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Chronological Divisions

Stern et al (1993) - Aka NEAEHL

Age Dates Comments
Early Bronze IA-B 3300-3000 BCE
Early Bronze II 3000-2700 BCE
Early Bronze III 2700-2200 BCE
Middle Bronze I 2200-2000 BCE EB IV - Intermediate Bronze
Middle Bronze IIA 2000-1750 BCE
Middle Bronze IIB 1750-1550 BCE
Late Bronze I 1550-1400 BCE
Late Bronze IIA 1400-1300 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1300-1200 BCE
Iron IA 1200-1150 BCE
Iron IB 1150-1000 BCE
Iron IIA 1000-900 BCE
Iron IIB 900-700 BCE
Iron IIC 700-586 BCE
Babylonian & Persian 586-332 BCE
Early Hellenistic 332-167 BCE
Late Hellenistic 167-37 BCE
Early Roman 37 BCE - 132 CE
Herodian 37 BCE - 70 CE
Late Roman 132-324 CE
Byzantine 324-638 CE
Early Arab 638-1099 CE Umayyad & Abbasid
Crusader & Ayyubid 1099-1291 CE
Late Arab 1291-1516 CE Fatimid & Mameluke
Ottoman 1516-1917 CE

Meyers et al (1997)

Phase Dates Variants
Early Bronze IA-B 3400-3100 BCE
Early Bronze II 3100-2650 BCE
Early Bronze III 2650-2300 BCE
Early Bronze IVA-C 2300-2000 BCE Intermediate Early-Middle Bronze, Middle Bronze I
Middle Bronze I 2000-1800 BCE Middle Bronze IIA
Middle Bronze II 1800-1650 BCE Middle Bronze IIB
Middle Bronze III 1650-1500 BCE Middle Bronze IIC
Late Bronze IA 1500-1450 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1450-1400 BCE
Late Bronze IIA 1400-1300 BCE
Late Bronze IIB 1300-1200 BCE
Iron IA 1200-1125 BCE
Iron IB 1125-1000 BCE
Iron IC 1000-925 BCE Iron IIA
Iron IIA 925-722 BCE Iron IIB
Iron IIB 722-586 BCE Iron IIC
Iron III 586-520 BCE Neo-Babylonian
Early Persian 520-450 BCE
Late Persian 450-332 BCE
Early Hellenistic 332-200 BCE
Late Hellenistic 200-63 BCE
Early Roman 63 BCE - 135 CE
Middle Roman 135-250 CE
Late Roman 250-363 CE
Early Byzantine 363-460 CE
Late Byzantine 460-638 CE
Early Arab 638-1099 CE
Crusader & Ayyubid 1099-1291 CE
Late Arab 1291-1516 CE
Ottoman 1516-1917 CE

Chronological Scheme for the Levant from Palmisano et al. (2019)

Table 1

A chronological scheme for the Levant (after Finkelstein 2010 and 2011; Regev et al. 2012; Sharon 2013).

Palmisano et al. (2019)


Traditional and Revised Early and Middle Bronze Age Chronology from Fall et al. (2023)

Table 1

Traditional and revised Early and Middle Bronze Age chronologies for the Southern Levant. (Traditional chronology based on Dever 1992; Levy 1995:fig. 3; revised chronology based on Regev et al. 2012; Fall et al. 2021; Höflmayer and Manning 2022.)

Fall et al. (2023)


Walmsley (2007) based on D. Whitcomb - Islamic

Age Dates Comments
Early Islamic I 600-800 CE
Early Islamic II 800-1000 CE
Middle Islamic I 1000-1200 CE
Middle Islamic II 1200-1400 CE

Nabatean Periods and Monarchs

Nabataean monarchs and their regnal dates Figure 2.3

List of the Nabataean monarchs and their regnal dates

Dolinka (2006)


Comparative global chronology of the Neolithic Period

BC Europe Egypt Syria
Levant 		Anatolia Khabur Sinjar Mountains
Assyria 		Middle Tigris Low
Mesopotamia 		Iran
(Khuzistan) 		Iran Indus/
India 		China
11000 Early Pottery
(18,000 BC)
10000 Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Gesher
Mureybet
(10,500 BC) 		 
9000 Jericho
Tell Abu Hureyra
8000 Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Jericho
Tell Aswad 		Göbekli Tepe
Çayönü
Aşıklı Höyük 		Initial Neolithic
(Pottery)
Nanzhuangtou
(8500–8000 BC)
7000 Egyptian Neolithic
Nabta Playa
(7500 BC) 		Çatalhöyük
(7500–5500)
Hacilar
(7000 BC) 		Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras 		Jarmo Ganj Dareh
Chia Jani
Ali Kosh 		Mehrgarh I
6500 Neolithic Europe
Franchthi
Sesklo
 Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
('Ain Ghazal) 		Pottery Neolithic
Tell Sabi Abyad
Bouqras 		Pottery Neolithic
Jarmo 		Chogha Bonut Teppe Zagheh Pottery Neolithic
Peiligang
(7000–5000 BC)
6000 Pottery Neolithic
Sesklo
Dimini 		Pottery Neolithic
Yarmukian
(Sha'ar HaGolan) 		Pottery Neolithic
Ubaid 0
(Tell el-'Oueili) 		Pottery Neolithic
Chogha Mish 		Pottery Neolithic
Sang-i Chakmak 		Pottery Neolithic
Lahuradewa


Mehrgarh II






Mehrgarh III
5600 Faiyum A
Amuq A
Halaf






Halaf-Ubaid 		Umm Dabaghiya
Samarra
(6000–4800 BC) 		Tepe Muhammad Djafar Tepe Sialk
5200 Linear Pottery culture
(5500–4500 BC)
Amuq B 		Hacilar

Mersin
24–22
 
Hassuna
Ubaid 1
(Eridu 19–15)

Ubaid 2
(Hadji Muhammed)
(Eridu 14–12)
Susiana A 		Yarim Tepe
Hajji Firuz Tepe
4800 Pottery Neolithic
Merimde
Amuq C 		Hacilar
Mersin
22–20 		Hassuna Late

Gawra 20
Tepe Sabz 		Kul Tepe Jolfa
4500
Amuq D 		Gian Hasan
Mersin
19–17 		Ubaid 3 Ubaid 3
(Gawra)
19–18 		Ubaid 3 Khazineh
Susiana B

3800 		Badarian
Naqada 		Ubaid 4
Succeeded by: Historical Ancient Near East