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Dan

 Dan

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Names
Transliterated Name Source Name
Tel Dan Hebrew תל דן
Dan Hebrew דן
Tell el Qadi Arabic
Dhan? Arabic ضان
Laish, Laishah Canaanite or Phoenician
Leshem Canaanite
Introduction
Identification and History

Tel Dan is situated at the foot of Mount Hermon, in the heart of a rich and fertile region (map reference 2112.2949). It is a large site, some 50 a. in area, at the junction of the country's ancient north-south and east-west caravan routes. The springs flowing in and around the mound are one of the three sources of the Jordan River. The mound is shaped like a rounded rectangle (W. F. Albright, in 1935, suggested that it might be one of the Hyksos cities, which are distinguished by sloping ramparts). Its outer edges rise some 20m above the surrounding plain, but the ground sinks toward the interior, forming a crater-shaped area. The difference in height between the top of the embankment surrounding the "crater" and the latter's lowest point is about 10 m.

The identification of Dan with Tel Dan (the Hebrew name given to Tell el Qadi, "the judge's mound," by the Israel Government Names Committee in 1955) was first proposed by E. Robinson in 1838. Potsherds collected at the site over the years provided archaeological support for Robinson's proposal, and it was accepted by the scholarly world. The inscription "To the god who is in Dan," discovered in the excavations in 1976, put the final stamp of confirmation on the identification of the site with Dan-Laish. Dan is mentioned repeatedly in the Bible, in particular as the northern most point of ancient Israel. The first reference to Dan is in Genesis 14:14, but its original name was Laish or Leshem (Jos. 19:47; Jg. 18:29). Laish is mentioned in the eighteenth century BCE in the late Egyptian Execration texts and in the Mari documents. Pharaoh Thutmose III captured Laish in the mid-fifteenth century BCE. After the tribe of Dan had occupied the city, they renamed it Dan "after the name of Dan their father," and it was known as such at least until the fourth century CE, when Eusebius refers to it as "a village four miles from Panias." Dan was a cultic center of the Danites "until the day of the captivity of the land" (Jg. 18:30). Under Samuel, David, and Solomon, Dan marked the northern border of the country. Jeroboam I set a golden calf there, made a "house of high places" and appointed priests who were not of the sons of Levi (1 Kg. 12:29-31). During the reign of Ba'asha (beginning of the ninth century BCE), Ben-Hadad of Damascus smote Dan and other Galilean cities (1 Kg. 15:20; 2 Chr. 16:4). In Jehu's reign, the golden calf of Dan was still standing (2 Kg. 10:29), and there is little doubt that Ahab, who obtained trading rights for Damascus (1 Kg. 20:34), and Jeroboam II, who "restored the coast of lsrael from the entrance of Hamath unto the sea of the plain" (2 Kg. 14:25) and who "recovered Damascus" (2 Kg. 14:28), assigned this northern outpost of Israel an important administrative and military role. Judging from Amos (8:14), Dan was still a cultic center in the eighth century BCE. It may be assumed - although the Bible in 2 Kings 15:29 does not say so explicitly - that Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria conquered Dan along with the other cities of the Galilee, though he may not have destroyed it. Hezekiah issued a "proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the Passover to the Lord" (2 Chr. 30:5). In Jeremiah's time, the Babylonian army passed through Dan on its way to sack Jerusalem (Jer. 4:15, 8:16).

Summary of Dan's occupation history

The earliest remains at Tel Dan indicate that the site was settled during the Pottery Neolithic period. It became a large fortified city with a rich material culture in the Early Bronze Age. The construction of the earthen ramparts in the Middle Bronze Age reduced the area of settlement, which extended up the inner slope of the ramparts. This process continued during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. In the ninth century BCE, a massive city wall surrounding the foot of the ramparts and an elaborate gate complex with an outer gate and a main inner gate at the southern flank of the site were built. An offering installation with five massebot, the “bench of the elders,” and a canopied structure were set in the courtyard between the gates and are identified as the “High Place at the Gate” (2 Kg. 23:8). The wall and gates were destroyed during the Assyrian attack in 732 BCE, but the city continued to prosper until the Babylonian conquest. The sanctuary of Dan maintained its centrality well into the Roman period, the third–fourth centuries CE. The availability of water and the relatively large system of irrigation channels and installations, including well-built plastered stone reservoirs, provide further indication that the site was in use during the Roman and Byzantine periods. In the Islamic period, Tel Dan was used as a cemetery.

Excavations

Excavations before the 1990s

Late in 1963, Z. Yeivin conducted a brief exploratory excavation on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums and uncovered remains from the Early Bronze Age II, the Middle Bronze Age II, and the Iron Age. Salvage excavations were carried out in 1966 and 1967 and have continued every year since, under the direction of A. Biran, first under the auspices of the Department of Antiquities and Museums and after 1974 on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion in Jerusalem. The excavated areas were as follows:
  • area A, on the site's southern slopes
  • areas Ba nd H in the south
  • area T in the site's northwestern corner
  • area Y on its eastern side
  • area K at its southeastern corner
  • area M at the center of the mound

Excavations in the 1990's

Nine seasons of excavations were conducted at Tel Dan between 1990 and 1999 by the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology of Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, under the direction of A. Biran. Work continued in previously excavated areas. In area A (the Iron Age fortifications) and area T (the sanctuary) the excavations were considerably enlarged. The expedition included the staff of the school in Jerusalem, student volunteers, and laborers from the village of Ghajar.

Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, and Sections
Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, and Sections

Maps

Aerial Views

  • Annotated Satellite Image (google) of Tel Dan from biblewalks.com
  • Dan in Google Earth
  • Dan on govmap.gov.il
  • Fig. 2 - Aerial View of Tel Dan (ca. 1940) from Biran (1994)

Plans

Normal Size

  • Fig. 4 - Tel Dan with excavation areas from Biran (1994)

Magnified

  • Fig. 4 - Tel Dan with excavation areas from Biran (1994)

Sections

Normal Size

  • Fig. 47 - Section showing leaning northern tower and revetement wall (Canaanite) from Biran (1994)

Magnified

  • Fig. 47 - Section showing leaning northern tower and revetement wall (Canaanite) from Biran (1994)

Chronology
Stratigraphy

Neolithic to Roman Strata - Biran (1994)

Stratigraphy of Tel Dan Strata and Chronology of Tel Dan

Biran (1994)


Neolithic to Hellenistic - Table 1 - Alanne (2017)

Stratigraphy of Tel Dan Table 1

The stratigraphy of Tel Dan

The table is based on Biran 1994, 1996a, 2002, and the season reports. Absolute dates according to Biran 1996a, 8

Alanne (2017)


Iron Age II in Areas A, AB, B, and T - Table 2 - Alanne (2017)

Stratigraphy of Tel Dan Table 2

Stratigraphy of Iron Age II in Areas A, AB, B, and T

Alanne (2017)


The Iron Age in the Southern Levant

Stratum IVB Earthquake ? - Transition Iron I - Iron II - late 11th to mid 10th century BCE

Discussion

Alanne (2017:44-45) reports the following:

Stratum IVB faced local destructions and burning, which were evidenced in Areas B, M, T, and Y. Among other things, traces of conflagration and complete vessels in the burnt debris were found in L129 and L161 (Area B). A part of the building (Strata V‒IVB) in Area M also seems to have suffered from fire, while some walls had just collapsed. Ilan suggests that the reason of this destruction was an earthquake.223
Footnotes

223 Ilan 1999, 26, table 3.1, 56‒57, 59‒60, 149.

References
Raphael and Agnon (2018)

Period Age Site Damage Description
Iron I 1200-1000 BCE Tell Dan walls dating to 1050-950 BCE collapsed en masse, with an earthquake suspected (Area B, Phase B8, Stratum IVB). Few signs of fire were noted (Ilan 1999: 56).

End of Stratum III - Iron Age II - No reported earthquake evidence

Although Alanne (2017) lists an Earthquake between Strata III and II in the 9th or 8th century BCE in Table 1 (Stratigraphy), this appears to be based on Yadin's excavations at nearby Hazor where he interpreted archaeoseismic evidence on the south side of Area A in Hazor Stratum VI due to the ~760 BCE Amos Quake. Alanne (2017:46) noted that Strata III and II show a progressive development without any traces of destruction layers while Stratum II (dated by Biran to the 8th century) faced quite a sudden destruction, most probably caused by the Assyrian attack around 732 BCE.

Seismic Effects
Stratum IVB Earthquake ? - Transition Iron I - Iron II - late 11th to mid 10th century BCE

Effect Location Image(s) Description
local destructions and burning Areas B (L129 and L161), M, T, and Y
  • local destruction and burning, which were evidenced in Areas B, M, T, and Y - Alanne (2017:44-45)
  • traces of conflagration and complete vessels in the burnt debris were found in L129 and L161 (Area B) - Alanne (2017:44-45)
  • A part of the building (Strata V‒IVB) in Area M also seems to have suffered from fire, while some walls had just collapsed - Alanne (2017:44-45)

Intensity Estimates
Stratum IVB Earthquake ? - Transition Iron I - Iron II - late 11th to mid 10th century BCE

Effect Location Image(s) Description Intensity
local destructions and burning - Collapsed Walls Areas B (L129 and L161), M, T, and Y
  • local destruction and burning, which were evidenced in Areas B, M, T, and Y - Alanne (2017:44-45)
  • traces of conflagration and complete vessels in the burnt debris were found in L129 and L161 (Area B) - Alanne (2017:44-45)
  • A part of the building (Strata V‒IVB) in Area M also seems to have suffered from fire, while some walls had just collapsed - Alanne (2017:44-45)
VIII +
The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Notes and Further Reading
References

Bibliography from Stern et. al. (1993)

Robinson, Biblical Researches 3, 358

W. F. Albright, JPOS 15 (1935), 224

R. Giveon, PEQ 93 (1961), 40-42;0. Negbi,IEJl4 (1964), 270-271

A. Negev, Ariel16 (1966), 71-75

A. Biran,IEJ 16(1966), 144- 145; 19 (1969), 239-241

20 (1970), 92-94, 118-119

22 (1972), 164-166

23 (1973), 110-112

24 (1974), 262-264

26 (1976), 54-55, 202-206

27 (1977), 242-246

28 (1978), 268-271

30 (1980), 89-98

31 (1981), 103-105

32 (1982), 138-139

34 (1984), 1-19

35 (1985), 186-189

36 (1986), 168-187

39 (1989), 93-96; id., CNI 19 (1968), 36-37

20 (1969), 36-39

id., RB 75 (1968), 379-381

76 (1969), 402-404

77 (1970), 383-385

78 (1971), 415-418

80 (1973), 563-566

82 (1975), 562-566

83 (1976), 278-281

84 (1977), 256- 263

85 (1978), 402-408

86 (1979), 107-109, 229-235

id., BTS 125 (1970), 8-15

id., BA 37 (1974), 25-51, 106-107

43 (1980), 168-182

44 (1981), 139-144

id., Temples and High Places in Biblical Times, Jerusalem 1977,28

ibid.,Jerusalem 1981, 142-151

id., ES1l (1982), 19-21

2 (1983), 21-23

3 (1984), 17- 21

4 (1985), 17-19

6 (1987-1988), 46-48

7-8 (1988-1989), 42-43

9 (1989-1990), 4-6, 86-88

id., Antike Welt 15/l (1984), 27-38

id., Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation (D. Glenn Rose Fest.), Atlanta 1987, 101-lll;id., BAR 13 (1987), 12-25

15/1 (1989), 29-31

id., Archeologie, artet histoire dela Palestine: Colloque du centinaire de Ia section des sciences religieuses, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Sept.1986 (ed. E.-M. Laperrousaz), Paris 1988, 55-64

id., AASOR49 (1989), 71-96

id., MdB66 (1990), 52-56

BAlAS 10 (1990-1991), 105

N. Avigad, PEQ 100 (1968), 42-44

V. Leitner, BTS 125 (1970), 2-3

A. Malamat, NEAT, 168-169

id., /EJ 21 (1971), 35-36

Buried History 13/4 (1977), 3-9, 50-51

19/l (1983), 8-10

19/3 (1983), 42-45

23/3 (1987), 37-44

P. Wapnish et al., BASOR 227 (1977), 36-62

J. C. H. Laughlin, BAR 7/5 (1981), 20-37

L. E. Stager and S. R. Wolff, BASOR 243 (1981), 95-102

0. Borowski, IEJ32 (1982), 58

E.-M. Laperrousaz, Syria 59 (1982), 223-237

E. Pennells, BA 46 (1983), 57-61

S. F. Singer, BAR 10/6 (1984), 52-58

A. Gopher and R. Greenberg, Mitekufat Ha'even 20 (1987), 91*-113*

L. Kolska Horwitz, ibid., 114*-118*

Weippert 1988 (Ortsregister)

G. R. Stone, Buried History 25 (1989), 74-76

26 (1990), 43-54, 71-79

J. Yellin and J. Gunneweg, AASOR 49 (1989), 133- 141

A. Ruderman, Dor le Dor 18 (1989-1990), 190-192

A. R. Schulman, Fest. J. von Beckerath (Hildesheimer Agyptologische Beitrage 30), Hildesheim 1990, 235-244

D. Ilan, IEJ 41 (1991), 229-238.

Bibliography from Stern et al (2008)

Main publications

A. Biran, Dan: “Howbeit the Name of the City was Laish at the First” (Judges 18:29). 25 Years of Excavations at Tel Dan, Tel Aviv 1992 (Eng. abstracts)

id., Biblical Dan, Jerusalem 1994

ibid. (Reviews) BAR 20/4 (1994), 6, 8. — PEQ 127 (1995), 171–172. — RB 102 (1995), 458–459. — JAOS 116 (1996), 139–140. — BASOR 308 (1997), 100–102

id. et al., Dan I: A Chronicle of the Excavations, The Pottery Neolithic, The Early Bronze Age and The Middle Bronze Age Tombs (Annual of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology), Jerusalem 1996

ibid. (Reviews) BAR 24/5 (1998), 67. — BASOR 309 (1998), 82–84. — NEA 61 (1998), 258–259. — JNES 58 (1999), 277–279

id. & R. Ben-Dov, Dan II: A Chronicle of the Excavations and The Late Bronze Age “Mycenaean” Tomb, Jerusalem 2002

ibid. (Reviews) Antiquity 78/301 (2004), 732–733. — BASOR 333 (2004), 86–88. — JAOS 124 (2004), 159–160. — NEA 67 (2004), 176–177. — VT 54 (2004), 561

N. E. Heidenbrecht, A Lexicon of Metal Terminology in the Hebrew Scriptures with Special Reference to the Excavations of the Metal Industry at Tel Dan, Israel (Ph.D. diss.), Los Angeles, CA 1993.

Studies

A. Biran, ABD, 2, New York 1992, 12–17

id., MdB 75 (1992), 25

90 (1995), 32–37

118 (1999), 72

ESI 13 (1993), 8–11

14 (1994), 4–7

15 (1996), 7–10

16 (1997), 14–17

18 (1998), 3–4

20 (2000), 1*–2*

109 (1999), 2*–3*

110 (1999), 1*–2*

112 (2000), 1*–2*

id., AJA 98 (1994), 494

102 (1998), 769, 789

id., ASOR Newsletter 44/2 (1994), n.p.

46/2 (1996), 20

id., Scripture and Other Artifacts, Louisville, KY 1994, 1–17

id., EI 25 (1996), 89*

26 (1999), 227*

id., A Life in Jewish Education (L. L. Kaplan Fest.; ed. J. Fruchtman Jr.), Bethesda, MD 1997, 31–37

id., BAR 24/5 (1998), 38–45, 70

id., Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 479–481

id., IEJ 49 (1999), 43–54

id., Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, Sheffield 2001, 148–155

id., NEA 66 (2003), 128–134

I. Finkelstein, TA 19 (1992), 201–220

J. Gunneweg et al., EI 23 (1992), 54*–63*

id. & H. V. Michal, JAS 26 (1999), 989–995; Z. Herzog, ABD, 2, New York 1992, 844–852

D. Ilan, EI 23 (1992), 145*

id., TA 19 (1992), 247–266

id. (et al.), IEJ 43 (1993), 230–234

id., The Archaeology of Death, Oxford 1995, 117–139

id., Levant 28 (1996), 157–172

id., OEANE, 2, New York 1997, 107–112

id., Material Culture, Society and Ideology: New Directions in the Archaeology of the Land of Israel—Conference Proceedings, Bar-Ilan University 3.6.1999 (eds. A. Faust & A. Maeir), Ramat-Gan 1999, ix

id., Northern Israel in the Iron Age I: Cultural, Socioeconomic and Political Perspectives, 1–2 (Ph.D. diss.), Tel Aviv 1999

id., ASOR Annual Meeting 2004, www.asor. org/AM/am.htm

id., BAIAS 22 (2004), 69

A. Kempinski, EI 23 (1992), 149*

P. J. King, ibid., 95*–99*

D. W. Manor, ABD, 4, New York 1992, id., ASOR Newsletter 47/2 (1997), 40

E. Minoff, EI 23 (1992), 87*–89*

D. Pakman, ibid., 154*

27 (2003), 290*

M. Spaer, Journal of Glass Studies 34 (1992), 44–62; V. Tzaferis, EI 23 (1992), 128*–135*

J. Yellin (& A. Maeir), Archaeometry 34 (1992), 31–36

id., Trends in Analytical Chemistry 14 (1995), 37–44

H. Katzenstein, IEJ 43 (1993), 79–80 (Review)

S. Shalev, BAT II, Jerusalem 1993, 57–65

S. R. Wolff, AJA 97 (1993), 142, 144

C. Uehlinger, BN 72 (1994), 85–100

W. Zwickel, Der Tempelkult in Kanaan und Israel (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 10), Tübingen 1994, 254–256

K. L. Noll, ASOR Newsletter 45/2 (1995), 23

id., Proceedings, Eastern Great Lakes and Midwest Biblical Society 15 (1995), 145–156

id., JSOT 80 (1998), 3–23

V. Fritz, The City, Sheffield 1995

id., Jahrbuch des Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts für Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes 8 (2002), 17–22

R. Ben-Dov, EI 25 (1996), 89*

S. R. Wolff, AJA 100 (1996), 725–769

C. H. Geus, Phoenix 43 (1997), 138– 153

44 (1998), 21–38

R. Sivan, The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (ed. M. de la Torre), Los Angeles 1997

M. Bernett & O. Keel, Mond, Stier und Kult am Stadttor: Die Stele von Betsaida (et-Tell) (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 161), Göttingen 1998, 45–53

I. Jaruzelska, Amos, Poznan 1998

T. Haettner Blomquist, Gates and Gods: Cults in the City Gates of Iron Age Palestine: An Investigation of the Archaeological and Biblical Sources (Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series 46), Stockholm 1999, 57–66

H. Niehr, Bibel und Kirche 54 (1999), 128–130

Practical Impact of Science on Near Eastern and Aegean Archaeology (Wiener Laboratory Publications 3

ed. S. Pike), London 1999, 63–69

H. Shanks, BAR 25/5 (1999), 30–47, 72–74

M. Bietak & K. Kopetzky, Synchronisation, Wien 2000, 103–104

R. Greenberg, Ceramics and Change, Sheffield 2000, 183–200

B. Finlayson et al., Levant 32 (2000), 1–26; R. T. Schaub, The Archaeology of Jordan and Beyond, Winona Lake, IN 2000, 444–464

E. Stern, The Sea Peoples and Their World, Philadelphia 2000, 197–212

S. L. Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections, Winona Lake, IN 2002 (index)

L. A. Hitchcock, “Imagining” Biblical World (J. W. Flanagan Fest.; eds. D. M. Gunn & P. M. McNutt), London 2002, 233–249

H. Guillaud, al-Rafidan: Journal of Western Asiatic Studies (Japan) 24 (2003), 41–70

B. Alpert Nakhai, AASOR 58 (2003), 136–137

H. M. Niemann, UF 35 (2003), 447–448 (421–485)

W. Zanger, Jewish Bible Quarterly 31 (2003), 27–35

S. Bunimovitz & R. Greenberg, BASOR 334 (2004), 19–31

Y. Elitzur, Ancient Place Names in the Holy Land: Preservation and History, Jerusalem 2004, 201–209

A. Malamat, Nomades et sédentaires dans le Proche-Orient ancien: Compe rendu de la XLVIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris, 10–13.7.2000 (Amurru 3

ed. C. Nicolle), Paris 2004, 351–353

J. D. Muhly, BAR 31/5 (2005), 44–51.

The Aramaic Inscription

Main Publication

G. Athas, The Tel Dan Inscription: A Reappraisal and a New Interpretation (JSOT Suppl. Series 360

Copenhagen International Seminar 12), Sheffield 2003

ibid. (Reviews) RB 111 (2004), 423–429. — Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 18 (2004), 135–146

Journal of Semitic Studies 50 (2005), 23–34.

Studies

S. Ahituv, IEJ 43 (1993), 246–247

A. Biran & J. Naveh, IEJ 43 (1993), 81–98

45 (1995), 1–18;

A. Biran, BAR 20/5 (1994), 22

id., The Israel Museum Journal 12 (1994), 57–60

id., Scripture and Other Artifacts, Louisville KY 1994, 1–17, id., BAIAS 14 (1994–1995), 75

id., Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 479–481

Z. Kallai, IEJ 43 (1993), 248

J. Tropeer, UF 25 (1993), 395–406

26 (1994), 487–492

R. L. Chapman III, BAIAS 13 (1993–1994), 23–29

BAR 20/2 (1994), 26–39

E. Ben-Zvi, JSOT 64 (1994), 25–32

F. H. Cryer, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 8 (1994), 3–19

9 (1995), 52–59

id., JSOT 69 (1996), 3–17

P. R. Davies, BAR 20/4 (1994), 54–55

id., JSOT 64 (1994), 23–24

The Digging Stick 11/3 (1994), 1

M. Dijkstra, BN 74 (1994), 10–14

G. Garbini, Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei Rendiconti, Scienze Morali 4 (1994), 461–471

B. Halpern, BASOR 296 (1994), 63–80

P. Kaswalder & M. Pazzini, Rivista Biblica 42 (1994), 193–201

E. A. Knauf et al., BN 72 (1994), 60–69

id., Bibel und Kirche 51 (1996), 9–10

A. Lemaire, BAR 20/3 (1994), 30–37

id., Henoch 16 (1994), 87–93

id., Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici sul Vicino Oriente Antico 11 (1994), 17–19

id., Études sémitiques et samaritaines (J. Margin Fest.

eds. C. -B. Amphoux et al.), Lausanne 1998, 41–52

id., JSOT 81 (1998), 3–14

id., Prophetes et rois: Bible et Proche-Orient (Lectio divina. Hors serie

ed. A. Lemaire), Paris 2001, 85–118

id., MdB 146 (2002), 34–39

N. P. Lemche (& T. L. Thompson), JSOT 64 (1994), 3–22

id., Meilenstein (H. Donner Fest.; eds. M. Weippert & S. Timm), Wiesbaden 1995, 99–108

E. Lipinski, Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics, 2, Leuven 1994, 83–101

B. Margalit, N.A.B.U. 1994/1, 20–21

id., UF 26 (1994), 317–320; É. Puech, RB 101 (1994), 215–241

id., MdB 90 (1995), 38–40

A. F. Rainey, BAR 20/6 (1994), 47–48

id., ASOR Newsletter 45/2 (1995), 23

id., NEA 64 (2001), 146–147

C. Uehlinger, BN 72 (1994), 85–100

R. M. Porter, Journal of the Ancient Chronology Forum 7 (1994–1995), 92–96

H. M. Barstad, BN 77 (1995), 5–12

B. Becking, Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 49 (1995), 108–123

id., BN 81 (1996), 21–29

118 (2003), 19–23

id., Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999), 187–201

A. Demsky, JANES 23 (1995), 29–35

D. N. Freedman & J. C. Geoghegan, BAR 21/2 (1995), 78–79

C. H. Geus, Phoenix 41 (1995), 119–130

J. K. Hoffmeier, Archaeology in the Biblical World 3 (1995), 12–15

id., BH 33 (1997), 13–20; R. G. Lehmann & M. Reichel, BN 77 (1995), 29–31

H. -P. Müller, Zeitschrift für Althebraistik 8 (1995), 121–139

T. Muraoka, Abr-Nahrain 33 (1995), 113–115

id., IEJ 45 (1995), 19–21

id., Zeitschrift für Althebräistik 11 (1998), 75–81

id., VT 51 (2001), 389–392

N. Na’aman, BN 79 (1995), 17–24

id., UF 27 (1995), 381–394

id., EI 26 (1999), 232*

id., IEJ 50 (2000), 92–104

G. A. Rendsburg, ibid. 45 (1995), 22–25

V. Sasson, Journal of Semitic Studies 40 (1995), 11–30

50 (2005), 23–34

id., UF 28 (1996), 547–554

K. A. D. Smelik, Amsterdamse Cahiers voor Exegese en Bijbelse Theologie 14 (1995), 131–141

T. L. Thompson, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 9 (1995), 59–74, 236–240

J. T. Willis, Restoration Quarterly 37 (1995), 219–226

S. Yamada, UF 27 (1995), 611–625

id., The Construction of the Assyrian Empire (Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 3), Leiden 2000

Ancient Inscriptions: Voices from the Biblical World (ed. P. K. McCarter Jr.), Washington, DC 1996

M. Mülzer, BN 84 (1996), 54–58

W. M. Schniedewind, BASOR 302 (1996), 75–90

id., IEJ 51 (2001), 88–91

W. Dietrich, Theologische Zeitschrift 53 (1997), 17–32

P. -E. Dion, Les Araméens à l’Âge du Fer: histoire politique et structures sociales (Études bibliques N.S. 34), Paris 1997. 192–195

id., Michael:Historical Epigraphical and Biblical Studies (M. Heltzer Fest.; eds. Y. Avishur & R. Deutsch), Tel Aviv 1999, 145–156

J. A. Emerton, VT 47 (1997), 429–440

50 (2000), 27–37

K. A. Kitchen, JSOT 76 (1997), 29–44

id., On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids, MI 2003 (subject index)

S. B. Parker, Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions, New York 1997

J. Renz, Schrift und Schreibertradition: Eine Paläographische Studie zum Kulturgeschichtlichen Verhältnis von Israelitischen Nordreich und Südreich (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 23), Wiesbaden 1997

H. Shanks, BAR 23/6 (1997), 28–32

BH 34/2 (1998), 44–45

61–62

W. G. Dever, NEA 61 (1998), 42–43

I. Kottsieper, "Und Mose schreib dieses Lied auf" (O. Loretz Fest.

Alter Orient und Altes Testament 250

eds. M. Dietrich & I. Kottsieper), Münster 1998, 475–500

id., Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments, Gütersloh 2001, 176–202

K. L. Noll, JSOT 80 (1998), 3–23

J. Naveh, EI 26 (1999), 232*

U. Szwarc, Roczniki Theologiczne (Katolicki Univ. Lubelsi), 46 (1999), 139–148

J. -W. Wesselius, Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift 53 (1999), 177–190

id., Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 13 (1999), 163–186

15 (2001), 83–103

G. Galil, Studies in Historical Geograpy, Leiden 2000, 35–41

id., PEQ 133 (2001), 16–21

G. Couturier, The World of the Aramaeans: Biblical Studies, 2 (P. -E. Dion Fest.

eds. P. M. M. Daviau et al.), Sheffield 2001, 72–98

V. DeCaen, VT 51 (2001), 381–385

C. S. Ehrlich, The World of the Aramaeans, 2 (op. cit.), Sheffield 2001, 57–71

S. A. Irvine, The Land That I Will Show You (J. M. Miller Fest.

eds. J. A. Dearman & M. P. Graham), Sheffield 2001, 104–118

id., JBL 124 (2005), 341–347

W. M. Schniedewind & B. Zuckerman, IEJ 51 (2001), 88–91

Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments Ergänzungslieferung (eds. M. Dietrich et al.), Gütersloh 2001, 176–179

G. Gmirkin, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 16 (2002), 293–302; S. Mittmann, ZDPV 118 (2002), 33–65

N. P. Lemche, Jerusalem in Ancient History and Tradition (JSOT Suppl. Series 381

Copenhagen International Seminar 13

ed. T. L. Thompson), Sheffield 2003, 46–67

H. Hagelia, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 18 (2004), 135–146 (Review)

id., Svensk Exegetisk Arsbok 69 (2004), 155–166

id., Tidsskrift for Teologi og Kirke 75 (2004), 5–19

L. J. Mykytiuk, Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. (Society of Biblical Literature Academia Biblica 12), Atlanta, GA 2004, 110–132, 275–277

J. D. Muhly, BAR 31/5 (2005), 44–51

B. Sass, The Alphabet at the Turn of the Millennium: The West Semitic Alphabet Ca. 1150–850 bce (Tel Aviv Occasional Publications 4), Tel Aviv 2005 (index)

Wikipedia page for Dan