Crash Quake

Textual Evidence

Text (with hotlink)	Original Language	Biographical Info	Religion	Date of Composition	Location Composed	Notes
History of Ibn Wāḍiḥ by al-Yaʿqūbī	Arabic	Biography Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (Arabic: أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد الطبري), also known as al-Tabari was born in Persia ~20 km. south of the Caspian Sea in 839 CE, traveled widely, and died in Baghdad in 923 CE. His historical chronicle History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk) is often referred to as the History of al-Tabari (Tarikh al-Tabari) and was written in Arabic in ~915 CE. Depending on the edition it can contain up to 40 volumes. Gordon et al (2018:3) provide the following biographical information: al-Ya‘qubi was of notable Iraqi birth and education, and that he spent much of his professional life in the employment of provincial governing families of the late third/ninth-century ‘Abbasid empire. His own statements indicate that he worked in Armenia, perhaps at an early point in his career, and that he took up subsequently with the Tahirid family in the Iranian province of Khurasan. We have no direct evidence, but it seems that [al-Yaqubi] then made his way to Egypt following the fall of the Tahirids around 258/872. There he lent his skills to the administration of the Tūlūnid state (254—292/868—905), which was among the first autonomous regional dynasties to challenge the ‘Abbasid state, founded roughly a century earlier. Gordon et al (2018:4) describes History of Ibn Wāḍiḥ (aka Ta’rikh al-Yaqubi) as follows: The Ta’rikh (History) The text, of which we possess two manuscripts, is a universal chronicle consisting of two parts: a pre-Islamic section covering a variety of empires and peoples that is primarily sequential in organization, and an Islamic-era section that tracks the history of the Islamic polity from the prophet Muhammad's day until roughly 259/872-873. ... The second half of the History contains a concise narrative of Islamic and Middle Eastern history, beginning with a biography of the Prophet Muhammad and proceeding with his immediate successors (the so-called ‘Rashidun’ caliphs, a designation that does not occur, however, anywhere in these texts), followed by the Umayyad and ‘Abbasid rulers to about 259/873. Throughout, al- Ya'qübi follows a fairly consistent scheme: he begins with each ruler's accession and (often) the horoscope for the date of accession, then provides a brief nar- rative of the major events of his reign; the circumstances of the caliph’s death; a list of the major officials and religious scholars active during his reign; and a brief assessment of his character and male progeny. Ibn Wadih’s employment of horoscopes ought not be viewed as a bow to superstition; instead, it reflects — and, perhaps, champions— the broad cultural tastes of his still Late Antique readership. Gordon et al (2018:3) also discussed Al-Ya‘qubi’s religious views Al-Ya‘qubi’s religious views were clearly Shi'ite, but they seem to conform neither to the Imami Shiite tradition that would prevail later, nor to what would become the Zaydi Shrite tradition. ... Writing as he did before ‘classical’ Shi‘ism crystallized, al-Ya‘qubi held religious views that later Muslims likely found difficult to categorize.	Muslim - thought to have had Shi'ite sympathies	Late 9th or early 10th century CE	Cairo ?	States that A great fire appeared in the sky, moving from east to west and then dispersing. It was followed by a great crash and an earthquake. This occurred at sunrise, eight nights remaining in Rajab, corresponding to the non-Arab month of Hazīrān (June). The year was specified earlier in the text as A.H. 257. Taken together, the earthquake is dated to 15 June 873 CE.
Text (with hotlink)	Original Language	Biographical Info	Religion	Date of Composition	Location Composed	Notes

History of Ibn Wāḍiḥ by al-Yaʿqūbī

(شذرات الذهب في أخبار من ذهب) by أبو العب

Aliases

Aliases	Aliases
al-Yaʿqūbī	أبو العب
ʾAbū l-ʿAbbās ʾAḥmad bin ʾAbī Yaʿqūb bin Ǧaʿfar bin Wahb bin Waḍīḥ al-Yaʿqūbī	أبو العباس أحمد بن أبي يعقوب بن جعفر بن وهب بن واضح اليعقوبي

Background and Biography

Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (Arabic: أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد الطبري), also known as al-Tabari was born in Persia ~20 km. south of the Caspian Sea in 839 CE, traveled widely, and died in Baghdad in 923 CE. His historical chronicle History of the Prophets and Kings (Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk) is often referred to as the History of al-Tabari (Tarikh al-Tabari) and was written in Arabic in ~915 CE. Depending on the edition it can contain up to 40 volumes. Gordon et al (2018:3) provide the following biographical information:

al-Ya‘qubi was of notable Iraqi birth and education, and that he spent much of his professional life in the employment of provincial governing families of the late third/ninth-century ‘Abbasid empire. His own statements indicate that he worked in Armenia, perhaps at an early point in his career, and that he took up subsequently with the Tahirid family in the Iranian province of Khurasan. We have no direct evidence, but it seems that [al-Yaqubi] then made his way to Egypt following the fall of the Tahirids around 258/872. There he lent his skills to the administration of the Tūlūnid state (254—292/868—905), which was among the first autonomous regional dynasties to challenge the ‘Abbasid state, founded roughly a century earlier.

Gordon et al (2018:4) describes History of Ibn Wāḍiḥ (aka Ta’rikh al-Yaqubi) as follows:

The Ta’rikh (History)

The text, of which we possess two manuscripts, is a universal chronicle consisting of two parts: a pre-Islamic section covering a variety of empires and peoples that is primarily sequential in organization, and an Islamic-era section that tracks the history of the Islamic polity from the prophet Muhammad's day until roughly 259/872-873.

...

The second half of the History contains a concise narrative of Islamic and Middle Eastern history, beginning with a biography of the Prophet Muhammad and proceeding with his immediate successors (the so-called ‘Rashidun’ caliphs, a designation that does not occur, however, anywhere in these texts), followed by the Umayyad and ‘Abbasid rulers to about 259/873. Throughout, al- Ya'qübi follows a fairly consistent scheme: he begins with each ruler's accession and (often) the horoscope for the date of accession, then provides a brief nar- rative of the major events of his reign; the circumstances of the caliph’s death; a list of the major officials and religious scholars active during his reign; and a brief assessment of his character and male progeny. Ibn Wadih’s employment of horoscopes ought not be viewed as a bow to superstition; instead, it reflects — and, perhaps, champions— the broad cultural tastes of his still Late Antique readership.

Gordon et al (2018:3) also discussed Al-Ya‘qubi’s religious views

Al-Ya‘qubi’s religious views were clearly Shi'ite, but they seem to conform neither to the Imami Shiite tradition that would prevail later, nor to what would become the Zaydi Shrite tradition. ... Writing as he did before ‘classical’ Shi‘ism crystallized, al-Ya‘qubi held religious views that later Muslims likely found difficult to categorize.

Excerpts

English from Gordon et al (2018)

from Gordon et al (2018:1288-1290 Vol. 3)

THE DAYS OF AHMAD AL-MU TAMID ALĀ-LLĀH

...

Ahmad b. Tulün, the governor of Egypt, received letters from al-Mu'tamid ordering him to restore the offices of the land tax to Ahmad b. Muhammad b. al-Mudabbir. The latter was imprisoned in his custody, and Muhammad b. Hilal was administering the land tax. Ibn al-Mudabbir was released from prison on Saturday, 7 nights remaining in Dhū l-Qa'da in the year 256,³⁸³⁰ and assumed administration of the land tax. His imprisonment had lasted 9 months and 25 days.

In this year, some members of the Banu Hilal³⁸³¹ and some of the people of Mecca clashed during the Station at Mount 'Arafat.³⁸³² People from each group were killed. | The master of the pilgrimage that year was al-Husayn b. Isma‘il al- Tāhirī, and Ahmad b. Isma‘il b. Ya'gūb, who was nicknamed Kab al-Baqar³⁸³³ led the people in the pilgrimage rites.

Following the death of Bayakbak al-Turki, al-Mu‘tamid transferred the latter's appointments over Egypt and elsewhere to Yarjukh³⁸³⁴ al-Turki. Yārjūkh al-Turki wrote to Ahmad b. Tūlūn al-Turki, the governor of Egypt, confirming him in his duties.

Al-Mu'tamid appointed Muhammad b. Harthama b. A'yan over Barqa. Muhammad reached al-Fustat in the month of Rabi‘ 11 in the year 257,³⁸³⁵ and then marched on to Barqa.

Al-Mu'tamid sent al-Husayn the Eunuch (al-Khādim), who was known as ‘Araq al-Mawt,³⁸³⁶ to ‘Isa b. Shaykh, who had taken control of Palestine, with an offer of safe-conduct for his person, his property, and his children and a pardon for what he had previously done, along with his appointment over Armenia. Īsā accepted the offer and departed from the province in Jumada 11 in the year 257.³⁸³⁷ He turned over all that was in his possession to Amajur al-Turki, but failed to return a single dirham of the revenue.³⁸³⁸

A great fire appeared in the sky, moving from east to west and then dispersing. It was followed by a great crash and an earthquake. This occurred at sunrise, eight nights remaining in Rajab,³⁸³⁹ corresponding to the non-Arab month of Hazīrān (June).

Ahmad b. Tūlūn transported the revenue collected in the treasury in Egypt to the Commander of the Faithful, al-Mu‘tamid. It amounted to 2,100,000 dirhams. He led the cavalry personally and transported the tirāz, the khaysh, and the wax.³⁸⁴⁰ He vouched for the amount of the payment himself and, having delivering it to Amājūr al-Turkī and having his receipt of it witnessed, Ibn Tūlūn departed for al-Fustāt. | Al-Mu'tamid bi-llah wrote to Ahmad b. Tūlūn, appointing him over Alexandria in place of Ishaq b. Dinar b. ‘Abdallah. Ahmad b. Tūlūn proceeded to Alexandria in the month of Ramadan in the year 257.³⁸⁴¹

Footnotes

3830 23 Dhü l-Qa'da 256 = October 22, 870.

3831 The Banü Hilal were a tribe in Najd in the interior of the Arabian peninsula. According to al-Tabarī, Ta’rikh, 31338, they had allied themselves with the Banū Sulaym in the depredations against Medina during the reign of al-Wathiq and were pacified by Bugha al-Kabir after he had pacified the Banū Sulaym in 230/845 (cf. the notice in al-Ya‘qubi, ed. Leiden, 2:586—587, where, however, the Banü Hilal are not mentioned). For the subsequent history of the tribe, its emigration to Egypt and then to North Africa, see the article by J. Schleifer in E12, s.v. Hilal.

3832 That is, at the ceremonial “standing” in the plain before Mount ‘Arafat that marks the climax of the pilgrimage. It falls on 9 Dhū l-Hijja, which in 256 would have fallen on November 7, 870.

3833 The name is written as Ki'āb in the Mss; corrected by the Leiden editor on the basis of al-Mas‘udi, Murūj, 5:298 (8 3653), where his name is given as Kab al-Baqar Muhammad [b. Ahmad] b. ‘Isa b. Jafar Ibn al-Mansür. As the Leiden editor notes, a similar name is given in Ibn al-Athīr, a/-Kāmil, 7:1; cf. al-Tabarī, Ta’rikh, 31841, where the full name (but not the nickname) is given as Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Īsā b. AbīJa far al-Mansür, making it clear that the man was the great-grandson of the caliph al-Mansür. Ahmad b. Ismà'il b. Ya gūb and Muhammad b. Ahmad b. ‘Isa would seem to be two different people, with the name of the latter having fallen out due to a lacuna.

3834 Undotted in both Mss;the Leiden editor transcribed it as Yārjūj, but Yarjükh is the form found in al-Tabarī, Ta'rikh, 3:1707, and passim.

3835 The month began on February 26, 871.

3836 The nickname means "Sweat of Death."

3837 The month began on April 26, 871.

3838 Perhaps referring to the revenue from Egypt that he had seized; see above, ed. Leiden, 2:618.

3839 22 Rajab 257 = June 15, 871.

3840 Tirāz were the linen bands embroidered with the name of the caliph or his representative and worn as insignia of office (see the article by Sanders et al. in E1², s.v). Khaysh was a coarse, loose linen made with flax of poor quality and used in the manufacture of sacks, wrappings, and rudimentary tents (Ch. Pellat in EI², s.v). For the last item, M clearly reads al-sham‘ (wax)—the word is undotted in C. The mention of wax as a special product of Egypt is strange. A copyist's error may have substituted al-sham' for al-samgh, the term for gum arabic, which was brought to Egypt from the Sudan.

3841 The month began on July 23, 871.

English from Gordon et al (2018) - embedded

see middle of page 1288 starting with Ahmad b. Tulün, the governor of Egypt
from Gordon et al (2018:1288-1290 Vol. 3)
from archive.org

Chronology

Year	Reference	Corrections	Notes
15 June 871 CE	sunrise, eight nights remaining in Rajab (i.e. 22 Rajab) A.H. 257	none	Calculated using CHRONOS
15 June 871 CE	sunrise, eight nights remaining in Rajab (i.e. 22 Rajab) A.H. 257	none	Date provided by Gordon et al (2018:1289 n. 3839 Vol. 3)
June 871 CE	This occurred at sunrise, eight nights remaining in Rajab, corresponding to the non-Arab month of Hazīrān (June). A.H. 257	none	refers to the additional specification of the month of Haziran - a Syriac month equivalent to June

Seismic Effects

A great fire appeared in the sky, moving from east to west and then dispersing
It was followed by a great crash and an earthquake
JW: This could be a description of a celestial impact such as from a meteorite

Locations

unspecified

Online Versions and Further Reading

References

Gordon, M. S., et al. (2018). The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (3 vols): An English Translation, Brill. - online version from archive.org

Archeoseismic Evidence

Tsunamogenic Evidence

Dir Hagla Trenches

Reches and Hoexter (1981) dated Event B to 700-900 CE.

Dead Sea - Seismite Types

Dead Sea - En Feshka

Kagan et. al. (2011) identified several seismites from around this time.

Depth (cm.)	Thickness (cm.)	Seismite Type	Modeled Age (± 1σ)	Modeled Age (± 2σ)	Quake Assignment (Kagan)	Quake Assignment (Williams)
104	6	1	912 CE ± 27	894 CE ± 61	873 A.D., Local Source	not assigned
110.5	l.5	Questionable	887 CE ± 28	864 CE ± 63	873 A.D., Local Source	not assigned
113	3	4	877 CE ± 28	852 CE ± 64	873 A.D., Local Source	not assigned

Dead Sea - En Gedi

Migowski et. al. (2004) assigned a 859 CE date to a 0.8 cm. thick linear wave (Type 1) seismite at a depth of 169.8 cm. (1.698 m).

Dead Sea - Nahal Ze 'elim

At site ZA-2, Kagan et. al. (2011) did not find any seismites whose time window encompassed the 873 CE Crash Quake.

Araba - Introduction

Araba - Qasr Tilah

Haynes et al. (2006) dated Events II and III to between the 7th and 12th centuries CE.

Araba - Taybeh Trench

LeFevre et al. (2018) did not find any seismic events whose time window encompassed the 873 CE Crash Quake.

Araba - Qatar Trench

Klinger et. al. (2015) dated Event Esupp1 to 925 CE ± 119 (806-1044 CE).

Notes

Poirier and Taher (1980b)

Poirier and Taher (1980b), citing al-Yaquti as a source, report an earthquake was felt in Arabia on 10 Shaban A.H. 259 which they date to 874 CE. CHRONOS using fourmilab converts 10 Shaban A.H. 259 to 11 June 873 CE. Poirier and Taher (1980b), citing al-Jawzi, also report an earthquake on 10 Shaban A.H. 258 which was felt in Basra.

Catalog (Google Sheet)

Catalog from paper

*References of Sources


(1) Al Biruni Abu al Rayhan Mohamet
·	"Al Athar al Baqiya 'An alqoron al Khaliya", edited by Sachau, Leipzig, 1923.
·	"Tandid Nihayat al Amain li-tashili masaffit al-masain", edited by B. Bolgakof, 
	review of the Arabic league for Arabic manuscripts, May-Nov. 1962.
	
(2) Ibn Al Djawzi 'Abd-ar-Rahman
·	"Shudhur al'oqod fi Ather al'ohod" Egyptian library manuscript 994 Tarikh.
·	Al modehish fi al Mohadrat" Egyptian library manuscript B 23054.
·	"Al montazam", Hyderabad ad Dakan, 1357 H.

(3) Ibn Al Qasim Yihya
·	"Anba'al zaman fi Tarikh Abna' al-yaman" Egyptian library manuscript 17075 H.
·	"Ghayat al amany fi akhbar al-qotr al yamani", edited by Said Ashor dar al Katib Cairo, 1968.

(4),(5) Al Ispahani Hamza
·	"Tarikh sini mulak al-ard", Leipzig, 1944.

(6) Al Dhahabi Abu 'Abdalah Mohamet
·	"Tarikh al Islam" vol. 1-5 published by al Qodsi, 1369 H and Egyptian library manuscript 1452 Tarikh.
·	"Dowal al Islam", Hyderabad ad Dakan, 1233 H.
·	"Al eber fi khabar man ghabar", edited by Salah al Menagid, Kuwait, 1966.

(7) Ibn Al Athir Abu Hassan 'Ali
·	"Al Kamil fi at Tarikh", edited by Tornberg, Leyden, 1851-1876.
·	"al Tarikh al Bahir fi ad Dawla al Atabikya", edited by Tolymat, Cairo, 1963.

(8) At Tabari Abii Djafar Mohamet
·	"Tarikh at Tabary", edited by De Golfe, Leyden, 1879-1901.

(9)	Ibn Aybak Ad Dawadary Abil Bakr
·	"Kanz ad Durar wa Djami' al Ghurar" Egyptian library manuscript 2578,4643 Tarikh.

(10) Ibn Al'imad Al Hanbali Abu al Falah
·	"Shadharat adh Dhahab fi Akhbar man Dhahab", published by al Qodsi, 1351 H.

(11)	Al Ya'qobi Ahmed
·	"Tarikh al Ya'qobi", Beirut, 1960.

12),(13) Ibn Abi Zar' Abil Hassan 'Ali
·	"Al'Anis al Motrib bi Rawd al Qortas if akhbar molouk fas", edited by Mohamet al Hashimi al
	filali, Rabat, Morocco.
	
(14) Ibn 'Adhari Ahmed
·	"Al Bayan al Moghrib fi Akhbar al Andolas wa al Maghrib", Beirut, 1967.

(15) Ibn Batriq Said
·	"At Tarikh al magmou'ala at Taliqiq wa tasdiq", Beirut, 1909.

(16) An Niweyri Ahmed
·	"Nihayat al Arab if funun al Asab' Egyptian library manuscript 549 Ma'ref "Ama.

(17) Ibn Taghri Bardi Youssof
·	"An Nogoum az Zahira fi Molouk misr wal Qahira", Cairo, 1939-1960.

(18) Al Mass'oudi Abu Hassan 'Ali
·	"At Tanbih wal'eshraf', edited by Abdo'lah as Sawy, Cairo, 1938.
·	"Morildj adh dhahab wa Ma'adin al djawhar", edited by Mohamet Mohyaddin abd Hamid, Baghdad.

(19) Ibn Sa'id Al Antaki Yihya
·	Edited by L. Shikho, Beirut, 1909.

(20) Al Maqrizi Ahmed Ibn'Ali
·	"Itti 'ad al Hunafa bi-akhbar al A'ima al fatimyin al Khalafa", edited by ash Shayal, Cairo.
·	"as soliik bi-ma'rifat dowal al Molouk", edited by Ziyada, Cairo, 1934-1958 and Ashor, Cairo, 1970.
·	"al Khitat", Cairo, 1953.

(21) 'Azra Hadad
·	"Rihlat Binyamin at Tutili" (561-569 H), Baghdad, 1949.

(22) Al Fariqi Ahmed Ibn Yussof
·	"Tarikh Mayafarqin", edited by Badawi'Abd al latif, Cairo, 1959.

(23) Ibn Butlan Abu al Hassan al Mukhtar
·	Cited in "Modjam al Boldan" by Yoqot al Hamidi, edited by Wiistenfeld, Leipzig, 1866-1873.

(24) Al Qalanisi Abu Ya'la Hamza
·	"Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq", edited by Amedroz, Leyden, 1908.

(25) Ar Raf i Abu al Qasim' Adb al Karim
·	"At Tadwin fi Akhbar Qaswin" Egyptian library manuscript 4276 Tarikh.

(26) Ibn Kathir Isma'il
·	Al Bidaya wa an Nihaya, Beirut, 1966.

(27) Abu Makhrma AbE Mohamet Abdo alah 
·	"Tarikh Taghr'Aden" Leyden, 1936.

(28) Ibn Rushd al Walid
·	"Talkhis Kutub Aristotalis if al Hikama" Egyptian library manuscript 5 Hikma wa Falsafa.

(29) Abii Shama Abd-ur-Rahman
·	"Adh-Dhayl 'ala arRawdatin" published under the title "Taradjim al Qarnun as Sadis wa as Sabi' al Hidjeriyn" by 'Eyzat al'Atar al Hassani, 1947.
·	"ar Rawdatin fi akbar ad Dawlatin an Norya wa as Salahiya", Cairo, 1288 H.

(30) Al Baghdadi Ibn Al Labad Abd al Latif
·	"al 'ifada wa "ftbar" published under the title "Mokhtassr Tarikh Misr" by White, London,
	1800. Reprinted with english translation, London, 1960.
	
(31) See (29).

(32) Al Fowati 'Abd ar-Raziq
·	"al tlawadith al djami'a wa at Tadjarob an Nafi'a fi al Mi'a as Sabi'a" edited by Mustafa
	Djawad, Baghdad, 1351 H.
	
(33) As Samhodi Nur ad Din 'Ali
·	"Wafa' al Wafa bi Akhbar dar al Mustafa", edited by Mohamed Mohy ad Din, Cairo, 1955.

(34) Al Kharzradji Ali ibn al Hassan
·	"al `oqod al-lo 'Lolya fi Tarikh ad Dawla ar Rasolya", Cairo, 1911.

(35) Al Qalqashandi Ahmed Ibn'Ali
·	"Sobh al A'sha fi Sina'at al "Insha"", Cairo, Ministry of Culture.
·	"Ma'ther al Inafa fi Ma'lim al Khilafa", edited by Abd as Satar faradj, Kuwait, 1964.

(36) Al Malti Abu al faradj
·	"Tarikh ad Dowal as Siryani" written by Armala as Siryani, published in the review of id
	Mashriq, March-April 1956.
	
(37) Al Yonini
·	"Dhayl Mirat az Zaman", Hyderabad ad Dakan.

(38) Ad Dimashqi Shaykh ar Rabwa
·	Nukhbat ad Dhar fi "Adj'ab al Bar wa al Bahr", edited by Mehren, 1966.

(39) Ibn Al Wardi 'Omar
·	"Tatimat al Mokhtaser fi Akhbar al Bashar", Cairo.

(40) Ibn Hadjar Ahmed Ibn'Ali
·	'"Ubba' al Ghomr bi Abna' al 'Omr", edited by Hassan Habashi, Cairo, 1972.

(41) See (20).

(42) Ibn 'Ivas Mohamen Ibn Ahmed
·	"Bada'i' az Zohour fi Waqa'i' ad Dohour", Cairo, 1898, edited by M. M. Ziyada, Cairo, 1960

(43) See (33).

(44) Al'Aydarous Abdal Qadir
·	"An Nour as Sof-lion Akhbar al Qarn al' Ashar", edited by M. As Safir, Baghdad, 1934.

(45) As Suyuti Djalal ad Din
·	"Hosn al Mohadra fi Tarildi Misr wa al Qahira" edited by Mohmet abii al fadl Ibrahim. Cairo, 1967.
·	"Kashf as Salsala'an Wasf az Zalzala". Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 
	manuscrits Arabeii 4658; translated in french by Said Nejjar, Cahiers du Centre Universitaire de la Recherche Scientifique, Rabat, 1973.
	
(46) Al Qadri Al Hassani Mohamet
·	"Nashr al Mathani ii Ahl al Qarn al Hadi Asher wa aththani", Fez, 1315 H.

(47) Al Djazzar 'Ali
·	"Tahsin al-Mandzal min Hawl al Zalazil", edited by Mustafa Taher, Annales Islamologiques,
	Cairo, 1974.
	
(48) APIsbaqi Mohamet ibn abd Mo'ti 
·	"Tarikh a1 'isbaqi' Cairo, 1300 H.

(49) See (46).

(50) To (54) M. A. Taher, Textes d'histoire damascene sur les tremblements de terre du XII^e siecle de 1'Hegire. 
	Bulletin d'Etudes Orientales, Damascus, 1975.
	
(55) AI Yafi'i Abdo allah
·	"Mir'at al Djinan wa i'Brat al Yaizan", Hyderabad ad Dakan, 1338 H.

(56) Ibn Al Fasi Mohamet ibn Ahmed
·	"Shifa 'al gharam bi Akhbar al Balad al Harram", Gottingen, 18,57.


† From As Suyuti's Paris manuscript.
‡ From Ambrasey (1961).
§ (a)-(k), see Appendix.

References

Poirier, J. P. and M. A. Taher (1980b). "Historical seismicity in the near and Middle East, North Africa, and Spain from Arabic documents (VIIth-XVIIIth century)." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 70(6): 2185-2201.

Crash Quake

Sunrise 15 June 873 CE

by Jefferson Williams

Introduction & Summary

Textual Evidence

Archeoseismic Evidence

Tsunamogenic Evidence

Paleoseismic Evidence

Notes

Paleoclimate - Droughts

References