Phase | Date |
---|---|
Late Bronze III | twelfth century until circa 1130 B.C.E. |
Early Iron I | late 12th century and 1st half of the 11th century B.C.E. |
Late Iron I | 2nd half of the 11th century and 1st half of the 10th century B.C.E. |
Early Iron IIA | last decades of the 10th century and the early 9th century B.C.E. |
Late Iron IIA | rest of the 9th century and the early 8th century B.C.E. |
Iron IIB | rest of the 8th century and the early 7th century B.C.E. |
3. The model divides the period discussed in this book slightly differently from the six ceramic phases mentioned above. It adds the Late Bronze III, divides the Iron I into three rather than two phases, and ends with the late Iron IIA. he reason for the latter is the Hallstatt Plateau in the radiocarbon calibration curve, which prevents giving accurate dates to samples that come from Iron IIB and Iron IIC contexts.
Articles and Books
Arie, E. 2006. The Iron Age I Pottery: Levels K-5 and K-4 and an
Intra-site Spatial Analysis of the Pottery from Stratum VIA.
Pages 191–298 in Finkelstein, Ussishkin, and Halpern 2006.
Arie, E. 2013. The Late Bronze III and Iron I Pottery. Pages 475–667 in
Megiddo V: The 2004–2008 Seasons. Edited by I. Finkelstein, D. Ussishkin, and
E. H. Cline. Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv
University 31. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology.
Dever, W. G. 1997. Archaeology and the “Age of Solomon”: A Case Study in Archaeology and
Historiography. Pages 217–51 in The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the
Millennium. Edited by L. K. Handy. Leiden: Brill.
- can be borrowed with a free archive.org account
Finkelstein, I., and E. Piasetzky. 2006. The Iron I-IIA in the Highlands and beyond: 14C
Anchors, Pottery Phases and the Shoshenq I Campaign. Levant 38:45–61.
Finkelstein, I., and E. Piasetzky. 2011. The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? NEA 74:50–54.
Finkelstein, I. and Piasetzky, E. 2009. Radiocarbon-dated Destruction Layers: A Skeleton for Iron Age Chronology in the Levant.
Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: 255–274.
Finkelstein I. and Piasetzky, E. 2010. Radiocarbon Dating the Iron
Age in the Levant: A Bayesian Model for Six Ceramic Phases and
Six Transitions, Antiquity 84: 374–385.
Finkelstein, I. (2013) The Forgotten Kingdom: The Archaeology and History of Northern Israel, Atlanta 2013
Finkelstein, I. (2014),
A Low Chronology Update in
Levy, T. and T. Higham ed. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, Taylor & Francis.
- can be borrowed with a free archive.org account
Gorner, Aaron BY, (2023) Mazar's Modified Modified Chronology:
The Preservation of Solomonic Possibilities, BYU Scholars Archive
Herzog, Z., and L. Singer-Avitz. 2004. Redefining the Centre: The Emergence of State in Judah. Tel Aviv 31:209–44.
Herzog, Z., and L. Singer-Avitz. 2006. Sub-dividing the Iron IIA in Northern Israel: A Suggested Solution to the Chronological Debate. Tel Aviv 33:163–95.
Levy, T. and T. Higham ed. (2014)
The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, Taylor & Francis.
- can be borrowed with a free archive.org account
Mazar, A., H. J. Bruins, N. Panitz-Cohen, and J. van der Plicht. 2005. Ladder of Time at Tel Rehov:
Stratigraphy, Archaeological Context, Pottery and Radiocarbon Dates. Pages 193–255 in The Bible and
Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science. Edited by T. E. Levy and T. Higham. London: Equinox.
- can be borrowed with a free archive.org account
Mazar, A. and Bronk Ramsey, C. 2008. 14C Dates and the Iron Age Chronology of Israel: A Response.
Radiocarbon 50: 159-180.
Mazar, A. (2011)“The Iron Age Chronology Debate: Is the Gap Narrowing? Another Viewpoint.”
Near Eastern Archaeology 74, no. 2 (2011): 105–11.
Mazar, A. (2014), The Debate over Chronology of the Iron Age in
the Southern Levant: It's history, the current situation, and a suggested resolution in
Levy, T. and T. Higham ed. The Bible and Radiocarbon Dating: Archaeology, Text and Science, Taylor & Francis.
- can be borrowed with a free archive.org account
Sharon, I., A. Gilboa, T. A. J. Jull, and E. Boaretto. 2007. Report on the First Stage of the Iron Age
Dating Project in Israel: Supporting A Low Chronology. Radiocarbon 49:1–46.
Zimhoni, O. 2004a. The Pottery of Levels V and IV and Its Archaeological and Chronological Implications.
Pages 1643–1788 in D. Ussishkin, The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973–1994).
Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology.
Zimhoni, O. 2004b. The Pottery of Levels III and II. Pages 1789–1899 in D. Ussishkin,
The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish (1973-1994). Monograph Series of the
Institute of Archaeology Tel Aviv University 22. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University, Institute of Archaeology.
Websites
Israel Finkelstein web page