Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
---|---|---|
Megiddo | Hebrew | מגידו |
Tel Megiddo | Hebrew | תל מגידו |
Har Məgīddō | Hebrew | הַר מְגִדּוֹ |
Magiddu, Magaddu | Akkadian | |
Maketi, Makitu, Makedo | Egyptian | |
Magidda, Makida | Canaanite-influenced Akkadian used in the Amarna tablets | |
Megiddo | Greek | Μεγιδδώ |
Mageddou | Greek | Μαγεδδών |
Megiddó, Mageddón | Greek in the Septuagint | |
Mageddo | Latin in the Vulgate | |
Armagedōn | Late Latin | |
Armageddon | New Testament Book of Revelation | |
Harmagedōn | Greek | Ἁρμαγεδών |
Tell el-Qedah | Arabic | تل القدح |
Tell el-Mutesellim | Arabic | مجیدو |
Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
---|---|---|
Kefar ʿUthnai | Hebrew | כפר עותנאי |
Legio | Latin | |
Caporcotani | Latin in the Tabula Peutingeriana Map | |
Legionum ? | Latin | |
al-Lajjun | Arabic | اللجّون |
Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
---|---|---|
Qina, Kina, Qinnah | Egyptian | |
"Waters of Megiddo" | in Song of Deborah | |
Qyni ? | Hebrew | קיני |
Nahal Qeni ? | Hebrew | נַחַל קֵינִי |
Due to its strategic location, Megiddo was the site of several influential battles and as a result has gained global fame for the metaphor it spawned - Armageddon. In Revelation, the final book of the New Testament Armageddon (which is linguistically derived from Megiddo) is prophesied as the place where the final battle of human history will be fought. The site has been excavated by multiple expeditions.
The identification of biblical Megiddo with el-Lejjun, about 1 km (0.6 mi.) south of Tel Megiddo (Tell el-Mutesellim, map reference 1675.2212) was suggested as early as the fourteenth century by Estori ha-Pari and in the nineteenth century by E. Robinson. Tel Megiddo is one of the most important city mounds in Israel. It rises 40 to 60 m above the surrounding plain and covers an area of about 15 a. This area was enlarged in various periods by a lower city. The position of the mound at the point where Nahal 'Iron (Wadi 'Ara) enters the Jezreel Valley gave it strategic control in ancient times over the international Via Maris, which crossed from the Sharon Plain into the Valley of Jezreel by way of the 'Iron Valley. This position, astride the most important of the country's roads, made Megiddo the scene of major battles from earliest times through our own.
The excavations conducted on the mound have shown that, in the Early and Middle Bronze ages, Megiddo was already a fortified city of major importance, despite the fact that it is not mentioned in historical sources until the fifteenth century BCE. At that time it appeared in inscriptions of Thutmose III. The annals of this pharaoh record that Megiddo led a confederation of rebel Canaanite cities that, together with Kadesh on the Orontes, attempted to overthrow Egyptian rule in Canaan and Syria. The Egyptian army and Canaanite chariotry fought the decisive battle of this rebellion at the Qinnah Brook (Wadi Lejjun), near Megiddo. This is the earliest military engagement whose details are preserved. After thoroughly routing the Canaanite force in the field, Pharaoh captured a rich booty, including 924 chariots. According to the Jebel Barkal stela, the siege of the city lasted seven months. During this time, the Egyptian army harvested the city's fields and took 207,300 kor of wheat (apart from what the soldiers kept for themselves).
The excavations conducted at Megiddo were very large and extensive. From 1903 to 1905, the mound was excavated by G. Schumacher on behalf of the German Society for Oriental Research. Schumacher dug a trench 20 to 25m wide running north-south along the entire length of the mound.In part of the trench he dug down to the Middle Bronze Age II occupation levels, reaching bedrock in a small section. In his reports, Schumacher described six building levels from the Middle Bronze Age II to the Iron Age. Two large buildings discovered in the trench, the Mittelburg and the Nordburg (Schumacher's terms), were both built during the Middle Bronze Age II and continued in use, with some repairs and additions, until the Late Bronze Age. Beneath these buildings were two unique tombs with false-arch roofs that some scholars considered were tombs of the Megiddo royal dynasty in the Late Bronze Age. At the south end of the trench, Schumacher uncovered part of a large building dating to the Israelite period (Iron Age), which he called the Palast, or palace-building 1723 of the Chicago expedition (see below). Schumacher also made several soundings in different parts of the mound and on the slopes along the city walls. The sections of walls that he excavated belonged mostly to the Israelite city, but some were earlier. Near the east end of the mound, Schumacher excavated a large Israelite building he thought was a sanctuary because of its stone pillars (identified by him as the stelae of a sanctuary). He called the building the Tempelburg. Similar stone pillars, however, have been found in ordinary houses from the Israelite period. A proto-Aeolic capital, reused as a building stone, was discovered in the wall of this building. It was the first such capital found in the country. The finds of the excavation were published by C. Watzinger in a separate volume. Especially noteworthy are two seals inscribed "(belonging) to Shema' servant of Jeroboam" and "(belonging) to Asaph," which were found in the ruins of the "palace," and a stone incense burner with painted decoration found in the upper (sixth) stratum at the south end of the trench.
The renewed excavations at Megiddo have been undertaken under the auspices of Tel Aviv University, with Pennsylvania State University as the senior American partner. Consortium institutions are George Washington University, Loyola Marymount University, the University of Southern California, Vanderbilt University, the University of Bern, and Rostock University. The directors of the expedition are I. Finkelstein and D. Ussishkin, who lead the excavation; and B. Halpern, who heads the academic program and acts as the coordinator of the consortium. The expedition is endorsed by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, which maintains the site as a national park, and the Israel Exploration Society.
The renewed excavations dealt with almost the entire sequence of occupation at Megiddo, from stratum XX of the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age IA to stratum III of the late Iron Age II. A dual system for labeling the strata has been adopted. In each excavation area the local strata have been labeled as “levels,” the letter designating the area used as a prefix for the number of the level, e.g., “level K-3” in area K or “level H-2” in area H. In each excavation area the levels are counted from top to bottom, except for area J, where local conditions dictated a count from bottom up. As to the general stratigraphy of the site, the Chicago Expedition’s strata numbering system, e.g., “stratum XII,” has been followed.
in Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f)while
the overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured.They attributed this to probable
catastrophic horizontal shakingand categorized this as an earthquake event that was
beyond doubt. This archaeoseismic evidence is indeed compelling. Israel Finkelstein in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3:1331) reports that Adams in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3 Ch.3 Part III) argues against this interpretation attributing
abandonment of the temple in particular and Megiddo in general to socio-political change.Israel Finkelstein in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3:1331) summarized Pro and Con arguments in the Table below while asserting that an earthquake was likely responsible for the wall fractures.
sub-parallel to N-S trend of the wall (Fig. 31.3h). They noted that the gate lacked a foundation making it vulnerable to seismic destruction. Unfortunately, this compelling archaeoseismic evidence lacks a reliable terminus ante quem so all that could be said was that this presumed seismic destruction post dates c. 1200 BCE and could have been caused by the ~950 BCE Stratum IVA seismic event. Marco et. al. (2006) also noted that
stone plates in the roof of Schumacher's Chamber f (see Chapter 5) are fractured at 90°. This presumed roof collapse also lacks a reliable terminus ante quem and could be associated with a Late Bronze Age Earthquake or a later event such as the ~950 BCE Stratum IVA seismic event. Israel Finkelstein in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3:1335-1336) seems to suggest, however, that the destruction of Stratum VIIA was due to human agency.
The destruction of Stratum VIA is described by
Israel Finkelstein in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3:1336-1337) as total with evidence in every area excavated
by our team and by our predecessors
including from Levels H-9 and M-4. While
Marco et al. 2006
suggested that it was probable but not conclusive
that the destruction of Stratum VIA was caused by an earthquake,
Israel Finkelstein in Adams et al. (2013 Vol. 3:1336-1337), using the results of radiocarbon dating of 7 nearby sites
along the same approximate time horizon, concluded that that the destruction stemmed from early steps in the rise of a north Israelite territorial
entity — the expansion of the highlanders into the northern valleys.
It should be noted that the dates for Late Iron Age I
throughout northern Israel is actively debated.
7 Accordingly, the transition from the late Iron Ito the early Iron BA falls in the second half of the 10th century ( Finkelstein and Piasetzky 2010, contra Mazar and Bronk Ramsey, 2008).
Area H provides the best stratigraphic sequence for Iron Age Megiddo, with two pre-732 BCE Iron IIB layers (levels H-3 and H-4), four Iron IIA layers (levels H-5 to H-8), one late Iron I layer (level H-9) and at least two early Iron I layers (levels H-10 and H-11, which will be reported on in the next Megiddo report). This system of nine layers (only five were detected by the University of Chicago) covers a time span of ca. 370 years (ca. 1100–732 BCE) with an accumulation of ca. 5.5 m. three of the settlements – levels H-9, H-5 and H-3 – ended in destruction.Eran Arie in Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1:253-256) reported the following about Level H-9:
Level H-9
Level H-9 (Fig. 5.2) was violently destroyed by a fierce fire leaving a thick accumulation of red burnt mudbrick debris. In some places the collapse debris reached over 1 min height (Figs. 5.3-5.5). This red brick debris and the typical pottery retrieved from this phase leave no doubt regarding the correlation between Level H-9 and Stratum VIA of the University of Chicago expedition, dated to the late Iron I. The excellent state of preservation of Level H-9 is manifested by a large number of pottery vessels and small finds.
Due to the narrow dimensions of Area H, the architecture assigned to Level H-9 does not provide a clear layout of a building. It comprises architectural elements that were reconstructed in this report as one unit called Building 08/H/38 (Fig. 5.8).
CENTRAL COURTYARD 08/H/38
Due to its large expanse it is logical to assume that this architectural unit served as a courtyard. Still, two flat stones that probably served as pillar bases, which were found in the western side of this unit, may suggest that it was partly roofed. Several carbonized beams that were found here could have originated from this roof or from the pillars themselves (Fig. 5.9).
While the floor of most of the courtyard was made of beaten earth, two parts of it were paved with fieldstones. The first (06/H/55) located in the southeastern corner of the courtyard, was probably constructed in order to support the weight of Basin 08/H/30 (see below). Above this pavement, a thick phytolith layer was found, identified by Ruth Shahack-Gross (personal communication) as some kind of a mat. The second paved area (06/H/51), which was found in the northwestern part of the courtyard, slopes down toward the south probably due to sinking (Fig. 5.10). It originally abutted Wall 06/H/13 and probably represents a larger floor that was not preserved.
Courtyard 08/H/38 yielded the largest accumulation of finds retrieved from Level H-9. The thick debris of red-fired mudbricks spread all over the courtyard contained dozens of pottery vessels (Fig. 5.11). It is worth mentioning that the southwestern part of the courtyard can be distinguished from its western sector by the character of its finds: a significant number of small vessels in the former versus mostly big storage vessels in the latter (see Chapter 12).
...
It is worth mentioning that below the floors dated to the last destruction of Level H-9 an accumulation of beaten earth floors (ca. 0.20 m thick) was excavated all over the courtyard. These represent the life span of Level H-9. This phenomenon was recognized only in this unit, seemingly also testifying to its function as a courtyard.
the results of past excavations in this area, mainly Schumacher's.She reported the following on pages 202-203 about the demise of Level M-4:
THE DEMISE OF LEVEL M-4
Level M-4 came to an end in a dramatic destruction, with heavy conflagration. This destruction is the contemporary of Level K-4 (Gadot et al. 2006: 94-101) and Level H-9 (Chapter 5).
There was a marked difference between the burnt mudbrick material deposited over Rooms 04/M/44 and 04/M/55 in Squares AV—AW/27 and the material deposited over the open area in Squares AV/28-29 and AW/28-29. The former featured a thick concentration of (unburnt) mudbrick debris. In Square AW/27 (Locus 04/M/24) there was disturbed mudbrick debris, rock tumble, pottery sherds, and broken fragments of worked basalt, and the Level M-4 walls had been partially robbed of their stones. Square AV/27 featured a similar picture: a north-south robber trench traversed the east side of the square (Locus 04/M/14); it was located over Level M-4 Wall 04/M/5, and possibly represents the robbing of part of the wall's superstructure.
The other squares were covered with a thick layer of burnt mudbrick. For example Loci 00/M/31 and 00/M/33 north and south of Wall 00/M/27, respectively, contained burnt mudbrick debris that appeared to have been deposited, after burning, on the ashy surfaces of Level M-4. Only a few of the burnt mudbricks were in situ, e.g., part of the mudbrick superstructure of Wall 00/M/27.
The most dramatic picture of the conflagration that marked the end of Level M-4 was seen in Square AW/28. The best preserved and most colourful selection of burnt mudbrick debris was revealed here, including whole mudbricks measuring 46 x 30 x 12 cm. Some were black due to carbonized organic material, others ranged from yellow ochre, through burnt sienna to burnt umber. The pile was at its highest in the southeast corner of the square and sloped down to the west and north; on excavation it resembled a veritable cascade of mudbrick (Fig. 4.26). However the `cascade' was in fact a post-occupation level deposit that contained Level M-4 material (see below). The lowest point of the `cascade' cut through the original Level M-4 surface (02/M/71), but the bulk of the burnt material rested on the floor and covered Wall 00/M/27.
Marco et. al. (2006) reported on
tilted columns and a tilted floor which they attributed to probable catastrophic horizontal shaking
and categorized
as an earthquake event that was beyond doubt
. They suggested a terminus post quem of the Early Iron II (Stratum VA-IVB)
and a terminus ante quem of Level L-2 (Stratum IVA) because the northern stables were undamaged. This led to a narrow time window
between 835 and 800 BCE or perhaps a bit later (?)
. They also assigned an ash horizon overlain by collapsed mud-bricks in Area H
to this event.
Eran Arie in Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1:270-272) reported on a collapse and destruction layer in Level H-5
which correlates with Stratum VA-IVB.
The most significant evidence for collapse and destruction is located
in the southern parts of the area may testify that a building stood right to the
south of Area H.
Eran Arie in Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1:270-272) noted that
the destruction
of this city was not complete and certain parts of the mound did not show evidence of
destruction by fire (Finkelstein 2009: 117).
Knauf (2002:2) reports that the occupation of Phase H5a [which correlates to Stratum IVA] was
terminated by an earthquake, which cracked the city wall and strewed parts of walls
of these southern buildings all over Area H.
Marco et. al. (2006)
observed that a staircase between the Iron II gate complex and a reservoir was tilted and faulted, a wall in the courtyard of the
Southern Stables tilted to the west, there were fractures in the walls of a Silo (1404), and there were fractures in the limestone bedrock
of Tunnel 1000 of the water system. Although they suggested the most likely candidate for this archaeoseismic evidence was the
~760 BCE Amos Quake, they noted that an inability to establish a terminus ante quem created chronological uncertainty and
opened up the possibility
that the causitive earthquake struck later. The terminus post quem was c. 800 BCE.
Area H provides the best stratigraphic sequence for Iron Age Megiddo, with two pre-732 BCE Iron IIB layers (levels H-3 and H-4), four Iron IIA layers (levels H-5 to H-8), one late Iron I layer (level H-9) and at least two early Iron I layers (levels H-10 and H-11, which will be reported on in the next Megiddo report). This system of nine layers (only five were detected by the University of Chicago) covers a time span of ca. 370 years (ca. 1100–732 BCE) with an accumulation of ca. 5.5 m. three of the settlements – levels H-9, H-5 and H-3 – ended in destruction.Eran Arie in Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1:270-272) reported the following about Level H-5:
... It is now clear that level H-5 is indeed part of Stratum VA-IVB (Arie, Chapter 13).
Level H-5
Level H-5 (Figs. 5.25-5.26), which is reported here, is equivalent to Knauf's Level H-5a (Knauf 2006: 142). As far as I can judge, there is no evidence for his earlier phases (his Levels H-5b and H-5c). The reconstruction of Finkelstein and Ussishkin (2006: 145) is also inaccurate, as it combined remains of both Levels H-6 and H-5.
During Level H-5, Area H served as an open space devoid of any architectural remains. A plaster floor set with pebbles covered most of the area. Some of the highest stones of Level H-6 walls could be seen on top of this. The level of the floor was 161.00±15 all over the area. The floor was damaged by three large pits. While two pits (98/H/22 and 98/H/63) are related to an intermediate phase between Levels H-4 and H-3 (Petit 2006: 136), the third (00/H/14) was probably dug during the time of Level H-4.
Installation 00/H/4 was probably used for cooking. It was made of three stones; the central one was crumbling since it was exposed to fire. A semicircular installation (00/H/9) was located in the southwestern part of this open space. It is stone-lined and could have been used as a posthole. Another installation (06/H/14) is located in the southwestern part of the area. It was dug to a depth of ca. 70 cm below the floor of Level H-5 and it therefore cuts a Level H-6 floor (this is seen in the southern and western sections of the area). The floor of this installation was paved; it was laid at almost the same elevation as that of the highest floor of the Level H-7 courtyard (Fig. 5.27). Because only a limited part of this installation was uncovered, its function is unknown. It is important to emphasize that in the past this installation was wrongly interpreted as related to either Level H-7 (Knauf 2006: 137) or to Level H-6 (Finkelstein and Ussishkin 2006: 145); this led to a misunderstanding of the relationship between the University of Chicago strata and the Megiddo Expedition levels.
Level H-5 came to its end in a violent destruction. This is best seen in the southern part of the area, where a collapse of big stones, burnt mudbricks, large chunks of charcoal and restorable pottery vessels were found (Fig. 5.28). Evidence for this destruction was also found on the floor of Installation 06/H/14.
CONCLUSION
Level H-5 represents a complete change in the architectural planning of Area H. After many years in which the area comprised domestic buildings surrounded by open courtyards, Area H became an open space that probably functioned as a public area. The gap in elevation between the floors of Level H-6 (ca. 160.40 m) and Level H-5 (ca. 161.00 m) can be explained as a result of the clearing and flattening of the debris originating from the architecture of Level H-6 and the preparation of the area for plastering.
It is logical to assume that this plaster floor and the plaster floor reported by Loud (1948: Fig. 380) in the adjacent Square L6, which are at the same elevation (161.00±15 m), were connected to each other. Loud affiliated this floor with Stratum IVA and according to his plan it abuts City Wall 325. Yet, it seems that Loud's floor could not have abutted the city wall, because today it is clear that Addition 1055, which was reported in Megiddo I (and was affiliated with Stratum III [Lamon and Shipton 1939: Fig. 89]), must have cut this floor from the city wall. Consequently, Loud's floor has to be understood as the continuation of the Level H-5 floor; both are earlier than the construction of City Wall 325. This assumption is strengthened by the fact that Loud (1948: Fig. 388) did not associate any architectural elements with Stratum VA (the equivalent to Level H-5) in Square L6. The large size of this plaster floor (all of Area H and the floor reported by Loud) placed in a public area, may hint that a central government was involved in its construction.
The fact that the most significant evidence for collapse and destruction is located in the southern parts of the area may testify that a building stood right to the south of Area H. A wood sample from this area was recognized as Cedar of Lebanon, hinting at the probable wealth of this building's inhabitants (Liphschitz 2006: 515). The nature of destruction of Level H-5, together with its stratigraphic position and its characteristic pottery, enable its correlation with Stratum VA-IVB. The destruction of this city was not complete and certain parts of the mound did not show evidence of destruction by fire (Finkelstein 2009: 117).
Marco et. al. (2006)
reported on a tilted pillar, a tilted and partially collapsed wall, and a folded wall in Stratum III. They noted that
it was probable but not sure
that these distortions were caused by seismic activity. The Stratum III structures provided a
terminus post quem of ~700 BCE, but unfortunately, it was not possible to establish a terminus ante quem. In addition,
no photos were provided which would allow one to assess the evidence. They also suggested that fractured walls in Silo 4004
could have been caused by the Stratum IVA or Stratum III earthquake.
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Fractured Walls | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Fractured Walls | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A suggested reconstruction for Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple. JW: Wall 96/1 (with the fractures) is in the lower right (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The uncovered remains of Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple JW: Dotted lines follow the suggested reconstruction in Fig. 15 above. This places fractured wall 96/1 in Square B-11 (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() A plan of Megiddo, showing Area BB and Area J. JW: Round Altar 4017 is the area of interest with the fractured walls (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The sanctuary of the Great Temple, from the north JW: Use the round altar to find your way in the plans (Photo by P. Shrago; courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) |
Level J-4 (Stratum XVIII) |
![]() ![]() Wall 96/J/1 in Square H-10, looking east. Note fracture along the strike on the edge of the wall. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 3) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Fractured and Shifted Ashlar Stones | Site 3![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Extension cracks in the Late Bronze gate. Ashlar stones in courses in the middle of the walls (sandwiched between other courses) are fractured in opening mode. Horizontal sliding of the fragments occurred everywhere in the same direction, sub-parallel to N-S trend of the wall (Fig. 31.3h). The gate has no foundations, a fact that could have made it particularly vulnerable to seismic vibrations. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() The late Canaanite city-gate (Strata VIII-VII) Ussishkin (2011) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (east side) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (west side) |
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Fractured Roof Plate | Site 2![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Folding and Liquefaction | Site 4![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Distorted and liquefied sand horizon in the western section of the Schumacher trench, excavated in the early 20th century. (Fig. 31.3g). Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Fractures | Site 5b![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
Date of Level K-4
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Folded Wall | Site 5a![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() A warped wall trending 220° in Area K is tilted to both sides 12°-15°. (Fig. 31.3i.) Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A deformed, wall in Megiddo, part of a Late Iron Age, 8th century BC building (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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Collapsed Walls | Site 6![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Tilted Walls | Site 8![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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Tilted Floor | Site 10![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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![]() ![]() The south-western corner of Palace 6000 (Area L, Squares D/5, E/4-5) is tilted 3°-5° (top dipping to 250°-260° — Fig. 31.3a). In the northern baulk of Squares D-E/4, a white layer which belongs to the palace's floor make-up is also tilted. Immediately to the east, in the northern section of Square E/4, there are two fissures, each about 10-15 cm wide in the same floor make-up. The fissures are filled with grey unconsolidated soil that contains a few ceramic fragments. The white make-up for Floor 98/L/59 and plaster Floor 98/L/120 — both of the Level L-2 stables — are horizontal Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() An episode of tilting is exhibited by an angle between tilted stone floor and an overlying horizontal plaster floor in Megiddo. The stratigraphy shows that the tilting postdates the lower and predates the upper floor, but the precise time of construction is archaeologically indistinguishable. Both were built in the Iron Age II (9th century BC). Since the upper floor remained perfectly horizontal in the last 3 millennia we assume that the tilting of its precedent was rapid and exceptional, probably associated with an earthquake (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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Tilted Columns | Site 7![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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![]() ![]() A group of six pillars in Building 1A (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Fig. 6) are all tilted 8°-11° to the west (265°-295°). (Fig. 31.3b). Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Leaning Iron Age II (9th century BC) columns in Megiddo (Marco et al., 2006). The supports at the bottom are modern. Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 Link to 3D scan of 3 tilted pillars (Site 7) |
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Collapsed Walls | Site 9![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Tilted and Faulted Staircase | Site 12![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() JW: Staircase is upper right - see closeup Loud (1948) ![]() ![]() Loud (1948) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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![]() ![]() Staircase leading from the Iron II gate complex to a water system reservoir (Loud 1948: Fig. 389, Square H/10) is tilted 9°/000°. The staircase is built on a steep slope. (Fig. 31.3c). Marco et. al. (2006) Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase (closeup) |
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Tilted Wall | Site 11![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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Fractured bedrock | Site 13![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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Fractured Walls | Site 14![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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![]() ![]() Stratum III Storage Pit 1414 Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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Destruction and Collapse Layer | Area H![]() ![]() Plan of Level H-5 Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) ![]() ![]() Excavation areas of the Tel Aviv University expedition Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (2008 v. 5) |
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![]() ![]() The southern section of Area H with Level H-5 destruction in the centre of the picture (note the sloping down of the Level H-5 floor toward Installation 06/H/14 in the right) and Level H-7 floors, looking south. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) ![]() ![]() Destruction debris on Floor 98/H/62 of Level H-5, looking west. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Fractured Walls | Site 14![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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![]() ![]() Stratum III Storage Pit 1414 Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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Tilted Pillar | Site 15![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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Tilted and partially collapsed wall | Site 16![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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Folded Wall | Site 17![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description |
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Fractured Walls | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Fractured Walls | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A suggested reconstruction for Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple. JW: Wall 96/1 (with the fractures) is in the lower right (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The uncovered remains of Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple JW: Dotted lines follow the suggested reconstruction in Fig. 15 above. This places fractured wall 96/1 in Square B-11 (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() A plan of Megiddo, showing Area BB and Area J. JW: Round Altar 4017 is the area of interest with the fractured walls (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The sanctuary of the Great Temple, from the north JW: Use the round altar to find your way in the plans (Photo by P. Shrago; courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) |
Level J-4 (Stratum XVIII) |
![]() ![]() Wall 96/J/1 in Square H-10, looking east. Note fracture along the strike on the edge of the wall. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 3) |
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Fractured and Shifted Ashlar Stones | Site 3![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Extension cracks in the Late Bronze gate. Ashlar stones in courses in the middle of the walls (sandwiched between other courses) are fractured in opening mode. Horizontal sliding of the fragments occurred everywhere in the same direction, sub-parallel to N-S trend of the wall (Fig. 31.3h). The gate has no foundations, a fact that could have made it particularly vulnerable to seismic vibrations. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() The late Canaanite city-gate (Strata VIII-VII) Ussishkin (2011) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (east side) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (west side) |
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Fractured Roof Plate | Site 2![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Folding and Liquefaction | Site 4![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Distorted and liquefied sand horizon in the western section of the Schumacher trench, excavated in the early 20th century. (Fig. 31.3g). Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Fractures | Site 5b![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
Date of Level K-4
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Folded Wall | Site 5a![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() A warped wall trending 220° in Area K is tilted to both sides 12°-15°. (Fig. 31.3i.) Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A deformed, wall in Megiddo, part of a Late Iron Age, 8th century BC building (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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Collapsed Walls | Site 6![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Tilted Walls | Site 8![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Tilted Floor | Site 10![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() The south-western corner of Palace 6000 (Area L, Squares D/5, E/4-5) is tilted 3°-5° (top dipping to 250°-260° — Fig. 31.3a). In the northern baulk of Squares D-E/4, a white layer which belongs to the palace's floor make-up is also tilted. Immediately to the east, in the northern section of Square E/4, there are two fissures, each about 10-15 cm wide in the same floor make-up. The fissures are filled with grey unconsolidated soil that contains a few ceramic fragments. The white make-up for Floor 98/L/59 and plaster Floor 98/L/120 — both of the Level L-2 stables — are horizontal Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() An episode of tilting is exhibited by an angle between tilted stone floor and an overlying horizontal plaster floor in Megiddo. The stratigraphy shows that the tilting postdates the lower and predates the upper floor, but the precise time of construction is archaeologically indistinguishable. Both were built in the Iron Age II (9th century BC). Since the upper floor remained perfectly horizontal in the last 3 millennia we assume that the tilting of its precedent was rapid and exceptional, probably associated with an earthquake (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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Tilted Columns | Site 7![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() A group of six pillars in Building 1A (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Fig. 6) are all tilted 8°-11° to the west (265°-295°). (Fig. 31.3b). Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Leaning Iron Age II (9th century BC) columns in Megiddo (Marco et al., 2006). The supports at the bottom are modern. Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 Link to 3D scan of 3 tilted pillars (Site 7) |
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Collapsed Walls | Site 9![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Tilted and Faulted Staircase | Site 12![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() JW: Staircase is upper right - see closeup Loud (1948) ![]() ![]() Loud (1948) |
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![]() ![]() Staircase leading from the Iron II gate complex to a water system reservoir (Loud 1948: Fig. 389, Square H/10) is tilted 9°/000°. The staircase is built on a steep slope. (Fig. 31.3c). Marco et. al. (2006) Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase (closeup) |
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Tilted Wall | Site 11![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Fractured bedrock | Site 13![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Destruction and Collapse Layer | Area H![]() ![]() Plan of Level H-5 Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) |
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![]() ![]() The southern section of Area H with Level H-5 destruction in the centre of the picture (note the sloping down of the Level H-5 floor toward Installation 06/H/14 in the right) and Level H-7 floors, looking south. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) ![]() ![]() Destruction debris on Floor 98/H/62 of Level H-5, looking west. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) |
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Fractured Walls | Site 14![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Stratum III Storage Pit 1414 Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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Tilted Pillar | Site 15![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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Tilted and partially collapsed wall | Site 16![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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Folded Wall | Site 17![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Fractured Walls (Displaced Walls) | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() In Area J, the monumental walls of the Level J-4 temple are fractured in several places along their strike (Fig. 31.3d) as well as perpendicular to the strike (Figs. 31.3e-f). The overlying walls of the EB III temple 4050 are not fractured Marco et. al. (2006) |
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VII+ |
Fractured Walls (Displaced Walls) | Site 1![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A suggested reconstruction for Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple. JW: Wall 96/1 (with the fractures) is in the lower right (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The uncovered remains of Stratum XVIII/Level J-4 Great Temple JW: Dotted lines follow the suggested reconstruction in Fig. 15 above. This places fractured wall 96/1 in Square B-11 (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() A plan of Megiddo, showing Area BB and Area J. JW: Round Altar 4017 is the area of interest with the fractured walls (Courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) ![]() ![]() The sanctuary of the Great Temple, from the north JW: Use the round altar to find your way in the plans (Photo by P. Shrago; courtesy of the Megiddo Expedition, the Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University) Ussishkin (2015) |
Level J-4 (Stratum XVIII) |
![]() ![]() Wall 96/J/1 in Square H-10, looking east. Note fracture along the strike on the edge of the wall. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 3) |
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VII+ |
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Fractured and Shifted Ashlar Stones (displaced masonry blocks) | Site 3![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Extension cracks in the Late Bronze gate. Ashlar stones in courses in the middle of the walls (sandwiched between other courses) are fractured in opening mode. Horizontal sliding of the fragments occurred everywhere in the same direction, sub-parallel to N-S trend of the wall (Fig. 31.3h). The gate has no foundations, a fact that could have made it particularly vulnerable to seismic vibrations. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() The late Canaanite city-gate (Strata VIII-VII) Ussishkin (2011) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (east side) Link to 3D scan of Canaanite Gate (west side) |
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VIII+ |
Fractured Roof Plate (displaced walls) | Site 2![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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VII+ |
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Folding and Liquefaction | Site 4![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() Distorted and liquefied sand horizon in the western section of the Schumacher trench, excavated in the early 20th century. (Fig. 31.3g). Marco et. al. (2006) |
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VII+ |
Fractures (penetrative fractures) | Site 5b![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
Date of Level K-4
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VI+ | |
Folded Wall | Site 5a![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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![]() ![]() A warped wall trending 220° in Area K is tilted to both sides 12°-15°. (Fig. 31.3i.) Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() A deformed, wall in Megiddo, part of a Late Iron Age, 8th century BC building (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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VII+ |
Collapsed Walls | Site 6![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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VIII+ |
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Tilted Walls | Site 8![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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VI+ | |
Tilted Floor | Site 10![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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![]() ![]() The south-western corner of Palace 6000 (Area L, Squares D/5, E/4-5) is tilted 3°-5° (top dipping to 250°-260° — Fig. 31.3a). In the northern baulk of Squares D-E/4, a white layer which belongs to the palace's floor make-up is also tilted. Immediately to the east, in the northern section of Square E/4, there are two fissures, each about 10-15 cm wide in the same floor make-up. The fissures are filled with grey unconsolidated soil that contains a few ceramic fragments. The white make-up for Floor 98/L/59 and plaster Floor 98/L/120 — both of the Level L-2 stables — are horizontal Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() An episode of tilting is exhibited by an angle between tilted stone floor and an overlying horizontal plaster floor in Megiddo. The stratigraphy shows that the tilting postdates the lower and predates the upper floor, but the precise time of construction is archaeologically indistinguishable. Both were built in the Iron Age II (9th century BC). Since the upper floor remained perfectly horizontal in the last 3 millennia we assume that the tilting of its precedent was rapid and exceptional, probably associated with an earthquake (Marco et al., 2006). Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) |
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VIII+ |
Tilted Columns (treated like tilted walls) | Site 7![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum VA-IVB Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (1993 v. 3) |
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![]() ![]() A group of six pillars in Building 1A (Lamon and Shipton 1939: Fig. 6) are all tilted 8°-11° to the west (265°-295°). (Fig. 31.3b). Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Leaning Iron Age II (9th century BC) columns in Megiddo (Marco et al., 2006). The supports at the bottom are modern. Site 10 in Fig. 1 Marco (2008) ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Digital Theodolite Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 ![]() ![]() Photo by Jefferson Williams on 27 April 2023 Link to 3D scan of 3 tilted pillars (Site 7) |
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VI+ |
Collapsed Walls | Site 9![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) |
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VIII+ |
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Tilted and Faulted Staircase (Fractures folds and popups on pavements) | Site 12![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() JW: Staircase is upper right - see closeup Loud (1948) ![]() ![]() Loud (1948) |
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![]() ![]() Staircase leading from the Iron II gate complex to a water system reservoir (Loud 1948: Fig. 389, Square H/10) is tilted 9°/000°. The staircase is built on a steep slope. (Fig. 31.3c). Marco et. al. (2006) Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase Link to 3D scan of faulted staircase (closeup) |
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VI+ |
Tilted Wall | Site 11![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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VI+ | |
Fractured bedrock (fractures, folds, and popups on irregular pavements) | Site 13![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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VI+ | |
Fractured Walls (displaced wallls ?) | Site 14![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum IVA Ussishkin (2018) |
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![]() ![]() Stratum III Storage Pit 1414 Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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VII+ |
Destruction and Collapse Layer (collapsed walls) | Area H![]() ![]() Plan of Level H-5 Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) ![]() ![]() Excavation areas of the Tel Aviv University expedition Ussishkin (2018) ![]() ![]() Stern et al (2008 v. 5) |
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![]() ![]() The southern section of Area H with Level H-5 destruction in the centre of the picture (note the sloping down of the Level H-5 floor toward Installation 06/H/14 in the right) and Level H-7 floors, looking south. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) ![]() ![]() Destruction debris on Floor 98/H/62 of Level H-5, looking west. Finkelstein et al. (2013 Vol. 1) |
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VIII+ |
the destruction of this city was not complete and certain parts of the mound did not show evidence of destruction by fire (Finkelstein 2009: 117).The fractured bedrock lacks a reliable terminus ante quem and may not have been fractured by seismic activity. If it was fractured by seismic activity, one would expect city-wide collapse as it suggests an Intensity of IX or higher. If Level H-5 destruction was due to an earthquake, this evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).
Seismic Effects | Location | Dating Info | Image(s) | Description | Intensity |
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Fractured Walls (displaced walls ?) | Site 14![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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![]() ![]() Stratum III Storage Pit 1414 Lamon and Shipton (1939) |
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VII+ |
Tilted Pillar (treated as a tilted wall) | Site 15![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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VI+ | |
Tilted and partially collapsed wall | Site 16![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B JW: Building 1513 is in top left corner - see closeup Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Area A, Stratum III (cf. Fig, 115) Numbers in parentheses belong to Stratum III B Lamon and Shipton (1939) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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VIII+ | |
Folded Wall | Site 17![]() ![]() Location map of deformed structures at Megiddo. Arrows indicate direction of shaking. Stars mark deformation that cannot be associated with a particular sense of movement. Marco et. al. (2006) ![]() ![]() Plan of Stratum III, after Ze'ev Herzog Ussishkin (2018) |
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VII+ |
Austin, S. A., et al. (2000). "Amos's Earthquake: An Extraordinary Middle East Seismic Event of 750 B.C."
International Geology Review 42(7): 657-671.
Ben-Menahem, A. (1991). "Four Thousand Years of Seismicity along the Dead Sea rift."
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Danzig, D. (2011). A Contextual Investigation of Archaeological and Textual
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G. Schumacher, Tell ei-Mutesellim 1, Leipzig 1908
C. Watzinger, Tell el-Mutesel/im, 2,
Leipzig 1929
P. L. 0. Guy, New Light from Armageddon, Chicago, 1931
P. L. 0. Guy and R. M. Engberg,
Megiddo Tombs, Chicago 1938
C. S. Fisher, The Excavation of Armageddon, Chicago 1929
R. M.
Engberg, Notes on the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Pottery of Megiddo, Chicago 1934
H. May,
Material Remains of the Megiddo Cult, Chicago 1935
R. Lamon, The Megiddo Water System, Chicago
1935
R. Lamon and G. M. Shipton, Megiddo 1, Chicago 1939
G. M. Shipton, Notes on the Megiddo
Pottery of Strata VI-XX, Chicago 1939
G. Loud, The Megiddo Ivories, Chicago 1939
id., Megiddo 2,
Chicago 1948
A. Kempinski, Megiddo: A City-State and Royal Centre in North Israel (Materialien zur
Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archiiologie 40}, Munich 1989.
W. F. Albright, BASO R62 (1936),29
63 (1937}, 25
78 (1940), 7~9
94(1944},
12~27;id., AJA 44(1940}, 546~550
53 (1949),213~215
J. A. Wilson, ibid. 42 (1938), 333~336
id., AJSLL 58
(1941), 225~231
R. M. Engberg, BASOR 78 (1940}, 4--7
id., BA 3 (1940}, 41~51
4 (1941), 11~16
A. Alt,
ZAWNF 19(1944),67~85(KSch 1,256~273);C.G.Howie,BASOR 117(1950), 13~19;G. E. Wright,BA 13
(1950), 28~46;id.,J AOS70 (1950), 56~60
B. Mazar(Maisler), BASO R 124(1951 ), 21~25
id., IEJI8( 1968),
65~97;id.,MagnaliaDei(G. E. Wright Fest.}, Garden City, N.Y.l976, 187~192
K. M. Kenyon,EI5(1958},
51*~60*
id., BIAL4 (1964), 143~156
id., Levant I (1969), 25~60
id., Royal Cities of the Old Testament,
London 1971, 58~68, 93~105, passim
Y. Yadin, BA 23(1960}, 62~68
33 (1970), 66~69
id., IEJ!5(!965),
278~280
16 (1966), 142
17 (1967), 119~121
22 (1972}, 161~164
id., Hazor (Schweich Lectures 1970),
London 1972, 147~164
id.,JNES32 (1973}, 330
id., BAR 2/3 (1976), 18~22
id., MagnaliaDei(op. cit.},
249~252
id., BASOR 239 (1980), 19~23
id., Jerusalem Cathedra I (1981}, 120~151
id., Recherches
Archeologiques en Israel, 155~162
C. Epstein, IEJ 15 (1965), 204--221
I. Dunayevsky and A. Kempinski,
ibid.l6(1966), 142;id.,ZDPV89(1973}, 161~187;D. Ussishkin,IEJI6(1966}, 174~186;20(1970),213~215;
39 (1989), 149~172
id., BA 36 (1973), 78~105
id., BASOR 239 (1980}, 1~18
277~278 (1990), 71~91;
V. Muller, ZDPV 86 (1970}, 50~86
L. T. Thompson, ibid., 38~48
J. B. Pritchard, NEAT, 268~275;
Y. Aharoni, ibid., 254~267
id., JNES 31 (1972), 302~311
id., IEJ24(1974), 13~16
H. E. Kassis, Berytus
22 (1973), 5~22
A. Malamat, The Gaster Festshrift (Journal of the Ancient Near East Society of Columbia
University 5), New York 1973, 267~279
0. Tufnell, Levant 5 (1973), 69~82
A. Eitan, ibid., 275~276;
P. Beck, Opuscula Atheniensia 11 (1975), 1~16
Y. Shiloh and A. Horowitz, BASOR 217 (1975}, 37~48;
Y. Shiloh, ibid. 222 (1976), 67~69
id., The Proto-Aeolic Capital and Israelite Ashlar Masonry (Qedem II},
Jerusalem 1979, 2~7, 52~56
id., Levant 12 (1980), 69~76
id .. Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation
(D. Glenn Rose Fest.), Atlanta 1987, 204~207
BAR 2/3 (1976), I
A. Siegelmann, TA 3 (1976), 141
F. R.
Brandfon, TA 4 (1977), 79~84
M. Artzyet a!., Levant !0 (1978}, 99~111
A. Harif, ZDPV94 (1978), 24~
31
id., Levant II (1979), 162~167
G. Lello, JNES37 (1978}, 327~330
V. Fritz, MDOG Ill (1979}, 63~74;
id., ZDPV99 (1983), 1~29
W. H. Shea, IEJ29 (1979), 1~5
A. Spalinger, G6ttinger Miszellen 33 (1979),
47~54
D. Cole, BAR 6/2 (1980), 8~29
M. Ottosson, Temples and Cult Places in Palestine (Uppsala Studies
in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 12}, Uppsala 1980
A. F. Rainey, EI 15 (1981),
61 *~66*
D.P. Barag, Journal of Glass Studies 24 (1982), 11~19
B. Wood, Levant 14 (1982), 73~ 79
V. M.
Fargo, BAR9/5 (1983), 8~13
0. Misch-Brandland M. Tadmor, The Israel MuseumJournal3 (1984), 47~
51
E. Reiflerand H. J. Griffin, Ancient Hebrew and Solomonic Building Construction, London 1984
G. J.
Wightman, TA 11 (1984), 132~145
id., Levant 17 (1985), 117~129
id., BASOR 277~278 (1990), 5~22;
G. R. H. Wright, Zeitschriftfiir Assyriologie 74 (1984), 267~289
G. I. Davies, Megiddo (Cities of the
Biblical World), Cambridge 1986
ibid. (Reviews), RB94 (1987), 631~633. -PEQ 120 (1988), 150~151.
- BA 52 (1989), 55
id., Oudtestamentische Studien 24 (1986}, 34~53
id., PEQ 120 (1988}, 130~141
J. S.
Holladay, Jr., The Archaeology of Jordan and Other Studies (S. H. Horn Fest.), Berrien Springs, Mich.
1986, 103~165
D. Milson, ZDPV!02 (1986}, 87~92;id., BASOR272(1988), 75~78
id., PEQ 121 (1989),
64~68
R. Gonen, Levant 19 (1987}, 83~100
id., Burial Patterns and Cultural Diversity in Late Bronze Age
Canaan (ASOR Dissertation Series 7), Winona Lake, Ind. (in prep.)
H. Liebowitz, BASOR 265 (1987),
3~24
L. G. Herr, ibid. 272 (1988), 47~67
N. Na'aman, Society and Economy,.177~!85
Weippert 1988
(Ortsregister)
I. Singer, TA 15~16 (1988~1989), 101~112
T. Tsuk, ibid., 92~97
P. Bienkowski, Levant 21
(1989), 169~179
E. Braun, PEQ 121 (1989), 1~43
A. Kempinski, Megiddo (Reviews), BAIAS9 (1989~
1990), 53~54.- ZDPV 106 (1990), 188~191. -Levant 23 (1991), 193~194
MdB 59 (1989), 4~40
W. E.
Rast, EI 20 (1989), 166*~173*
B. Williams and T. J. Logan, JNES 48 (1989), 125~129
W. G. Dever,
BASOR 277~278 (1990), 121~130
G. D. Pratico, Tell el-Kheleifeh, 1937~1940 (Ph.D. diss., Harvard Univ.
1983
Ann Arbor 1990), 99~120
E. Stern, IEJ 40 (1990), 12~30, 102~107
The Architecture of Ancient
Israel (eds. A. Kempinski and R. Reich), Jerusalem (in prep.).
A. Kempinski, Megiddo: A City-State and Royal Centre in North Israel, Jerusalem
1993 (Heb.)
Megiddo: Battlefield of Armageddon (National Parks of Israel), Ramat Gan 1997
Revelations
from Megiddo: The Newsletter of the Megiddo Expedition (ed. I. Finkelstein), 1–7ff, Tel Aviv 1997–2003–to
date
E. H. Cline, The Battles of Armageddon: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley from the Bronze Age to the
Nuclear Age, Ann Arbor, MI 2000
ibid. (Reviews) Adumatu 4 (2001), 53–56. — BAR 27/6 (2001), 58–59.
— BASOR 327 (2002), 89–90. — JNES 63 (2004), 60–61
Megiddo III: The 1992–1996 Seasons (The Emery
& Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology
Tel Aviv University Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology Monograph Series 18
eds. I. Finkelstein et al.), 1–2, Tel Aviv 2000
ibid. (Reviews) BAR 26/6 (2000),
64, 66. — Bibliotheca Orientalis 58 (2001), 449–453. — BASOR 327 (2002), 80–83
Megiddo IV: The
1998–2002 Seasons (eds. I. Finkelstein et al.), Tel Aviv (in press)
Megiddo-Tell el-Mutesellim-Armageddon: Biblische Stadt zwischen Krieg und Frieden (Veröffentlichungen des Helms-Museums 88/Hamburger
Museum für Archäologie und die Geschichte Harburgs 88
ed. R. Busch), Neumünster 2002
E. Arie, “Then
I Went Down to the Potter’s House”: Intrasite Spatial Analysis in the Pottery of Megiddo VIA (M.A. thesis),
Tel Aviv 2004 (Heb.)
T. Harrison, Megiddo, 3: Final Report on the Stratum VI Excavations (The University
of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications 127), Chicago, IL 2004
ibid. (Review) BAR 31/6 (2005), 64–66;
A. Zarzecki-Peleg, Tel Megiddo during the Iron Age I and IIA–IIB: The Excavations of the Yadin Expedition
at Megiddo and Their Contribution for Comprehending the History of the Site and Other Contemporary Sites
in Northern Israel, 1–2 (Ph.D. diss.), Jerusalem 2005 (Eng. abstract)
B. Brandl, The Nile Delta in Transition, Tel Aviv 1992, 441–476
J. D. Currid, ZDPV 107 (1992),
28–38
D. L. Esse, JNES 51 (1992), 81–103
Z. Herzog, ABD, New York 1992, 1/1031–1044, 2/844–852,
1031–1044
A. M. Maeir, Levant 24 (1992), 218–223
É. Puech, RB 99 (1992), 753–755 (Review)
id., Ki
Baruch hu: Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical and Judaic Studies (B. A. Levine Fest.
eds. R. Chazan et al.),
Winona Lake, IN 1999, 51–61
D. Ussishkin, ABD, 4, New York 1992, 666–679
id., BAT II, Jerusalem
1993, 67–85
id., Scripture and Other Artifacts, Louisville, KY 1994, 410–428
id., TA 22 (1995), 240–267;
id., Congress Volume, Cambridge 1995 (VT Suppl. 66), Leiden 1997, 351–364
id., OEANE, 3, New York
1997, 460–469
id., Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 197–219
H. Weippert, ZDPV
108 (1992), 8–41
G. Ahlström Werner, Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament 7 (1993), 208–215
P.
Daviau, Houses, Sheffield 1993, 88–132, 259–299, 463–465
R. Hachmann, Biblische Welten (M. Metzger
Fest.
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 123
ed. W. Zwickel), Freiburg 1993, 1–40
A. H. Joffe, Settlement and
Society in the Early Bronze Age I and II, Southern Levant: Complementarity and Contradiction in a SmallScale Complex Society (Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology), Sheffield 1993
id., Studies in the
Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands, Chicago, IL 2001, 355–375
id., JMA 17 (2004), 247–267;
N. A. Silberman, BAR 19/2 (1993), 8 (Review)
id. (et al.), Archaeology 52/6 (1999), 32–39
id., Eretz 87
(2003), 50–54
id., Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period (Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 18
eds. A. G. Vaughn & A. E. Killebrew), Leiden 2003, 395–405
H. -G.
Buchholz, Beiträge zur Altorientalischen Archäologie und Altertumskunde (Fest. B. Hrouda
eds. P. Calmeyer et al.), Wiesbaden 1994, 43–59
G. I. Davies, BAR 20/1 (1994), 44–49
I. Finkelstein & D. Ussishkin,
ASOR Newsletter 44/2 (1994), n.p.
45/2 (1995), 20
id., BAR 20/1 (1994), 26–33, 36–43
id., ESI 14 (1994),
60–61
id., TA 30 (2003), 27–41
I. Finkelstein, Levant 28 (1996), 177–187
30 (1998), 167–174
36 (2004),
181–188
id., TA 23 (1996), 170–184
25 (1998), 208–218
30 (2003), 283–295 (with E. Piasetzky)
id., UF
28 (1996), 220–255
id., BASOR 314 (1999), 55–70
id., EI 26 (1999), 233*
27 (2003), 289*–290*
id.,
NEA 62 (1999), 35–52
id., ZDPV 116 (2000), 114–138
118 (2002), 109–135
id. (& S. Laurant), MdB 142
(2002), 50–55
id. (& E. Piasetzky), Antiquity 77/298 (2003), 771–779
id., BAIAS 21 (2003), 96–100
id.,
Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past, Winona Lake, IN 2003, 75–83, 543
id., Jahrbuch des
Deutschen Evangelischen Instituts für Altertumswissenschaft des Heiligen Landes 10 (2004), 178–181
J. -
D. Macchi, Transeuphratène 7 (1994), 9–33
L. Nigro, BASOR 293 (1994), 15–29
id., Synchronisation,
Wien 2003, 345–363
id., Archeologie dans l’Empire Ottoman autour de 1900: entre politique, economie et
science (eds. V. Krings & I. Tassignon), Brussel 2004, 215–229
J. G. Van der Land, Bijbel, Geschiedenis en
Archeologie 1 (1994), 1–12
M. D. Coogan, BAR 21/3 (1995), 36–47
B. Routledge, PEQ 127 (1995), 41–
49
I. Singer, BA 58 (1995), 91–93
id., Across the Anatolian Plateau: Readings in the Archaeology of
Ancient Turkey (AASOR 57
ed. D. C. Hopkins), Boston, MA 2002, 145–147
S. Bourke, PEQ 128 (1996),
57–62 (Review)
R. L. Daly, Kings of the Hyksos: Tell el ‘Ajjul in the Bichrome Ware Period: A Comparative Stratigraphic Analysis (Ph.D. diss., University of Utah 1994), Ann Arbor, MI 1996
V. Fritz, The
Origins of the Ancient Israelite States (JSOT Suppl. Series 228
ed. V. Fritz), Sheffield 1996, 187–195
id.,
Vom Halys zum Euphrat (eds. U. Magen & M. Rashad), Münster 1996, 131–138
A. Mederos Martin, Trabajos de Prehistoria 53/2 (1996), 95–115
P. Parr, PEQ 128 (1996), 57–62 (Review)
A. Perez Largacha,
Boletin de la Asociacion Espanola de Orientalistas 32 (1996), 23–30
A. Ruderman, The Jewish Bible
Quarterly (formerly: Dor le Dor) 24 (1996), 199–200
D. Wengrow, OJA 15 (1996), 307–326
A. Zertal,
Michmanim 9 (1996), 73–82
B. E. Colless, Abr-Nahrain 34 (1996–1997), 42–57
The Age of Solomon:
Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium (Studies in the History & Culture of the Ancient Near East 11
ed.
L. K. Handy), Leiden 1997
E. H. Cline, ASOR Newsletter 47/2 (1997), 25
id., BR 16/3 (2000), 22–31, 46;
L. G. Herr, BA 60 (1997), 122, 137–138
C. Herzog & M. Gichon, Battles of the Bible, 2nd ed., London
1997
A. Leonard Jr. & E. H. Cline, AJA 101 (1997), 365
id., BASOR 309 (1998), 3–39
A. Nur & H. Ron,
BAR 23/4 (1997), 48–55
id., Tectonic Studies of Asia and the Pacific Rim (eds. W. G. Ernst & R. G. Coleman), Columbia, MD 2000, 44–53
A. Zarzecki-Peleg, TA 24 (1997), 258–288
J. Zorn, IEJ 47 (1997),
214–219
A. Ben-Tor, ibid. 48 (1998), 1–37
B. Halpern, NEA 61 (1998), 53–65
id., VT Suppl. 80, Leiden
2000, 79–121
id., David’s Secret Demons (The Bible in Its World), Grand Rapids, MI 2001
H. Shanks,
BAR 24/2 (1998), 56–61
29/2 (2003), 50–55
31/1 (2005), 50–53
I. Shirun-Grumach, Proceedings of the
7th International Congress of Egyptologists, Cambridge, 3–9.9.1995 (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 82;
ed. C. J. Eyre), Leuven 1998, 1067–1073
J. N. Tubb, Canaanites (Peoples of the Past), London 1998
S.
Wimmer, Jerusalem Studies in Egyptology, Wiesbaden 1998, 109–110
S. Wolff, Mediterranean Peoples in
Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 449–454
O. Zuhdi, KMT, A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 9/4 (1998–1999),
68–75
S. Blakely, ASOR Newsletter 49/1 (1999), 17–19
T. Haettner Blomquist, Gates and Gods: Cults in
the City Gates of Iron Age Palestine: An Investigation of the Archaeological and Biblical Sources (Coniectanea Biblica: Old Testament Series 46), Stockholm 1999, 76–80
A. Golani, Levant 31 (1999), 126–127;
G. Hagens, Antiquity 73/280 (1999), 431–433
A. E. Killebrew, ASOR Newsletter 49/1 (1999), 9–10
id.,
Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 3 (1999), 17–32
J. B. Lambert et al., Analytical
Chemistry 71 (1999), 614A–620A
R. A. Mullins, ASOR Newsletter 49/1 (1999), 7–9
C. E. Suter, Aula
Orientalis 17–18 (1999–2000), 421–430
M. Bietak & K. Kopetzky, Synchronisation, Wien 2000, 117
J.
Braun, Stringed Instruments in Archaeological Context (Studien zur Musikarchäologie 1
DAI Orient
Archäologie 6
eds. E. Hickmann & R. Eichmann), Rahden 2000, 5–10
A. Faust, PEQ 132 (2000), 2–27;
R. Gophna, Les civilisations du basin Mediterraneen (Fest. J. Sliwa), Cracovie 2000, 99–104
Y. Goren (&
S. Zuckermann), Ceramics and Change, Sheffield 2000, 165–182
id. (et al.), Inscribed in Clay, Tel Aviv
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P. Guillaume, UF 32 (2000), 215–217
R. John, BAIAS 18 (2000), 127–128
E. A. Knauf,
BN 103 (2000), 30–35
107–108 (2001), 31
id., The Land That I Will Show You: Essays on the History and
Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (J. M. Miller Fest.
JSOT Suppl. Series 343
eds. J. A. Dearman & M.
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H. M. Niemann, TA 27 (2000), 61–74
id., VT 52 (2002), 93–102
id.,
UF 35 (2003), 421–485
Y. Roman, Eretz 73 (2000), 17–26
87 (2003), 42–49
D. Bar-Yosef, ASOR Annual
Meeting Abstract Book, Boulder, CO 2001, 1
id., Mitekufat Ha’even 35 (2005), 45–52
A. Fantalkin, Levant
33 (2001), 117–125
N. Franklin, ASOR Annual Meeting Abstract Book, Boulder, CO 2001, 29
id., Radiocarbon Dating and the Iron Age of the Southern Levant: The Bible and Archaeology Today (eds. T. Levy &
T. Higham), London (in press)
R. S. Hallote, Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands,
Chicago, IL 2001, 199–214
B. Hesse & P. Wapnish, ibid., 251–282
J. Heller, Unless Some One Guide Me
(K. A. Deurloo Fest.
Amsterdamse cahiers voor exegese van de Bijbel en zijn tradities Suppl. Series 2
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J. W. Dyk et al.), Maastricht 2001, 312–345
D. Ilan, Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring
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B. J. Kedar, Das Erwachen Palästinas im 19. Jahrhundert (A. Carmel
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P. R. de Miroschedji, Studies in the Archaeology of
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E. Oren, The White Slip Ware of Late Bronze
Age Cyprus, Wien 2001, 127–144
J. D. Schloen, The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East (Studies in the Archaeology and History of the Levant 2), Winona
Lake, IN 2001, 140–143
E. J. Van der Steen, Bibliotheca Orientalis 58 (2001), 303–311
id., AJA 109
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W. Zanger, Jewish Bible Quarterly 29 (2001), 226–231
M. Artzy, Tropis VII: Proceedings of
the 7th International Symposium on Ship Construction in Antiquity, Pylos, Greece, 1999 (ed. H. Tzalas),
Athens 2002, 21–28
P. Beck, Imagery and Representation, Tel Aviv 2002, 228–251
S. L. Cohen, Canaanites, Chronologies, and Connections, Winona Lake, IN 2002 (index)
S. Laurant, MdB 142 (2002), 50–55;
A. Lemaire, ibid. 146 (2002), 34–39
S. Lev-Yadun & M. Weinstein-Evron, TA 29 (2002), 332–343
A.
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id., BAR 29/2 (2003), 60–61
id., Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the
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D. M. Rohl, Biblische Archäologie am Scheideweg?: Für
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R. Bonfil, Tel
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N. Coldstream, TA 30 (2003), 247–258
R. Greenberg, EI 27
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id., JMA 16 (2003), 17–32
T. P. Harrison, BAR 29/6 (2003), 28–35, 60–62
id. (& R. G. V.
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O. Ilan & Y. Goren, TA 30 (2003), 42–53
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Description | Scan Date | Scanner | Processing | Downloadable Link |
---|---|---|---|---|
|
24 April 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Photogrammetry | Right Click to download |
|
24 April 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Photogrammetry | Right Click to download |
|
27 April 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Area | Right Click to download |
|
27 April 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Area | Right Click to download |
|
27 April 2023 | Jefferson Williams | Area | Right Click to download |
kmz | Description | Reference |
---|---|---|
Right Click to download | Renewed Excavation Areas | Stern et al (2008 v. 5) |
Right Click to download | Deformed Strauctures | Marco et. al. (2006) |
Right Click to download | Master Megiddo kmz file | various |