ZA-1

Image	Description	Source
Figure 2 The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and ¹⁴C dates. Ages presented in ¹⁴C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)	Lithosection with dates	Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)
Figure 2 The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and ¹⁴C dates. Ages presented in ¹⁴C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)	Lithosection with dates - big	Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)
Figure 2 The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and ¹⁴C dates. Ages presented in ¹⁴C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)	Lithosection with dates - really big	Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)
Figure 2 The lithology and chronology of a composite section exposed in Ze'elim Plain. The section is described from two outcrops exposed in different gullies 300 m apart. The correlation between the outcrops is based on the sedimentary sequence, laminae counting, and ¹⁴C dates. Ages presented in ¹⁴C years B.P. Deformed units (mixed layers and liquefied sands) are marked by capital letters. slight modification by Williams Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)	Modified Lithosection with dates - really big	Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)
Figure 8 A modified age model for Ze'elim section studied in outcrop (Ken-Tor et al., 2001a) and drill core (Migowski et al., 2004). A-H denote events discussed in the text. The present model was constrained by two rules (1) each event horizon (top of each intraclast breccia) matches a historical earthquake of notice (2) each continuous deposition segment shows a uniform deposition rate. Two outcomes support the model: Two of the breccia layers match pairs of earthquakes (64-31 B.C.; 1202-1210 A.D.) such that the earlier event horizon is within the breccia layer and the later event matches the top. With these assignments for the event horizons, the model gives a uniform rate of sedimentation of 0.5 cm/yr during the three periods separated by hiatuses. Agnon et al (2006)	modified Age Model for ZA-1	Figure 8 from Agnon et al (2006)
Correlated Trench Logs used to produce composite ZA-1 litholog The final lithosection of Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) is a composite lithologs derived from multiple sites as far as, I think, 300 meters apart. ZA-1 refers to the location where a large part of the composite lithosection was derived. More landward gullies were used to capture the most recent earthquakes - Events G (1834) and H (1927). Bookman referred to site ZA-1 as site 2. Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor)	Correlated Trench Logs for ZA-1.	Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor)
Map of Gullies where Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) did her work Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor)	Map of Gullies where Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor) did her work	Revital Bookman (nee Ken-Tor)
Events B (Josephus Quake - 31 BCE) and C (Jerusalem Quake - 26-36 CE) at site ZA-1 Photo by Jefferson Williams (2000)	Events B (Josephus Quake - 31 BCE) and C (Jerusalem Quake - 26-36 CE) at site ZA-1	Jefferson Williams
Thin Section Slide from sample taken at site ZA-1 Jefferson Williams (2000)	Thin Section Slide from ZA-1 showing Event C (Jerusalem Quake)	Jefferson Williams
Table 3 Ze'elim and Ein Feshka Seismites with Model Ages and Historic Event Correlation LS, local source, moderate earthquake, not appearing in the historical catalogs, may have produced these seismites Gully depth below fan delta surface Seismite type A, Intraclast breccia layer B, Microbreccia (“homogenite” to the naked eye) C, liquefied sand D, Folded laminae E, Small offsets Q, Questionable as seismite. See Table 1 and Figure 2. Model ages of seismites extrapolated from deposition model (see section 5 for details) Fit of historical earthquake dates within 1σ or 2σ calibrated age ranges of seismites. Although model ages are tabulated here with 1 year precision for convenience, event fit considers the realistic precision of 10 years (see section 5.1) All other possible events within the age probability range (1σ or 2σ range) of the designated earthquake; 1068a refers to March 1068 A.D., and 1068b refers to May 1068 A.D. (see Table A1) Outside model range, extrapolated from model (Figure 4) Outside model range, estimated based on below and above radiocarbon ages (Figure 4) Alternately, this historic earthquake could have formed seismites below or above the one marked Kagan et al (2011)	Seismite Assignment Table 3 Ze'elim and En Feshka	Kagan et al (2011)
Table 4 Multisite Comparison of Holocene Seismites from four lacustrine sediments sites along the Western Dead Sea Basin Kagan et al (2011)	Corrected Table 4 Seismite Comparisons Ze'elim, En Gedi, and En Feshka	Kagan et al (2011)
Table 2 The ¹⁴C Chronology of the Deformed Layers (Seismites) Ken-Tor et al (2001a)	Seismite Chronology ZA-1	Table 2 - Ken-Tor et al. (2001a)

ZA-2 and ZA-3

Orthophoto - ZA-2 and ZA-3

Orthophoto of Site ZA-2 and ZA-3

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Panoramas - ZA-2 (South Wall)

Panorama of Site ZA-2 (South Wall)

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 12 Feb. 2023

Panorama of Site ZA-2 (South Wall)

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 13 Feb. 2023

Panorama of Site ZA-2 (South Wall)

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Drone photos salvaged on iPhone by Jefferson Williams 22 Feb. 2023

Panoramas - ZA-3 (North Wall)

Panorama of Site ZA-3 (North Wall)

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 12 March 2023

Panorama of Site ZA-3 (North Wall)

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 12 Feb. 2023

Panorama of Site ZA-3 (North Wall)

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 13 Feb. 2023

Panorama of Site ZA-3 (North Wall)

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Drone photos salvaged from iPhone by Jefferson Williams 22 Feb. 2023

Amos Quakes - ZA-3 (North Wall)

Lat N 31.33454°
Long E 035.40615°

Panorama

Amos Quakes at site ZA-3 (North Wall)

Lat N 31.33454°
Long E 035.40615°

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 12 March 2023

Lidar Scan

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Charts, Plots, Photos, etc.

Image	Description	Source
Figure 4 Stratigraphic section of Ze’elim (ZA2) and (right) age-depth deposition model derived by OxCal 4.1. The top 7.5 m are modeled, while the bottom of the section is presented as single calibrated dates. Probability density functions (histograms) on the graph give model ages for radiocarbon samples (details are given in Table 3). The histograms give the distributions for the single calibrated dates while the darker center part of each histogram take into account the stratigraphic information (see Bronk Ramsey [2008] for model specifics). The depth model curves are envelopes for the 95% (outer, lighter, approximately 2σ) and 68% (inner, darker, approximately 1σ) highest probability density ranges. The dashed line near the top is the extrapolation of the model upward, while the ellipse represents the uppermost seismite. Kagan et al (2011)	Age Model	Kagan et al (2011)
Figure 4 Stratigraphic section of Ze’elim (ZA2) and (right) age-depth deposition model derived by OxCal 4.1. The top 7.5 m are modeled, while the bottom of the section is presented as single calibrated dates. Probability density functions (histograms) on the graph give model ages for radiocarbon samples (details are given in Table 3). The histograms give the distributions for the single calibrated dates while the darker center part of each histogram take into account the stratigraphic information (see Bronk Ramsey [2008] for model specifics). The depth model curves are envelopes for the 95% (outer, lighter, approximately 2σ) and 68% (inner, darker, approximately 1σ) highest probability density ranges. The dashed line near the top is the extrapolation of the model upward, while the ellipse represents the uppermost seismite. Kagan et al (2011)	Age Model - big	Kagan et al (2011)
Figure 3.1.5 Correlation of historic earthquakes to age-depth model. Ze' elim Gully outcrop. Squares indicate historic earthquake ages correlated to ages of seismites. Some historic earthquake dates are shown. Kagan (2011)	Age Model with annotated dates	Kagan (2011)
Figure 3.1.5 Correlation of historic earthquakes to age-depth model. Ze' elim Gully outcrop. Squares indicate historic earthquake ages correlated to ages of seismites. Some historic earthquake dates are shown. Kagan (2011)	Age Model with annotated dates - big	Kagan (2011)
Figure 3 ZA-3 outcrop section with main archaeological periods and elevations. Kagan et al (2015)	Annotated Photo of ZA-3 ZA-3 = N wall of gully ZA-2 = S wall of same gully	Kagan et al (2015)
Table 3 Ze'elim and Ein Feshka Seismites with Model Ages and Historic Event Correlation LS, local source, moderate earthquake, not appearing in the historical catalogs, may have produced these seismites Gully depth below fan delta surface Seismite type A, Intraclast breccia layer B, Microbreccia (“homogenite” to the naked eye) C, liquefied sand D, Folded laminae E, Small offsets Q, Questionable as seismite. See Table 1 and Figure 2. Model ages of seismites extrapolated from deposition model (see section 5 for details) Fit of historical earthquake dates within 1σ or 2σ calibrated age ranges of seismites. Although model ages are tabulated here with 1 year precision for convenience, event fit considers the realistic precision of 10 years (see section 5.1) All other possible events within the age probability range (1σ or 2σ range) of the designated earthquake; 1068a refers to March 1068 A.D., and 1068b refers to May 1068 A.D. (see Table A1) Outside model range, extrapolated from model (Figure 4) Outside model range, estimated based on below and above radiocarbon ages (Figure 4) Alternately, this historic earthquake could have formed seismites below or above the one marked Kagan et al (2011)	Seismite Assignment Table 3 Ze'elim and En Feshka	Kagan et al (2011)
Table 4 Multisite Comparison of Holocene Seismites from four lacustrine sediments sites along the Western Dead Sea Basin Kagan et al (2011)	Corrected Table 4 Seismite Comparisons Ze'elim, En Gedi, and En Feshka	Kagan et al (2011)
Figure 7 Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time. Ein Feshkha (EFE) Ein Gedi (EG) Zeelim (ZA1 and ZA2) Diamonds represent breccias circled diamonds are the IBS (intrabasin seismites) Horizontal gray bars indicate periods of seismic quiescence (left) the earlier period is recorded at EG and ZA, and (right) the younger quiescence period is recorded at all three sites. Horizontal lines connect IBS events at the three sites. Kagan et al (2011)	Figure 7 Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time	Kagan et al (2011)

ZA-4

Panorama

Panorama of Site ZA-4

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 04 Feb. 2023

Orthophoto

Orthophoto of Site ZA-4

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Drone photos by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023

East Sections

Long Shots

Description	Image	Source
Eastern Section Above Beach Ridge	Eastern Section Above Beach Ridge at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Long Shot - Cleaned	Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge at Site ZA-4 Long Shot Cleaned Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Long Shot Less Clean but with Rulers and Scale	Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge at Site ZA-4 Long Shot Less clean but with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Medium Shot Less Clean but with Rulers and Scale	Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge at Site ZA-4 Medium Shot Less clean but with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams
Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge Closeup on Woody Deposits with Ruler and Scales	Eastern Section Below Beach Ridge at Site ZA-4 Closeup on Woody Deposits with rulers and scales Photo by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams

Above Beach Ridge

Eastern Section at ZA-4 above Beach Ridge

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Lateral Exploration of the Amos Quakes

Below Beach Ridge

Cleaned Section

Eastern Section at ZA-4 below Beach Ridge

Cleaned Section

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Less Clean Section with Ruler and Scales

Eastern Section at ZA-4 below Beach Ridge

Less Clean Section with Ruler and Scales

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023

Closeup on Woody Deposits

Eastern Section at ZA-4 below Beach Ridge

Closeup on Woody Deposits

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 14 Feb. 2023

Middle Section

Entire Section

Middle Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 04 Feb. 2023

Bottom Part of Middle Section

Bottom of Middle Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 04 Feb. 2023

Long Shots

Image	Description	Source
Entire Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	Entire Middle Section	Jefferson Williams
Entire Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023	Entire Middle Section	Jefferson Williams
Bottom of Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023	Bottom of Middle Section	Jefferson Williams
Middle 01 of Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023	Middle 01 of Middle Section	Jefferson Williams
Middle 02 of Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023	Middle 02 of Middle Section	Jefferson Williams
Top of Middle Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 03 Feb. 2023	Top of Middle Section	Jefferson Williams

Western Sections

Western Section

Long Shots

Image	Description	Source
All 3 Western Sections at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	All 3 Western Sections	Jefferson Williams
Entire Western Section Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	Entire Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Entire Western Section at Site ZA-4 (view from below) Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Entire Western Section (view from below)	Jefferson Williams
Top Left of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Top Left of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Top Left and Top Right of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Top Left and Top Right of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Abovet Top Middle of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Above Top Middle of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Top Middle of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Top Middle of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Mid Middle of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Mid Middle of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Bottom Middle of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Bottom Middle of Western Section	Jefferson Williams
Bottom of Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023	Bottom of Western Section	Jefferson Williams

Entire Western Section

Entire Western Section at ZA-4

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Drone Photos by Jefferson Williams 11 Feb. 2023

Top Left Part of Western Section

Top Left of Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 11 Feb. 2023

Top Right Part of Western Section

Top Right Part of Western Section at Site ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Top Middle Part of Western Section

Top Middle of Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 11 Feb. 2023

Bottom Middle Part of Western Section

Bottom Middle of Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 13 Feb. 2023

2nd Bench up of Bottom of Western Section

2nd Bench up of Bottom of Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Bottom Bench of Western Section

Bottom Bench of Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Bottom Two Benches of Western Section

Bottom Two Benches of Western Section at Site ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Western Section Connector

Long Shots

Image	Description	Source
All 3 Western Sections at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	All 3 Western Sections	Jefferson Williams
Entire Western Section Connector at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	Entire Western Section Connector	Jefferson Williams

Western Connector Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 05 Feb. 2023

Far Western Section

Long Shots

Image	Description	Source
All 3 Western Sections at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 06 Feb. 2023	All 3 Western Sections	Jefferson Williams
Far Western Section at Site ZA-4 Photo by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023	Far Western Section	Jefferson Williams

Far Western Section at ZA-4

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Photos by Jefferson Williams 10 Feb. 2023

Nahal Ze'elim GFZ/GSI Core Photos

The GFZ/GSI core at Nahal Ze'elim was taken in 1997. Thin Section Slides do not currently have depths logged relative to surface but were created to examine the Jerusalem Quake and the Josephus Quake so that should provide an approximate depth. Depths for thin sections is what was written on photo blocks and does not correspond to core depths but likely depth in an individual core section. Depths are measured from bottom to top (i.e. downhole to uphole) so slide 1 is at the bottom and slide 4 is at the top. Top direction of all slides and images has been confirmed. Slides and images are oriented so the uphole direction is pointing up. Core Inventory for 1997 GFZ/GSI cores can be found here

Image	Description	Image	Description	Image	Description	Image	Description
Thin Section Slide 1 Flatbed Scan	Thin Section Slide 1 0-11	Thin Section Slide 2 Flatbed Scan	Thin Section Slide 2 9-20	Thin Section Slide 3 Flatbed Scan	Thin Section Slide 3 18-29	Thin Section Slide 4 Flatbed Scan	Thin Section Slide 4 26.5-37.5
		Resin Block for Thin Section Slides 1-4	Resin Block Slides 1-4	Thin Section Slides 1-4 overlapped	Thin Section Slides 1-4 Overlapped

Drone Surveys

Description	Flight Date	Pilot	Processing	Downloadable Link
ZA-4	3 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams	ODM - no GCPs	Right Click to download. Then unzip
ZA-2 and ZA-3	10 Feb. 2023	Jefferson Williams	ODM - no GCPs	Right Click to download. Then unzip

Lidar Scans

Description	Scan Date	Scanner	Processing	Downloadable Link
ZA-4 Lateral tracing of Amos Quakes	12 March 2023	Jefferson Williams	Photogrammetry	Right Click to download
ZA-3 Amos Quakes	12 March 2023	Jefferson Williams	Photogrammetry	Right Click to download

References

Agnon, A., et al. (2006). "Intraclast breccias in laminated sequences reviewed: Recorders of paleo-earthquakes." Geological Society of America Special Papers 401: 195-214.

Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research 116(B4): B04311.

Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Correction to “Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea”." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 116(B11): B11305.

Kagan, E. J. (2011). Multi Site Quaternary Paleoseismology Along the Dead Sea Rift: Independent Recording by Lake and Cave Sediments, PhD. Diss. Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Ken-Tor, R., Agnon, A., Enzel, Y., and Stein, M. (2001a). "High Resolution Geological Record of Historic Earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin." Journal of Geophysical Research 106(B2): 2221-2234.

Ken-Tor, R., Stein, M., Enzel, Y. Agnon, A., Marco, S., and Negendank, J. (2001b). "Precision of Calibrated Radiocarbon Ages of Historic Earthquakes in the Dead Sea Basin." Radiocarbon 43(3): 1371-1382.

López-Merino, L., et al. (2016). "Using palynology to re-assess the Dead Sea laminated sediments – Indeed varves?" Quaternary Science Reviews 140: 49-66.

Williams, J. B., et al. (2011). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea." International Geology Review 54(10): 1219-1228.

Williams, J. B. (2004). Estimation of earthquake source parameters from soft sediment deformation layers present in Dead Sea muds. Msc. Thesis, California State University - Long Beach. M.S. Civil Engineering.