Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
---|---|---|
Tel Dan | Hebrew | תל דן |
Dan | Hebrew | דן |
Tell el Qadi | Arabic | |
Dhan? | Arabic | ضان |
Laish, Laishah | Canaanite or Phoenician | |
Leshem | Canaanite |
Tel Dan is situated at the foot of Mount Hermon, in the heart of a rich and fertile region (map reference 2112.2949). It is a large site, some 50 a. in area, at the junction of the country's ancient north-south and east-west caravan routes. The springs flowing in and around the mound are one of the three sources of the Jordan River. The mound is shaped like a rounded rectangle (W. F. Albright, in 1935, suggested that it might be one of the Hyksos cities, which are distinguished by sloping ramparts). Its outer edges rise some 20m above the surrounding plain, but the ground sinks toward the interior, forming a crater-shaped area. The difference in height between the top of the embankment surrounding the "crater" and the latter's lowest point is about 10 m.
The earliest remains at Tel Dan indicate that the site was settled during the Pottery Neolithic period. It became a large fortified city with a rich material culture in the Early Bronze Age. The construction of the earthen ramparts in the Middle Bronze Age reduced the area of settlement, which extended up the inner slope of the ramparts. This process continued during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. In the ninth century BCE, a massive city wall surrounding the foot of the ramparts and an elaborate gate complex with an outer gate and a main inner gate at the southern flank of the site were built. An offering installation with five massebot, the “bench of the elders,” and a canopied structure were set in the courtyard between the gates and are identified as the “High Place at the Gate” (2 Kg. 23:8). The wall and gates were destroyed during the Assyrian attack in 732 BCE, but the city continued to prosper until the Babylonian conquest. The sanctuary of Dan maintained its centrality well into the Roman period, the third–fourth centuries CE. The availability of water and the relatively large system of irrigation channels and installations, including well-built plastered stone reservoirs, provide further indication that the site was in use during the Roman and Byzantine periods. In the Islamic period, Tel Dan was used as a cemetery.
Late in 1963, Z. Yeivin conducted a brief exploratory excavation on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums and uncovered remains from the Early Bronze Age II, the Middle Bronze Age II, and the Iron Age. Salvage excavations were carried out in 1966 and 1967 and have continued every year since, under the direction of A. Biran, first under the auspices of the Department of Antiquities and Museums and after 1974 on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion in Jerusalem. The excavated areas were as follows:
Nine seasons of excavations were conducted at Tel Dan between 1990 and 1999 by the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, under the direction of A. Biran. Work continued in previously excavated areas. In area A (the Iron Age fortifications) and area T (the sanctuary) the excavations were considerably enlarged. The expedition included the staff of the school in Jerusalem, student volunteers, and laborers from the village of Ghajar.
Alanne (2017:44-45) reports the following:
Stratum IVB faced local destructions and burning, which were evidenced in Areas B, M, T, and Y. Among other things, traces of conflagration and complete vessels in the burnt debris were found in L129 and L161 (Area B). A part of the building (Strata V‒IVB) in Area M also seems to have suffered from fire, while some walls had just collapsed. Ilan suggests that the reason of this destruction was an earthquake.223Footnotes223 Ilan 1999, 26, table 3.1, 56‒57, 59‒60, 149.
Period | Age | Site | Damage Description |
---|---|---|---|
Iron I | 1200-1000 BCE | Tell Dan | walls dating to 1050-950 BCE collapsed en masse, with an earthquake suspected (Area B, Phase B8, Stratum IVB). Few signs of fire were noted (Ilan 1999: 56). |
Although
Alanne (2017) lists an Earthquake between Strata III and II in the 9th or 8th century BCE in Table 1
(Stratigraphy), this appears to be based on
Yadin's excavations at nearby Hazor
where he interpreted archaeoseismic evidence on the south side of Area A in Hazor Stratum VI due to the
~760 BCE Amos Quake.
Alanne (2017:46) noted that Strata III and II show a progressive development without any traces of destruction layers
while Stratum II (dated by Biran to the 8th century) faced quite a sudden destruction,
most probably caused by the Assyrian attack around 732 BCE.
Effect | Location | Image(s) | Description |
---|---|---|---|
local destructions and burning | Areas B (L129 and L161), M, T, and Y
Fig. 4
Topographic Map of Tel Dan showing excavation areas Biran (1994) |
|
Effect | Location | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|
local destructions and burning - Collapsed Walls | Areas B (L129 and L161), M, T, and Y
Fig. 4
Topographic Map of Tel Dan showing excavation areas Biran (1994) |
|
VIII + |
Alanne, Merja (2017) Tel Dan ‒ Biblical Dan An Archaeological and Biblical Study of the City of Dan from the Iron Age II to the Hellenistic Period Dissertation University of Helsinki
Biran, Avraham (1994) Biblical Dan
Israel Exploration Society - can be borrowed with a free account from archive.org
Biran, Avraham (1994) Biblical Dan
Israel Exploration Society - can be borrowed with a free account from archive.org
Ilan, David (1999) Northeastern Israel in the Iron Age I: Cultural, Socioeconomic and Political
Perspectives. Volume one: Text. Volume two: Illustrations. Dissertation for
the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Tel Aviv University. Unpublished.
Ilan, David. (2013) “Tel Dan.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and Archaeology.
Edited by Daniel M. Master. New York: Oxford University Press
Ilan, David and Jonathan S. Greer. (2013) “Dan (Place).”
Pages 61-63 in Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception.
Edited by D. C. Allison, et al. Vol. 6. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2013.
Raphael, Kate and Agnon, Amotz (2018). EARTHQUAKES EAST AND WEST OF THE DEAD SEA TRANSFORM IN THE BRONZE AND IRON AGES.
Tell it in Gath Studies in the History and Archaeology of Israel Essays in Honor of Aren M. Maeir on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday.
Bîrān, A., Greenberg, R., Ilan, D. (1996). Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, the Pottery Neolithic, the Early Bronze Age
and the Middle Bronze Age Tombs. Israel: Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology,
Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.
Biran, A., Ben-Dov, R., Arensburg, B. (2002). Dan II: A Chronicle of the
Excavations and the Late Bronze Age "Mycenaean" Tomb. Israel: Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion.
Ben-Dov, R. Dan III: Avraham Biran Excavations 1966–1999: The Late Bronze Age
Ilan, D., Ben-Shlomo, D., Beyl, T., Fulton, D., Gilboa, A., Golding-Meir, N., Greer, J. S., Herriott, C., Voss, R.,
Waiman-Barak, P., Wapnish, P., Yamada, S., & Zukerman, A. (2019).
DAN IV - The Iron Age I Settlement: The Avraham Biran Excavations (1966-1999).
Hebrew Union College Press. - at JSTOR
The Tel Dan Excavations - Official Website
The Tel Dan Excavations - Official Website - Publications
Another Tel Dan Excavations Website
Another Tel Dan Excavations Website - Publications
Tel Dan - overview - at BibleWalks.com
Dan – Israelite city at BibleWalks.com
Dan – Canaanite city at BibleWalks.com
Dan – High Place at BibleWalks.com
Dan – Nature reserve at BibleWalks.com
Biblical City of Dan at the Jewish Virtual Library
Tel Dan at jewishmag.com
The Tel Dan Inscription
Robinson, Biblical Researches 3, 358
W. F. Albright, JPOS 15 (1935), 224
R. Giveon, PEQ 93 (1961), 40-42;0. Negbi,IEJl4 (1964), 270-271
A. Negev, Ariel16 (1966), 71-75
A. Biran,IEJ 16(1966), 144-
145; 19 (1969), 239-241
20 (1970), 92-94, 118-119
22 (1972), 164-166
23 (1973), 110-112
24 (1974),
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26 (1976), 54-55, 202-206
27 (1977), 242-246
28 (1978), 268-271
30 (1980), 89-98
31 (1981),
103-105
32 (1982), 138-139
34 (1984), 1-19
35 (1985), 186-189
36 (1986), 168-187
39 (1989), 93-96;
id., CNI 19 (1968), 36-37
20 (1969), 36-39
id., RB 75 (1968), 379-381
76 (1969), 402-404
77 (1970),
383-385
78 (1971), 415-418
80 (1973), 563-566
82 (1975), 562-566
83 (1976), 278-281
84 (1977), 256-
263
85 (1978), 402-408
86 (1979), 107-109, 229-235
id., BTS 125 (1970), 8-15
id., BA 37 (1974), 25-51,
106-107
43 (1980), 168-182
44 (1981), 139-144
id., Temples and High Places in Biblical Times,
Jerusalem 1977,28
ibid.,Jerusalem 1981, 142-151
id., ES1l (1982), 19-21
2 (1983), 21-23
3 (1984), 17-
21
4 (1985), 17-19
6 (1987-1988), 46-48
7-8 (1988-1989), 42-43
9 (1989-1990), 4-6, 86-88
id.,
Antike Welt 15/l (1984), 27-38
id., Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation (D. Glenn Rose Fest.),
Atlanta 1987, 101-lll;id., BAR 13 (1987), 12-25
15/1 (1989), 29-31
id., Archeologie, artet histoire dela
Palestine: Colloque du centinaire de Ia section des sciences religieuses, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
Sept.1986 (ed. E.-M. Laperrousaz), Paris 1988, 55-64
id., AASOR49 (1989), 71-96
id., MdB66 (1990),
52-56
BAlAS 10 (1990-1991), 105
N. Avigad, PEQ 100 (1968), 42-44
V. Leitner, BTS 125 (1970), 2-3
A. Malamat, NEAT, 168-169
id., /EJ 21 (1971), 35-36
Buried History 13/4 (1977), 3-9, 50-51
19/l
(1983), 8-10
19/3 (1983), 42-45
23/3 (1987), 37-44
P. Wapnish et al., BASOR 227 (1977), 36-62
J. C.
H. Laughlin, BAR 7/5 (1981), 20-37
L. E. Stager and S. R. Wolff, BASOR 243 (1981), 95-102
0. Borowski, IEJ32 (1982), 58
E.-M. Laperrousaz, Syria 59 (1982), 223-237
E. Pennells, BA 46 (1983),
57-61
S. F. Singer, BAR 10/6 (1984), 52-58
A. Gopher and R. Greenberg, Mitekufat Ha'even 20 (1987),
91*-113*
L. Kolska Horwitz, ibid., 114*-118*
Weippert 1988 (Ortsregister)
G. R. Stone, Buried
History 25 (1989), 74-76
26 (1990), 43-54, 71-79
J. Yellin and J. Gunneweg, AASOR 49 (1989), 133-
141
A. Ruderman, Dor le Dor 18 (1989-1990), 190-192
A. R. Schulman, Fest. J. von Beckerath
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D. Ilan, IEJ 41 (1991), 229-238.
A. Biran, Dan: “Howbeit the Name of the City was Laish at the First” (Judges 18:29).
25 Years of Excavations at Tel Dan, Tel Aviv 1992 (Eng. abstracts)
id., Biblical Dan, Jerusalem 1994
ibid.
(Reviews) BAR 20/4 (1994), 6, 8. — PEQ 127 (1995), 171–172. — RB 102 (1995), 458–459. — JAOS 116
(1996), 139–140. — BASOR 308 (1997), 100–102
id. et al., Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, The
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School of Biblical Archaeology), Jerusalem 1996
ibid. (Reviews) BAR 24/5 (1998), 67. — BASOR 309
(1998), 82–84. — NEA 61 (1998), 258–259. — JNES 58 (1999), 277–279
id. & R. Ben-Dov, Dan II: A
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ibid. (Reviews)
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A. Biran, ABD, 2, New York 1992, 12–17
id., MdB 75 (1992), 25
90 (1995), 32–37
118 (1999),
72
ESI 13 (1993), 8–11
14 (1994), 4–7
15 (1996), 7–10
16 (1997), 14–17
18 (1998), 3–4
20 (2000),
1*–2*
109 (1999), 2*–3*
110 (1999), 1*–2*
112 (2000), 1*–2*
id., AJA 98 (1994), 494
102 (1998), 769,
789
id., ASOR Newsletter 44/2 (1994), n.p.
46/2 (1996), 20
id., Scripture and Other Artifacts, Louisville,
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id., EI 25 (1996), 89*
26 (1999), 227*
id., A Life in Jewish Education (L. L. Kaplan Fest.;
ed. J. Fruchtman Jr.), Bethesda, MD 1997, 31–37
id., BAR 24/5 (1998), 38–45, 70
id., Mediterranean
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id., IEJ 49 (1999), 43–54
id., Studies in the Archaeology of
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id., NEA 66 (2003), 128–134
I. Finkelstein, TA
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J. Gunneweg et al., EI 23 (1992), 54*–63*
id. & H. V. Michal, JAS 26 (1999), 989–995;
Z. Herzog, ABD, 2, New York 1992, 844–852
D. Ilan, EI 23 (1992), 145*
id., TA 19 (1992), 247–266
id. (et
al.), IEJ 43 (1993), 230–234
id., The Archaeology of Death, Oxford 1995, 117–139
id., Levant 28 (1996),
157–172
id., OEANE, 2, New York 1997, 107–112
id., Material Culture, Society and Ideology:
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A. Faust & A. Maeir), Ramat-Gan 1999, ix
id., Northern Israel in the Iron Age I: Cultural, Socioeconomic
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id., ASOR Annual Meeting 2004, www.asor.
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id., BAIAS 22 (2004), 69
A. Kempinski, EI 23 (1992), 149*
P. J. King, ibid., 95*–99*
D. W. Manor, ABD, 4, New York 1992, id., ASOR Newsletter 47/2 (1997), 40
E. Minoff, EI 23 (1992),
87*–89*
D. Pakman, ibid., 154*
27 (2003), 290*
M. Spaer, Journal of Glass Studies 34 (1992), 44–62;
V. Tzaferis, EI 23 (1992), 128*–135*
J. Yellin (& A. Maeir), Archaeometry 34 (1992), 31–36
id., Trends
in Analytical Chemistry 14 (1995), 37–44
H. Katzenstein, IEJ 43 (1993), 79–80 (Review)
S. Shalev, BAT
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S. R. Wolff, AJA 97 (1993), 142, 144
C. Uehlinger, BN 72 (1994), 85–100
W.
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254–256
K. L. Noll, ASOR Newsletter 45/2 (1995), 23
id., Proceedings, Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest
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id., JSOT 80 (1998), 3–23
V. Fritz, The City, Sheffield 1995
id.,
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts für Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes 8 (2002), 17–22
R. Ben-Dov, EI 25 (1996), 89*
S. R. Wolff, AJA 100 (1996), 725–769
C. H. Geus, Phoenix 43 (1997), 138–
153
44 (1998), 21–38
R. Sivan, The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (ed.
M. de la Torre), Los Angeles 1997
M. Bernett & O. Keel, Mond, Stier und Kult am Stadttor: Die Stele von
Betsaida (et-Tell) (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 161), Göttingen 1998, 45–53
I. Jaruzelska, Amos, Poznan
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T. Haettner Blomquist, Gates and Gods: Cults in the City Gates of Iron Age Palestine: An
Investigation of the Archaeological and Biblical Sources (Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series 46), Stockholm
1999, 57–66
H. Niehr, Bibel und Kirche 54 (1999), 128–130
Practical Impact of Science on Near
Eastern and Aegean Archaeology (Wiener Laboratory Publications 3
ed. S. Pike), London 1999, 63–69
H.
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M. Bietak & K. Kopetzky, Synchronisation, Wien 2000, 103–104
R. Greenberg, Ceramics and Change, Sheffield 2000, 183–200
B. Finlayson et al., Levant 32 (2000), 1–26;
R. T. Schaub, The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond, Winona Lake, IN 2000, 444–464
E. Stern, The Sea
Peoples and Their World, Philadelphia 2000, 197–212
S. L. Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections, Winona Lake, IN 2002 (index)
L. A. Hitchcock, “Imagining” Biblical World (J. W. Flanagan Fest.;
eds. D. M. Gunn & P. M. McNutt), London 2002, 233–249
H. Guillaud, al-Rafidan: Journal of Western
Asiatic Studies (Japan) 24 (2003), 41–70
B. Alpert Nakhai, AASOR 58 (2003), 136–137
H. M. Niemann,
UF 35 (2003), 447–448 (421–485)
W. Zanger, Jewish Bible Quarterly 31 (2003), 27–35
S. Bunimovitz &
R. Greenberg, BASOR 334 (2004), 19–31
Y. Elitzur, Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation
and History, Jerusalem 2004, 201–209
A. Malamat, Nomades et sédentaires dans le Proche-Orient ancien:
Compe rendu de la XLVIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris, 10–13.7.2000 (Amurru 3
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J. D. Muhly, BAR 31/5 (2005), 44–51.
G. Athas, The Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation (JSOT Suppl.
Series 360
Copenhagen International Seminar 12), Sheffield 2003
ibid. (Reviews) RB 111 (2004), 423–429.
— Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 18 (2004), 135–146
Journal of Semitic Studies 50 (2005),
23–34.
S. Ahituv, IEJ 43 (1993), 246–247
A. Biran & J. Naveh, IEJ 43 (1993), 81–98
45 (1995), 1–18;
A. Biran, BAR 20/5 (1994), 22
id., The Israel Museum Journal 12 (1994), 57–60
id., Scripture and Other
Artifacts, Louisville KY 1994, 1–17, id., BAIAS 14 (1994–1995), 75
id., Mediterranean Peoples in
Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 479–481
Z. Kallai, IEJ 43 (1993), 248
J. Tropeer, UF 25 (1993), 395–406
26 (1994),
487–492
R. L. Chapman III, BAIAS 13 (1993–1994), 23–29
BAR 20/2 (1994), 26–39
E. Ben-Zvi, JSOT 64
(1994), 25–32
F. H. Cryer, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 8 (1994), 3–19
9 (1995), 52–59
id.,
JSOT 69 (1996), 3–17
P. R. Davies, BAR 20/4 (1994), 54–55
id., JSOT 64 (1994), 23–24
The Digging Stick
11/3 (1994), 1
M. Dijkstra, BN 74 (1994), 10–14
G. Garbini, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
Rendiconti, Scienze Morali 4 (1994), 461–471
B. Halpern, BASOR 296 (1994), 63–80
P. Kaswalder & M.
Pazzini, Rivista Biblica 42 (1994), 193–201
E. A. Knauf et al., BN 72 (1994), 60–69
id., Bibel und Kirche
51 (1996), 9–10
A. Lemaire, BAR 20/3 (1994), 30–37
id., Henoch 16 (1994), 87–93
id., Studi Epigrafici
e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 11 (1994), 17–19
id., Études sémitiques et samaritaines (J. Margin
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id., JSOT 81 (1998), 3–14
id., Prophetes et
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id., MdB 146
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N. P. Lemche (& T. L. Thompson), JSOT 64 (1994), 3–22
id., Meilenstein (H. Donner Fest.;
eds. M. Weippert & S. Timm), Wiesbaden 1995, 99–108
E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and
Onomastics, 2, Leuven 1994, 83–101
B. Margalit, N.A.B.U. 1994/1, 20–21
id., UF 26 (1994), 317–320;
É. Puech, RB 101 (1994), 215–241
id., MdB 90 (1995), 38–40
A. F. Rainey, BAR 20/6 (1994), 47–48
id.,
ASOR Newsletter 45/2 (1995), 23
id., NEA 64 (2001), 146–147
C. Uehlinger, BN 72 (1994), 85–100
R.
M. Porter, Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 7 (1994–1995), 92–96
H. M. Barstad, BN 77 (1995),
5–12
B. Becking, Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 49 (1995), 108–123
id., BN 81 (1996), 21–29
118
(2003), 19–23
id., Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999), 187–201
A. Demsky, JANES 23
(1995), 29–35
D. N. Freedman & J. C. Geoghegan, BAR 21/2 (1995), 78–79
C. H. Geus, Phoenix 41 (1995),
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J. K. Hoffmeier, Archaeology in the Biblical World 3 (1995), 12–15
id., BH 33 (1997), 13–20;
R. G. Lehmann & M. Reichel, BN 77 (1995), 29–31
H. -P. Müller, Zeitschrift für Althebraistik 8 (1995),
121–139
T. Muraoka, Abr-Nahrain 33 (1995), 113–115
id., IEJ 45 (1995), 19–21
id., Zeitschrift für
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id., VT 51 (2001), 389–392
N. Na’aman, BN 79 (1995), 17–24
id., UF 27 (1995),
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id., EI 26 (1999), 232*
id., IEJ 50 (2000), 92–104
G. A. Rendsburg, ibid. 45 (1995), 22–25
V.
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50 (2005), 23–34
id., UF 28 (1996), 547–554
K. A.
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T. L. Thompson,
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J. T. Willis, Restoration Quarterly 37
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S. Yamada, UF 27 (1995), 611–625
id., The Construction of the Assyrian Empire (Culture
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M. Mülzer, BN 84 (1996), 54–58
W. M. Schniedewind,
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id., IEJ 51 (2001), 88–91
W. Dietrich, Theologische Zeitschrift 53 (1997),
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P. -E. Dion, Les Araméens à l’Âge du Fer: histoire politique et structures sociales (Études bibliques
N.S. 34), Paris 1997. 192–195
id., Michael:Historical Epigraphical and Biblical Studies (M. Heltzer Fest.;
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J. A. Emerton, VT 47 (1997), 429–440
50 (2000),
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K. A. Kitchen, JSOT 76 (1997), 29–44
id., On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids, MI
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S. B. Parker, Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions, New York 1997
J. Renz, Schrift und
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H. Shanks,
BAR 23/6 (1997), 28–32
BH 34/2 (1998), 44–45
61–62
W. G. Dever, NEA 61 (1998), 42–43
I. Kottsieper,
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Alter Orient und Altes Testament 250
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id., Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Gütersloh 2001,
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K. L. Noll, JSOT 80 (1998), 3–23
J. Naveh, EI 26 (1999), 232*
U. Szwarc, Roczniki Theologiczne
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J. -W. Wesselius, Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 53
(1999), 177–190
id., Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999), 163–186
15 (2001), 83–103
G.
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id., PEQ 133 (2001), 16–21
G. Couturier, The
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V. DeCaen, VT 51 (2001), 381–385
C. S. Ehrlich, The World of the Aramaeans, 2 (op. cit.), Sheffield
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S. A. Irvine, The Land That I Will Show You (J. M. Miller Fest.
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id., JBL 124 (2005), 341–347
W. M. Schniedewind & B. Zuckerman,
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Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments Ergänzungslieferung (eds. M. Dietrich et
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G. Gmirkin, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 16 (2002), 293–302;
S. Mittmann, ZDPV 118 (2002), 33–65
N. P. Lemche, Jerusalem in Ancient History and Tradition (JSOT
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H.
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id., Svensk Exegetisk
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id., Tidsskrift for Teologi og Kirke 75 (2004), 5–19
L. J. Mykytiuk, Identifying
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