Source: Ferry et al (2011)

Ghor Kabed

Trench 1 (T1)

In trench T1 (Fig. 5a), ruptures are distributed over the section east of the main fault zone (Fig. 4e) and affect Lisan and Damya deposits. All upward fault terminations correspond to the base of the present-day plow unit (unit a) and do not show clear indications for a chronology. However, at the contact between Lisan/Damya and Holocene deposits,the faulted units correspond to a narrow fissure filled by pieces of unit b. Unit a, which covers the shear zone and corresponds to an organic soil, has been dated at A.D. 1490–1800, postdating the most recent faulting event Z_T1, which possibly corresponds to the A.D. 749 or the A.D. 1033 earthquakes.

Image	Description	Source
Figure 5a Trench T1 shows a distributed pattern of vertical faults that may be resolved within the uppermost layers but cannot be followed through massive clay units of Lisan age. Radiocarbon dates suggest the most recent event occurred before A.D. 1490-1800. Ferry et al (2011)	T1 Trench Log Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5a
Figure 4e Main shear zone in trench T1. Ferry et al (2011)	Photo of main fault zone in T1 Trench Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 4e

Trench 2 (T2)

Event Z_T2: The most recent event observed in trench T2 is associated with surface ruptures that affect finely laminated unit b2, unit b1, and possibly c, d, and e with fault splays terminating at the base of the top unit a. This event is necessarily younger than unit b1, radiocarbon-dated A.D. 560–660, and may be associated with the historical A.D. 749 earthquake and/or the A.D. 1033 earthquake.

Event Y_T2: The event is attested by the formation of a 1.5-m-wide flower structure filled with breccia (b1) and stratified silty clay (unit b2). In case unit b1 is a fissure fill, the event would have taken place shortly before the deposition of unit b1 (i.e., shortly before A.D. 560–660). However, if unit b1 is composed of preexisting layers affected by this event, it may then have occurred after the deposition of unit b1, which would naturally point to the A.D. 749 earthquake. In that latter case, event Z_T2 would correspond to the A.D.1033 earthquake.

Image	Description	Source
Figure 5b Trench T2 displays a main fault zone filled with breccia that have been ruptured afterward and documents the most recent event, radiocarbon dated after A.D. 560-660. Combined, these observations suggest two surface-rupturing events occurred at Ghor Kabed between A.D. 560 and A.D. 1800, which may be related to the A.D. 749 and A.D. 1033 events. Ferry et al (2011)	T2 Trench Log Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5b

Trenches 1 and 2 combined

The burial of unit b1 and related shear zone by unit a in the two trenches (Fig. 5e) indicates a bracket of A.D. 560–1800 of the last two faulting movements in the pull-apart area. Our interpretation is that the two post-sixth century faulting events may be correlated with the A.D. 749 and 5 December 1033 large earthquakes in the Jordan Valley (Abou Karaki, 1987; Ambraseys and Jackson,1998).

Image	Description	Source
Figure 5e Correlations of stratigraphic sections of trenches. The geological formations of Lisan and Damya are common basement-bottom units for trenches. Erosion processes (tilde lines) have major effects on soft sediments, and Trench T3 shows a significant hiatus of the Damya formation. The correlation between alluvial and lacustrine deposits and the related radiocarbon dating (see also Table 1 and Fig. 7) illustrate the different recent depositional environments at trench sites. Ferry et al (2011)	Stratigraphic Correlation between Trenches	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5e

Tell Saidiyeh

Trench 3 (T3)

Event Z_T3: This event affected unit e in two places, which are east and west of a large modern root (see Fig. 5c). The absence of unit e west of the two fault splays suggests that vertical displacement was larger than 15 cm on each splay. Event Z_T3 has likely occurred shortly before the deposition of unit d dated A.D. 1490–1640 and probably corresponds to the A.D. 1033 earthquake.

Event Y_T3: The oldest event recognized in trench T3 is marked by the faulting of unit f, the oldest non-Lisan unit observed here. It has likely occurred between the deposition of units f and e. However, because event Z_T3 cut through the whole thickness of unit e while event Y_T3 affects it partially, we assume that event Y_T3 occurred closer to the deposition of unit e and event Z_T3 closer to the deposition of unit d.
[JW: Trench 3 only produced one reported and useful radiocarbon date - the one dating unit d to A.D. 1490–1640. Thus unit e and below are not dated - see Table 1]

Image	Description	Source
Figure 5c The exposure of T3 is mainly composed of Lisan sediments. A series of fine-gained colluvial and alluvial units overlays Lisan clays and provides insight on recent events. Ferry et al (2011)	T3 Trench Log Tell Saidiyeh	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5c

Trench 4 (T4)

Event Z_T4: This most recent event is illustrated by three major splays (FZ1, FZ3, and FZ4) that affect the whole stratigraphic section up to 20–30 cm below the present-day surface. Vertical displacement can only be resolved on FZ3, where it reaches ~5 cm. That rupture does not affect the shallowest units b and c. It has likely occurred after the deposition of unit d and before the deposition of unit c, thus yielding a time window between A.D. 87 and A.D. 1920 (Table 1) and pleading for a historical event. Because the A.D. 87 lower bracket is based on a snail shell that is significantly older than the surrounding soil, we consider that the event occurred significantly closer to the upper bracket; that is, more likely after ~A.D. 500. However, from the available radiocarbon datings alone, it is not possible to decide if this exposed fault has experienced rupture in A.D. 749 or A.D. 1033 or both. Alternatively, one may argue that unit c (dated A.D. 1660–1950) exhibits noticeable warping across the main fault zone with an apparent vertical deformation of ~25 cm and that unit b thickens at the toe of the related scarplet into what may be a colluvial wedge. Age and dimensions of those features correspond to a recent M_W ~ 6 earthquake, such as the 1927 Palestine earthquake. This interpretation is supported by the occurrence of a modern fissure fill unit in T3.

Event Y_T4: This event is interpreted from small (a few centimeters) displacements affecting units along FZ2. All units in the central section from m to e display minor offsets. Unit d caps the rupture and forms the event horizon. Event Y_T4 occurred between the deposition of units e and d and may be dated by samples Tbc-23 and Tbc-26 (Table 1). This yields a wide window of occurrence between 5060 B.C. and 1410 B.C.

Image	Description	Source
Figure 5d Trench T4 is originally a road cut that was noticeably extended and cleaned. It is oriented 45° to the fault, which widens the deformation zone. This exposure provides the bulk of the paleoseismic dataset. See text for details. Ferry et al (2011)	T4 Trench Log Tell Saidiyeh	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5d

Image	Description	Source
Figure 1b Detailed map of the JVF (Jordan Valley Fault) segment between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. The segment itself is organized as six 15-km to 30-km-long right-stepping sub segments limited by 2 km to 3 km wide transpressive relay zones. The active trace of the JVF (Jordan Valley Fault) continues for a further ~10 km northward into the Sea of Galilee (SG) and ~20 km southward into the northern Dead Sea (DS). Ferry et al (2011)	Segmented Faults in Jordan River Valley	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 1b
Figure 3a Geomorphology of the Jordan Valley fault. Central section of the JVF (Jordan Valley Fault) (see location on Fig. 1b), showing drainage (outlined) that is systematically left-laterally displaced at the passage of the fault. The active trace of the JVF (Jordan Valley Fault) is pointed out by the arrows. Ferry et al (2011)	Paleoseismic Site locations	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 3a
Figure 3c Geomorphology of the Ghor Kabed site from a high-resolution total station topographic survey. The eastern fault strand shows a linear and continuous geometry with a gentle slope (the steep slope visible to the north is artificial), while the western strand displays a steeper slope and a left-step geometry. Two trenches were excavated at that site: T1 on the central strand north of the depression, and T2 on the eastern strand southeast of the depression (see logs in Fig. 5). Height curve spacing is 0.25 m. Ferry et al (2011)	Map - Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 3c
Figure 5a Trench T1 shows a distributed pattern of vertical faults that may be resolved within the uppermost layers but cannot be followed through massive clay units of Lisan age. Radiocarbon dates suggest the most recent event occurred before A.D. 1490-1800. Ferry et al (2011)	T1 Trench Log Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5a
Figure 5b Trench T2 displays a main fault zone filled with breccia that have been ruptured afterward and documents the most recent event, radiocarbon dated after A.D. 560-660. Combined, these observations suggest two surface-rupturing events occurred at Ghor Kabed between A.D. 560 and A.D. 1800, which may be related to the A.D. 749 and A.D. 1033 events. Ferry et al (2011)	T2 Trench Log Ghor Khabed	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5b
Figure 3b Geomorphology of the Tell Saidiyeh site from a high-resolution total station topographic survey (contour spacing 0.5 m). South of the archaeological tell (located —100 m to the north, see inset in Fig. 8b), the morphology displays a recent terrace strath (Qto) affected and left-laterally displaced by the fault. The southern edges (dashed lines) of streams serve as piercing points because they are less likely to be eroded than the northern ones in a left-lateral setting. Stream El flows westward along the southern edge of Qto and is displaced by 7 ± 0.5 m across the fault. Stream W2 is a beheaded remnant of El and displays 114 ± 5 m of offset. A minimum emplacement age of 22 ka for W2 yields an average slip rate of 4.9 mm/yr for that period (see text for details). Solid rectangles represent trenches T3 and T4 (see text for descriptions), which display faulting evidence for the last 17 ka. Blanked areas could not be surveyed due to the presence of agricultural and military facilities. Ferry et al (2011)	Map - Tell Saidiyeh	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 3b
Figure 5c The exposure of T3 is mainly composed of Lisan sediments. A series of fine-gained colluvial and alluvial units overlays Lisan clays and provides insight on recent events. Ferry et al (2011)	T3 Trench Log Tell Saidiyeh	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5c
Figure 5d Trench T4 is originally a road cut that was noticeably extended and cleaned. It is oriented 45° to the fault, which widens the deformation zone. This exposure provides the bulk of the paleoseismic dataset. See text for details. Ferry et al (2011)	T4 Trench Log Tell Saidiyeh	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5d
Figure 5e Correlations of stratigraphic sections of trenches. The geological formations of Lisan and Damya are common basement-bottom units for trenches. Erosion processes (tilde lines) have major effects on soft sediments, and Trench T3 shows a significant hiatus of the Damya formation. The correlation between alluvial and lacustrine deposits and the related radiocarbon dating (see also Table 1 and Fig. 7) illustrate the different recent depositional environments at trench sites. Ferry et al (2011)	Stratigraphic Correlation between Trenches	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 5e
Figure 7 Distribution of radiocarbon dates used in trenches 1-4 with inferred events, known historical earthquakes, and inferred archaeoseismic events. Gray boxes indicate depositional hiatuses where no date could be determined. All dates given herein and in Table 1 correspond to 2σ (95.4%) intervals on these probability density functions (pdf). Event pdfs are modeled for a Gaussian distribution on the basis of inferred uncertainties defined in Table 3. Ferry et al (2011)	Radiocarbon Dates Trenches 1-4	Ferry et al (2011) Fig. 7

Ferry, M., et al. (2011). "Episodic Behavior of the Jordan Valley Section of the Dead Sea Fault Inferred from a 14-ka-Long Integrated Catalog of Large Earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 101(1): 39-67.

Erratum to Episodic Behavior of the Jordan Valley Section of the Dead Sea Fault Inferred from a 14kaLong Integrated Catalog of Large Earthquakes

Ferry, M. and M. Meghraoui (2008). "Reply to the comment of Dr M. Klein on: “A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 268(1–2): 241-242.

Long-term and Short-term Earthquake Behavior Along The Dead Sea Fault (Jordan) From Geomorphology, Paleoseismology And Archeoseismology

Slip deficit along the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault from paleoseismology, historical seismology and archeoseismology

Ferry, M., et al. (2007). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 260(3–4): 394-406.

Al-Taj, M. M., et al. (2007). "The Tectonic Geomorphology and the Archeoseismicity of the Dead Sea Transform in Jordan Valley." AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 41.

Matthieu Ferry's academia.edu page