| Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Tell el-Far’ah | Arabic | تلّ الفارعة |
| Tirzah | Hebrew | תִּרְצָה |
The biblical town of Tirzah — the early capital of the Northern Kingdom, probably during the reign of its first seven kings — is safely identified at Tell el-Farʿah (North), northeast of Shechem.1 The mound is set in a fertile valley near two rich springs, at the head of Wadi Fareah, which leads to the Jordan Valley.
1 W.F. Albright, "The Site of Tirzah and the
Topography of Western Manasseh", JPOS 11
(1931) 241–251; R. de Vaux, "Les fouilles à
Tell el-Farʿah, près Naplouse, cinquième
campagne. Rapport préliminaire", RB 62
(1955) 541–589; idem, "The Excavations at
Tell el-Farʿah and the Site of Ancient
Tirzah", PEQ 88 (1956) 135–140; J. Briend,
"Tell el-Farʿah et son identification
ancienne", in P. Amiet et al., Tell
el-Farʿah: Histoire, glyptique et
céramologie (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis
14; Fribourg, 1996) 5–14.
Several scholars have suggested the
possibility that biblical Thebez is a
copying error for Tirzah (without the
mater lectionis he), perhaps due to the
similarity of resh and bet in the First
Temple period (see Y. Aharoni, The Land
of the Bible [Philadelphia, 1979] 265).
Tubas did not yield Iron Age finds and
Khirbet Eynun produced only a small
number of Iron II sherds (A. Zertal, The
Manasseh Hill Country Survey: The Eastern
Valleys and the Fringes of the Desert
[Tel Aviv, 1996] 202–203, 211–214).
Archaeology also dismisses Tayasir and
Talluzeh (Zertal, The Manasseh Hill
Country Survey: The Shechem Syncline
[Tel Aviv, 1992] 476–477).
2 Especially that Tirzah does not play
an important role in the rest of the
Deuteronomistic History.
3 I. Finkelstein, "Observations on the
Layout of Iron Age Samaria", Tel Aviv
38 (2011) 194–207.
Tell el-Farʿah (in the north, as distinct from the southern site, which is also called Tel Sharuhen) lies 11 km (7 mi.) northeast of Shechem, on the Nablus–Tubas road (map reference 1823.1822). The mound stands near the source of the Farʿah brook, which flows down to the Jordan River. It is situated on a rocky ridge that slopes in a southwest–northeast direction. Two springs, ʿAin Farah to the north and ʿAin Daleib to the south, supply the site with ample water. The fertile valley of Wadi Farah is the main thoroughfare between the Jordan Valley and the western mountain district.
Tell el-Fareah was explored by Roland de Vaux between 1946 and 1960. De Vaux excavated four fields, three of them (Chantiers II, III and IV) on the western side of the mound and one (Chantier I) in the north. Five sections were dug on the northeastern slope, between Chantier I and Ein el-Fareah. Admittedly, much of the site — especially its heart and eastern sector — has not been investigated.4 Still, the information from Tell el-Fareah is significant: the mound spreads across ca. five hectares,5 of which 0.5 hectare was dug in Chantier II alone.6 This means that the total area excavated in the three western fields seems to make up ca. 15% of the mound7 — more than the relative proportion of the excavated fields in most biblical mounds.
Table 1
4 A. Chambon, Tell el-Farah I, L'âge du
Fer (Éditions Recherche sur les
Civilisations 31; Paris, 1984) 151; idem,
"Farʿah, Tell el- (North)", in E. Stern
(ed.), The New Encyclopedia of
Archaeological Excavations in the Holy
Land, vol. 2 (Jerusalem, 1993) 433.
5 W.F. Albright, "The Site of Tirzah and
the Topography of Western Manasseh",
p. 245; R. de Vaux, "Farʿah, Tell el-
(North)", p. 433.
6 Chambon, Tell el-Farah I, p. 19.
7 Ibid., p. 151.
8 For the periods discussed here see :R. de Vaux and A.M. Steve, "La
première campagne de fouilles à Tell
el-Farʿah, près Naplouse, rapport
préliminaire", RB 54 (1947) 394–433,
573–589; R. de Vaux and A.M. Steve,
"La seconde campagne de fouilles à
Tell el-Farʿah, près Naplouse, rapport
préliminaire", RB 55 (1948) 544–580;
R. de Vaux, "La troisième campagne de
fouilles à Tell el-Farʿah, près
Naplouse, rapport préliminaire", RB 58
(1951) 393–430, 566–590; idem, "La
quatrième campagne de fouilles à
Tell el-Farʿah, près Naplouse, rapport
préliminaire", RB 59 (1952) 551–583;
idem, "Les fouilles à Tell el-Farʿah,
près Naplouse, sixième campagne.
Rapport préliminaire", RB 64 (1957)
552–580; idem, "Les fouilles à Tell
el-Farʿah, rapport préliminaire sur
les 7e, 8e, 9e campagnes, 1958–1960",
RB 68 (1961) 557–592.
9 Table in Chambon, Tell el-Farah I,
p. 11; Table 1 below.
10 Chambon, Tell el-Farah I.
11 Ibid., pp. 11–12; Table 1 here.
12 Z. Herzog and L. Singer-Avitz,
"Sub-Dividing the Iron IIA in Northern
Israel: A Suggested Solution to the
Chronological Debate", Tel Aviv 33
(2006) 163–195.
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.18
Table 1
Finkelstein, Israel (2012) Tell el-Farah (Tirzah) and the Early Days of the Northern Kingdom
, Revue Biblique 119: 331-346. - at academia.edu
Herzog, Z. and Singer-Avitz, L. (2006) “Sub-Dividing the Iron IIA in Northern Israel: A Suggested Solution to the Chronological Debate
,” Tel Aviv 33, 163–195. - at academia.edu
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