earlier event horizon is within the breccia layer and the later event matches the top. With these assignments for the event horizons, the model gives a uniform rate of sedimentation of 0.5 cm/yr during the three periods separated by hiatuses. Agnon et al (2006) |
modified Age Model for ZA-1 | Figure 8 from Agnon et al (2006) |
![]() ![]() The final lithosection of Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) is a composite lithologs derived from multiple sites as far as, I think, 300 meters apart. ZA-1 refers to the location where a large part of the composite lithosection was derived. More landward gullies were used to capture the most recent earthquakes - Events G (1834) and H (1927). Bookman referred to site ZA-1 as site 2. Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) |
Correlated Trench Logs for ZA-1. | Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) |
![]() ![]() Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) |
Map of Gullies where Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) did her work |
Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) |
![]() ![]() Photo by Jefferson Williams (2000) |
Events B (Josephus Quake - 31 BCE) and C (Jerusalem Quake - 26-36 CE) at site ZA-1 |
Jefferson Williams |
![]() ![]() Jefferson Williams (2000) |
Thin Section Slide from ZA-1 showing Event C (Jerusalem Quake) |
Jefferson Williams |
![]() ![]() Ze'elim and Ein Feshka Seismites with Model Ages and Historic Event Correlation
Kagan et al (2011) |
Seismite Assignment Table 3 Ze'elim and En Feshka |
Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() Multisite Comparison of Holocene Seismites from four lacustrine sediments sites along the Western Dead Sea Basin Kagan et al (2011) |
Corrected Table 4 Seismite Comparisons Ze'elim, En Gedi, and En Feshka |
Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() The 14C Chronology of the Deformed Layers (Seismites) Ken-Tor et al (2001a) |
Seismite Chronology ZA-1 |
Table 2 - Ken-Tor et al. (2001a) |
Image | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
![]() ![]() Stratigraphic section of Ze’elim (ZA2) and (right) age-depth deposition model derived by OxCal 4.1. The top 7.5 m are modeled, while the bottom of the section is presented as single calibrated dates. Probability density functions (histograms) on the graph give model ages for radiocarbon samples (details are given in Table 3). The histograms give the distributions for the single calibrated dates while the darker center part of each histogram take into account the stratigraphic information (see Bronk Ramsey [2008] for model specifics). The depth model curves are envelopes for the 95% (outer, lighter, approximately 2σ) and 68% (inner, darker, approximately 1σ) highest probability density ranges. The dashed line near the top is the extrapolation of the model upward, while the ellipse represents the uppermost seismite. Kagan et al (2011) |
Age Model | Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() Stratigraphic section of Ze’elim (ZA2) and (right) age-depth deposition model derived by OxCal 4.1. The top 7.5 m are modeled, while the bottom of the section is presented as single calibrated dates. Probability density functions (histograms) on the graph give model ages for radiocarbon samples (details are given in Table 3). The histograms give the distributions for the single calibrated dates while the darker center part of each histogram take into account the stratigraphic information (see Bronk Ramsey [2008] for model specifics). The depth model curves are envelopes for the 95% (outer, lighter, approximately 2σ) and 68% (inner, darker, approximately 1σ) highest probability density ranges. The dashed line near the top is the extrapolation of the model upward, while the ellipse represents the uppermost seismite. Kagan et al (2011) |
Age Model - big | Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() Correlation of historic earthquakes to age-depth model. Ze' elim Gully outcrop. Squares indicate historic earthquake ages correlated to ages of seismites. Some historic earthquake dates are shown. Kagan (2011) |
Age Model with annotated dates | Kagan (2011) |
![]() ![]() Correlation of historic earthquakes to age-depth model. Ze' elim Gully outcrop. Squares indicate historic earthquake ages correlated to ages of seismites. Some historic earthquake dates are shown. Kagan (2011) |
Age Model with annotated dates - big | Kagan (2011) |
![]() ![]() ZA-3 outcrop section with main archaeological periods and elevations. Kagan et al (2015) |
Annotated Photo of ZA-3 ZA-3 = N wall of gully ZA-2 = S wall of same gully |
Kagan et al (2015) |
![]() ![]() Ze'elim and Ein Feshka Seismites with Model Ages and Historic Event Correlation
Kagan et al (2011) |
Seismite Assignment Table 3 Ze'elim and En Feshka |
Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() Multisite Comparison of Holocene Seismites from four lacustrine sediments sites along the Western Dead Sea Basin Kagan et al (2011) |
Corrected Table 4 Seismite Comparisons Ze'elim, En Gedi, and En Feshka |
Kagan et al (2011) |
![]() ![]() Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time.
(left) the earlier period is recorded at EG and ZA, and (right) the younger quiescence period is recorded at all three sites. Horizontal lines connect IBS events at the three sites. Kagan et al (2011) |
Figure 7 Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time |
Kagan et al (2011) |
Description | Image | Source |
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Eastern Section Above Beach Ridge |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Long Shot - Cleaned |
Long Shot Cleaned Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Long Shot Less Clean but with Rulers and Scale |
Long Shot Less clean but with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Medium Shot Less Clean but with Rulers and Scale |
Medium Shot Less clean but with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Closeup on Woody Deposits with Ruler and Scales |
Closeup on Woody Deposits with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Image | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
Entire Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023 |
Entire Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023 |
Bottom of Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023 |
Middle 01 of Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023 |
Middle 02 of Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023 |
Top of Middle Section | Jefferson Williams |
Image | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
All 3 Western Sections | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
Entire Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Entire Western Section (view from below) |
Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Top Left of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Top Left and Top Right of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Above Top Middle of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Top Middle of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Mid Middle of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Bottom Middle of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023 |
Bottom of Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
Image | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
All 3 Western Sections | Jefferson Williams |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
Entire Western Section Connector | Jefferson Williams |
Image | Description | Source |
---|---|---|
Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023 |
All 3 Western Sections | Jefferson Williams |
![]() ![]() Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023 |
Far Western Section | Jefferson Williams |
The GFZ/GSI core at Nahal Ze'elim was taken in 1997. Thin Section Slides do not currently have depths logged relative to surface but were created to examine the Jerusalem Quake and the Josephus Quake so
that should provide an approximate depth.
Depths for thin sections is what was written on photo blocks and does not correspond to core depths but likely depth in an individual core section. Depths are measured from bottom to top
(i.e. downhole to uphole) so slide 1 is at the bottom and slide 4 is at the top. Top direction of all slides and images has been confirmed. Slides and images are oriented so the uphole
direction is pointing up. Core Inventory for 1997 GFZ/GSI cores can be found
here
Image | Description | Image | Description | Image | Description | Image | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan |
Thin Section Slide 1 0-11 |
![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan |
Thin Section Slide 2 9-20 |
![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan |
Thin Section Slide 3 18-29 |
![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan |
Thin Section Slide 4 26.5-37.5 |
![]() ![]() |
Resin Block Slides 1-4 |
![]() ![]() |
Thin Section Slides 1-4 Overlapped |
Description | Flight Date | Pilot | Processing | Downloadable Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZA-4 | 3 Feb. 2023 | Jefferson Williams | ODM - no GCPs | Right Click to download. Then unzip |
ZA-2 and ZA-3 | 10 Feb. 2023 | Jefferson Williams | ODM - no GCPs | Right Click to download. Then unzip |
Description | Scan Date | Scanner | Processing | Downloadable Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
ZA-4 Lateral tracing of Amos Quakes |
12 March 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Photogrammetry | Right Click to download |
ZA-3 Amos Quakes |
12 March 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Photogrammetry | Right Click to download |
Agnon, A., et al. (2006). "Intraclast breccias in laminated sequences reviewed: Recorders of paleo-earthquakes." Geological Society of America Special Papers 401: 195-214.
Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research 116(B4): B04311.
Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Correction to “Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea”." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 116(B11): B11305.
Kagan, E. J. (2011). Multi Site Quaternary Paleoseismology Along the Dead Sea Rift: Independent Recording by Lake and Cave Sediments, PhD. Diss. Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ken-Tor, R., Agnon, A., Enzel, Y., and Stein, M. (2001a). "High Resolution Geological Record of Historic Earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin." Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B2): 2221-2234.
Ken-Tor, R., Stein, M., Enzel, Y. Agnon, A., Marco, S., and Negendank, J. (2001b). "Precision of Calibrated Radiocarbon Ages of Historic Earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin." Radiocarbon 43(3): 1371-1382.
López-Merino, L., et al. (2016). "Using palynology to re-assess the Dead Sea laminated sediments – Indeed varves?" Quaternary Science Reviews 140: 49-66.
Williams, J. B., et al. (2011). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea." International Geology Review 54(10): 1219-1228.
Williams, J. B. (2004). Estimation of earthquake source parameters from soft sediment deformation layers present in Dead Sea muds. Msc. Thesis,
California State University - Long Beach. M.S. Civil Engineering.