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Bronze Age of the Levant

Location Maps
Location Maps

Bronze Age Sites of the Southern Levant

Normal Size

  • Fig. 2.1 Early Bronze I Sites
    Fig. 2.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 3.1 Early Bronze II and III Sites
    Fig. 3.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 4.1 Intermediate Bronze Sites
    Fig. 4.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 5.2 Middle Bronze Sites
    Fig. 5.2

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 6.1 Late Bronze Sites
    Fig. 6.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)

Magnified

  • Fig. 2.1 Early Bronze I Sites
    Fig. 2.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 3.1 Early Bronze II and III Sites
    Fig. 3.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 4.1 Intermediate Bronze Sites
    Fig. 4.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 5.2 Middle Bronze Sites
    Fig. 5.2

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)
  • Fig. 6.1 Late Bronze Sites
    Fig. 6.1

    Map of sites mentioned in this chapter

    Greenberg (2019)
    from Greenberg (2019)

Bronze and Iron Age Sites

Bronze and Iron Age Sites
Description Image Source
Major Bronze and Iron Age Sites
in Israel and Jordan
Fig. 4.1

Map of major archaeological and historical sites in central and northern Israel and Jordan

Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)
Fig. 4.1 - Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)
Bronze and Iron Age Sites
in Central Jordan Valley
Fig. 1.1

Map of the geographic sub-regions, main Bronze and Iron Age sites and roads in the Central Jordan Valley. Key to sub-regions:

  1. Kinnarot Valley
  2. NE Beth-Shean Valley
  3. Northern Beth-Shean Valley
  4. Central Beth-Shean Valley
  5. Southern Beth-Shean Valley
  6. SE Beth-Shean Valley
  7. Harod Valley


Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)
Fig. 1.1 - Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)
Bronze and Iron Age Sites
in Central Jordan Valley
Fig. 3.2

Map of Bronze and Iron Age sites in the Beth-Shean Valley and its vicinity (based on TBS I:7,Fig.1.1)

  1. Tel Kitan
  2. Tell el-Sahina
  3. Tell al-Mudawar
  4. Tell el-Qeseibeh
  5. Tel Yishmael
  6. Tel Issachar
  7. Tell Kuneizir
  8. Hamadiya
  9. Tel Huga
  10. Tel Hasida
  11. Hamadiya south
  12. Tel Istabba
  13. Tel Naharon
  14. Tel Zahara
  15. Tel Zaharon
  16. Tel ªAmal
  17. Tel Shoqeq
  18. Tel Socho
  19. Tell Arbaªin
  20. Kh. E-Sheikh Muhammad
  21. Tel Sufin
  22. Tell ed-Dayabeh
  23. Hubari (Kefar Ruppin)
  24. Tel Nimrod
  25. Tel Ashtori
  26. Tel Nisa
  27. Tel ¥emed
  28. Tel Taash
  29. Tel Hazavim
  30. Tel Karpas
  31. Tel ªArtal
  32. Tel Qataf
  33. Tel Masad
  34. Tel Nofer
  35. Tel Teomim and Tel Trumot
  36. Tel Roªeh
  37. Tel Saharon
  38. Tel Maluah
  39. Tel Nezem
  40. Tel Sofarim
  41. Tel Menorah
  42. Tell esh-Shuneh
  43. Tell Abuen-Niaj
  44. Tell el-Hayyat
  45. Tell Abu al-Kharaz
  46. Tel Gema (Jemaªin)
  47. Tel Sheqafim
  48. Tel Shalem
  49. Tell Muleiqat
  50. Malqoah
  51. Tell e-Deir
  52. Tell el-Beidha
  53. Tell el-Hammah
  54. Tell Abu Sus
  55. Tell Abu Habil


Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)
Fig. 3.2 - Mazar et. al. (2020 v.1)

Chronology
Stern et al (1993)

Age Dates Comments
Early Bronze IA-B 3300-3000 BCE
Early Bronze II 3000-2700 BCE
Early Bronze III 2700-2200 BCE
Middle Bronze I 2200-2000 BCE EB IV - Intermediate Bronze
Middle Bronze IIA 2000-1750 BCE
Middle Bronze IIB 1750-1550 BCE
Late Bronze I 1550-1400 BCE
Late Bronze IIA 1400-1300 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1300-1200 BCE
Iron IA 1200-1150 BCE
Iron IB 1150-1100 BCE
Iron IIA 1000-900 BCE
Iron IIB 900-700 BCE
Iron IIC 700-586 BCE
Babylonian & Persian 586-332 BCE
Early Hellenistic 332-167 BCE
Late Hellenistic 167-37 BCE
Early Roman 37 BCE - 132 CE
Herodian 37 BCE - 70 CE
Late Roman 132-324 CE
Byzantine 324-638 CE
Early Arab 638-1099 CE Umayyad & Abbasid
Crusader & Ayyubid 1099-1291 CE
Late Arab 1291-1516 CE Fatimid & Mameluke
Ottoman 1516-1917 CE

Meyers et al (1997)

Phase Dates Variants
Early Bronze IA-B 3400-3100 BCE
Early Bronze II 3100-2650 BCE
Early Bronze III 2650-2300 BCE
Early Bronze IVA-C 2300-2000 BCE Intermediate Early-Middle Bronze, Middle Bronze I
Middle Bronze I 2000-1800 BCE Middle Bronze IIA
Middle Bronze II 1800-1650 BCE Middle Bronze IIB
Middle Bronze III 1650-1500 BCE Middle Bronze IIC
Late Bronze IA 1500-1450 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1450-1400 BCE
Late Bronze IIA 1400-1300 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1300-1200 BCE
Iron IA 1200-1125 BCE
Iron IB 1125-1000 BCE
Iron IC 1000-925 BCE Iron IIA
Iron IIA 925-722 BCE Iron IIB
Iron IIB 722-586 BCE Iron IIC
Iron III 586-520 BCE Neo-Babylonian
Early Persian 520-450 BCE
Late Persian 450-332 BCE
Early Hellenistic 332-200 BCE
Late Hellenistic 200-63 BCE
Early Roman 63 BCE - 135 CE
Middle Roman 135-250 CE
Late Roman 250-363 CE
Early Byzantine 363-460 CE
Late Byzantine 460-638 CE
Early Arab 638-1099 CE
Crusader & Ayyubid 1099-1291 CE
Late Arab 1291-1516 CE
Ottoman 1516-1917 CE

Chronological Scheme for the Levant from Palmisano et al. (2019)

Table 1

A chronological scheme for the Levant (after Finkelstein 2010 and 2011; Regev et al. 2012; Sharon 2013).

Palmisano et al. (2019)


Traditional and Revised Early and Middle Bronze Age Chronology from Fall et al. (2023)

Table 1

Traditional and revised Early and Middle Bronze Age chronologies for the Southern Levant. (Traditional chronology based on Dever 1992; Levy 1995:fig. 3; revised chronology based on Regev et al. 2012; Fall et al. 2021; Höflmayer and Manning 2022.)

Fall et al. (2023)


Comparative chronology of Levant, Egypt and Syria in the Middle Bronze Age

Table 5.1

Comparative chronology of Levant, Egypt and Syria

Greenberg (2019)


Archaeomagnetic Dating

Notes and Further Reading
References

Articles and Books

Bietak, M. (2002) Relative and absolute chronology of the Middle Bronze Age: comments on the present state of research . In: Bietak M. , editor. The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant. Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Material, Vienna, 24th-26th of January 2001, Austrian Academy of Sciences Press

Greenberg, R. (2019) The Archaeology of the Bronze Age Levant: From Urban Origins to the Demise of City-States, 3700-1000 BCE , Cambridge University Press

Websites

NERD (Near East Radiocarbon Dates) dataset at github

MEGA Jordan - GIS based inventory of archaeological sites in Jordan

Wikipedia Pages

Chronology of the ancient Near East

  • from Wikipedia - click link to open new tab


Levantine pottery

  • from Wikipedia - click link to open new tab


Tel Megiddo

  • from Wikipedia - click link to open new tab


Beth Shean



Tel Rehov