Image | Description | Source |
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![]() ![]() The age-depth model of the Ein Gedi profile is derived from radiocarbon dating (black bars indicate 26 ranges) and varve-counting between 0.78 and 3.03 m. The floating annual chronology is anchored by a systematic comparison and correlation of deformed sediment sequences (grey bars) to a succession of historical strong earthquakes. Migowski et al (2004) |
Floating Varve Chronology and Radiocarbon dates |
Migowski et al (2004) |
![]() ![]() The age-depth model of the Ein Gedi profile is derived from radiocarbon dating (black bars indicate 26 ranges) and varve-counting between 0.78 and 3.03 m. The floating annual chronology is anchored by a systematic comparison and correlation of deformed sediment sequences (grey bars) to a succession of historical strong earthquakes. Migowski et al (2004) |
Floating Varve Chronology and Radiocarbon dates -large |
Migowski et al (2004) |
![]() ![]() (translated by Google & Williams) The age-depth model of the Ein Gedi profile is made possible by a shift of up to 350 years. x-axis - Age [yrs cal BP] y-axis - Sediment Depth [m] German Das Alters-Tiefen-Modell des Ein Gedi-Profils wird durch die Zuordnung zu den Erdbeben um bis zu 350 Jahre verschoben. Migowski (2001) |
Migowski's Date shift | Migowski (2001) |
![]() ![]() Varve counting and thin section analysis results of core DSEn (2.10–4.35 m composite depth) Tracks from left to right varve thickness including intraclast breccias [in red] (‘seismites’, following Agnon et al., 2006) thickness of coarse and mixed detrital layers; fine light detrital laminae thickness (grey bars) and cloudily distributed occurrences of the same material within aragonite laminae (dry season, black diamonds) and within common detrital layers (rainy season, blue diamonds) K/Si ratio derived from µ-XRF Lithological units correspond to those in Figure 4. For a legend of the core lithology, see Figure 2. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Recounted Age-depth plot | Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() Varve counting and thin section analysis results of core DSEn (2.10–4.35 m composite depth) Tracks from left to right varve thickness including intraclast breccias [in red] (‘seismites’, following Agnon et al., 2006) thickness of coarse and mixed detrital layers; fine light detrital laminae thickness (grey bars) and cloudily distributed occurrences of the same material within aragonite laminae (dry season, black diamonds) and within common detrital layers (rainy season, blue diamonds) K/Si ratio derived from µ-XRF Lithological units correspond to those in Figure 4. For a legend of the core lithology, see Figure 2. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Recounted Age-depth plot - large | Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() DSEn and 5017-1 sediment profiles, magnetic susceptibility data (Mag. Sus.) and modelled 14C age–depth plots with 68.2% (dark grey; ~1σ error) and 95.4% (light grey; ~2σ error) confidence intervals note that for 5017-1, the lowermost age included in the model (4673 ± 85 cal. yr BP at 32.36 m; Table 1) is not shown here for better readability of the figure highlighted intervals
LU = lithological units (I–V) as in Figure 4. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Correlated Age-depth plots of DSEn and ICDP 5017-1 |
Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() (a) Comparison of the Dead Sea data to other records
AO/NAO: Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation 4. and 5. from core DSEn and on radiocarbon-based age scale (b) Inferred humidity changes in the eastern Mediterranean during the two dry periods at the Dead Sea, discussed here. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Comparison of paleoclimate proxies from DSEn to other sites |
Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() Correlation of cores DSEn and 5017-1 by radiocarbon ages, a marker layer (ML) and a characteristic succession of gypsum deposits. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Core correlation DSEn to ICDP 5017-1 |
Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() Correlation of cores DSEn and 5017-1 by radiocarbon ages, a marker layer (ML) and a characteristic succession of gypsum deposits. Neugebauer at al (2015) |
Core correlation DSEn to ICDP 5017-1 -big |
Neugebauer at al (2015) |
![]() ![]() Interpreted log of Ein Gedi core thin-section A3-3-2 (composite core depth 2715–2755 mm) and overlapping thin-section A3-3-3 (composite core depth 2737–2833 mm). As a result of thin-section microstratigraphy and varve quality determination, a composite varve chronology is shown in the central column. Williams et. al. (2011) |
Thin Section of Jerusalem Quake showing varve counts shallow section |
Williams et. al. (2012) |
![]() ![]() Interpreted log of Ein Gedi core (for explanation see Figure 5) Williams et. al. (2011) |
Thin Section of Jerusalem Quake showing varve counts deep section |
Williams et. al. (2012) |
![]() ![]() Interpreted log of Ein Gedi core thin-section A3-3-2 (composite core depth 2715–2755 mm) and overlapping thin-section A3-3-3 (composite core depth 2737–2833 mm). As a result of thin-section microstratigraphy and varve quality determination, a composite varve chronology is shown in the central column. Williams et. al. (2011) |
Thin Section of Jerusalem Quake showing varve counts shallow section - big |
Williams et. al. (2012) |
![]() ![]() Interpreted log of Ein Gedi core (for explanation see Figure 5) Williams et. al. (2011) |
Thin Section of Jerusalem Quake showing varve counts deep section - big |
Williams et. al. (2012) |
![]() ![]() Deformed sequences of the Ein Gedi site and their correlation with earthquakes Migowski et al (2004) |
Table 2a - Seismite Table | Migowski et al (2004) |
![]() ![]() Deformed sequences of the Ein Gedi site and their correlation with earthquakes Migowski et al (2004) |
Table 2b - Seismite Table | Migowski et al (2004) |
![]() ![]() Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time.
(left) the earlier period is recorded at EG and ZA, and (right) the younger quiescence period is recorded at all three sites. Horizontal lines connect IBS events at the three sites. Kagan et al (2011) |
Figure 7 Recurrence intervals and cumulative number of breccias in time |
Kagan et al (2011) |
Description | Image | Source |
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Entire En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Entire En Gedi Trench - closer in |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 16 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Entire East Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Entire West Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Entire Middle Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Top of Middle Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Middle 01 of Middle Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Middle 02 of Middle Section of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Bottom of Middle Section (Long shot) of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Bottom of Middle Section (Medium shot) of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Bottom of Middle Section (closeup) of En Gedi Trench |
Photo by Jefferson Williams 17 Feb. 2023 |
Jefferson Williams |
Asterisks (*) highlight the laminae in which it is possible that more than one detrital-aragonite couplet have been deposited in a year
Core Depths were measured from surface. The core was taken about a meter above the Dead Sea level which was ~ -411 m in 1997.
In 2011, Jefferson Williams measured the elevation of the surface where the En Gedi Core (DSEn) was taken using his GPS. The recorded elevation was -411 m however GPS is
less accurate measuring elevation than it is for Lat. and Long. so this depth measurement should be considered approximate.
Image | Description | Image | Description | Image | Description | Image | Description | |
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![]() ![]() Depths 19-397 cm. Sections from top to bottom - C1, A2, A3, and A4 GFZ/GSI |
Composite Core Sections C1, A2, A3, A4 19-397 cm. |
![]() ![]() Depths 47-325 cm. Litholog from Migowski (2001) |
Litholog and Composite Core 47-325 cm. |
![]() ![]() Depths -30-1022 cm. (-0.3-10.22 m) Migowski (2001) |
Litholog Entire Core -30 cm.-1022 cm. |
![]() ![]() Migowski (2001) |
Litholog Legend |
|
![]() ![]() Section C1 19-114 cm. GFZ/GSI |
Section C1 19-114 cm. |
![]() ![]() Section A2 114-196 cm. GFZ/GSI |
Section A2 114-196 cm. |
![]() ![]() Section A3 200-296 cm. GFZ/GSI |
Section A3 200-296 cm. |
![]() ![]() Section A4 300-397 cm. GFZ/GSI |
Section A4 300-397 cm. |
|
![]() ![]() Photo of breccia layer from the Ein Gedi drill core that matches the historical earthquake of 1458 A.D. (Migowski et al., 2004). Agnon et al (2006) |
1458 CE Quake 65-80 cm. |
![]() ![]() Photo of a section of the Ein Gedi core containing three breccia layers with the respective dates of earthquakes. The 1202 A.D. event is barely determined because the 1212 event almost obliterated the 10-yr-old breccia. Nonetheless, a few laminae (arrow) can be resolved above event horizon 1202 A.D. Migowski et al. (2004) have inferred five unresolved events by correlation of the lamina-counting record of breccia layers with the historical record of destructive earthquakes. Agnon et al (2006) |
1202, 1212, and 1293 CE Quakes 90-115 cm. |
![]() ![]() Photo of breccia layer from the Ein Gedi drill core that matches the historical earthquake of 1033 A.D. (Migowski et al., 2004). Agnon et al (2006) |
1033 CE Quake 131-143 cm. |
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![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan 259.7-269.9 cm. 2597-2699 mm. |
Thin Section A3_3_1a 259.7-269.9 cm. |
![]() ![]() 2.5x Magnification Polarized 271.5-273.7 cm. 2715-2737 mm. |
Thin Section A3_3_2 271.5-273.7 cm. |
![]() ![]() 2.5x Magnification Polarized 273.5-283.5 cm. 2735-2835 mm. |
Thin Section A3_3_3 273.5-283.5 cm. |
![]() ![]() Flatbed Scan 283.3-293.4 cm. 2833-2934 mm. |
Thin Section A3_4_1 283.3-293.4 cm. |
|
![]() ![]() 250x Magnification Sample EG13 Very bottom of Dark Clastic layer above Jerusalem Quake 5-7 mm. Sample taken in En Gedi Trench by Jefferson Williams |
SEM Image 250x Magnification Sample EG13 from En Gedi Trench |
![]() ![]() Photo taken by Jefferson Williams in 2010 |
Photo showing location of 1997 GFZ/GSI core at En Gedi Spa (DSEn) Lat = 31° 25.176' N Long = 35° 23.136' E Inaccurate Elevation |
Description | Flight Date | Pilot | Processing | Downloadable Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
En Gedi Trench (includes location of 1997 GSI GFZ Core) |
11 Feb. 2023 | Jefferson Williams | ODM - no GCPs | Right Click to download. Then unzip |
Description | Scan Date | Scanned with | Scanned by | Processing | Format | Downloadable Link |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
En Gedi Trench - Entire Section | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Top East | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Bottom East | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Top of Middle | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Bottom of Middle | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Top of Bottom Middle | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Middle of Bottom Middle | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Bottom of Bottom Middle | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Top West | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
En Gedi Trench - Bottom West | 23 Feb. 2023 | iPhone 14 Pro | Jefferson Williams | Scaniverse - Photogrammetry | .las | Right Click to download |
Agnon, A., et al. (2006). "Intraclast breccias in laminated sequences reviewed: Recorders of paleo-earthquakes." Geological Society of America Special Papers 401: 195-214.
Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research 116(B4): B04311.
Kagan, E., et al. (2011). "Correction to “Intrabasin paleoearthquake and quiescence correlation of the late Holocene Dead Sea”." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 116(B11): B11305.
Kagan, E. J. (2011). Multi Site Quaternary Paleoseismology Along the Dead Sea Rift: Independent Recording by Lake and Cave Sediments, PhD. Diss. Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
López-Merino, L., et al. (2016). "Using palynology to re-assess the Dead Sea laminated sediments – Indeed varves?" Quaternary Science Reviews 140: 49-66.
Migowski, C., et al. (2004).
"Recurrence pattern of Holocene earthquakes along the Dead Sea transform revealed by varve-counting and radiocarbon dating of
lacustrine sediments." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222(1): 301-314.
Migowski, C. (2001). Untersuchungen laminierter holozäner Sedimente aus dem Toten Meer: Rekonstruktionen von Paläoklima und -seismizität.
Neugebauer, I., et al. (2015). "Evidences for centennial dry periods at ~3300 and ~2800 cal. yr BP from micro-facies analyses of the Dead Sea sediments." The Holocene.
Neugebauer, I. (2015). Reconstructing climate from the Dead Sea sediment record using high-resolution micro-facies analyses, Universität Potsdam. PhD.
Neugebauer, I., et al. (2014). "Lithology of the long sediment record recovered by the ICDP Dead Sea Deep Drilling Project (DSDDP)." Quaternary Science Reviews 102(0): 149-165.
Williams, J. B., et al. (2011). "An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea." International Geology Review 54(10): 1219-1228.