Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
---|---|---|
Gezer or Tel Gezer | Hebrew | גֶּזֶר |
Tell Jezar or Tell el-Jezari | Arabic | تل الجزر |
Ga-az-ru | Assyrian Akkadian | |
Gazara | ||
Gadara ? | Josephus |
Gezer is located in the Shephelah - a transition region between the Judean Mountains and the coastal plain. Roughly halfway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, it had a long history of occupation starting at least at the end of the 4th millennium BCE in the Chalcolithic. Although there were later occupations, it's heyday appears to have ended in the Iron Age ( William J. Dever in Stern et al, 1993 v. 2).
The earliest mention of the site is in an inscription of Thutmose III (c. 1490- 1436 BCE) on the walls of the great Temple of Amon at Karnak. There, a scene commemorating this pharaoh's victories on his first campaign to Asia in 1468 BCE portrays bound captives from Gezer. A short inscription of Thutmose IV (c. 1410-1402 BCE) in his mortuary temple at Thebes refers to Hurrian captives from a city, the name of which is broken but is almost certainly Gezer. During the tumultuous Amarna period, in the fourteenth century BCE, Gezer figures prominently among Canaanite city-states under nominal Egyptian rule. In the corpus of the el-Amarna letters are ten from three different kings of Gezer. Perhaps the best-known Egyptian reference to Gezer is that of Merneptah (c. 1207 BCE) in his "Israel" stela, in which it is claimed that Israel has been destroyed and Gezer seized. The conquest of Gezer is also celebrated in another inscription of this pharaoh, found at Amada.
The first intensive exploration of Tel Gezer was conducted by R. A. S. Macalister during the years 1902–1905 and 1907–1909, under the auspices of the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF). Macalister published the results of these early excavations in three volumes (1912). Macalister excavated nearly 40 percent of the tel. Unfortunately, the methods of excavation were very primitive, as Macalister dug the site in strips and backfilled each trench. As a result of his excavations, he distinguished eight levels of occupation.
The first excavations at Gezer were conducted between 1902 and 1909 by R. A. S. Macalister for the Palestine Exploration Fund. The findings were published in three substantial volumes in 1912. These excavations were the largest yet undertaken by the fund or anyone else in Palestine, not surpassed in size or importance until the Germans worked at Jericho and the Americans at Samaria in 1908. Macalister began at the eastern end of the mound with a series of trenches, each about 10 m wide, running the entire width of the mound. Hedugeach trench down to bedrock(as deep as 13 m in some places). Then, proceeding to the next trench, he dumped the debris into the trench he had just completed. Although his notion of stratification was primitive-- even judged by the standards of the day - he was able to recognize as many as nine strata. In the excavation report he combined his architectural remains into six large plans. Each purports to represent a coherent stratum but is actually a composite of elements several centuries apart. The pottery was grouped according to seven general periods, some covering as many as eight hundred years: Pre-Semitic, First through Fourth Semitic, Hellenistic, and Roman-Byzantine. The remaining material was published by categories rather than by chronological periods - all the burials together, all the domestic architecture, all the cult objects, all the metal and lithic objects - and scarcely a single item can be related to the general strata, let alone to specific buildings.
A debate over the Iron Age at Gezer arose during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Several scholars challenged the outer wall conclusions of the HUC excavations: Kempinski (1972, 1976) and Kenyon (1977) in their reviews of Gezer I (Dever, Lance, and Wright 1970) and Gezer II (Dever 1974), followed a few years later by Zertal (1981), Finkelstein (1981), and Bunimovitz (1983). Most proposed that the outer wall dated to the Iron Age IIB, although Kenyon dated the wall to the Hellenistic period and Zertal to the post-Assyrian period. During the 1990s an issue of Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research focused on the archaeology of Solomon. While the archaeological data of the Iron Age was primarily discussed, the debate centered on methods and historical correlations. This was the foreshadowing of the “low chronology” proposal that came five years later.
fallen ashlar blocks in a bricky fill containing 8th century BCE sherdswere found above 10th century BCE fill from an excavation against the outer face of Macalister's "Tower VII". For the location, see Plates 4 and 19 of Younker (1991). Younker (1991) noted that
the debris layers may be evidence of both an earlier 8th century earthquake (see below) and a later 8th century B.C. Assyrian destruction(Plates 15a and 15b).
Sometime during the 9th/8th century B.C. the upper courses of the Outer Wall were remodelled with large ashlars to create an offset.17 The ashlar offset was "inserted" more than a meter into the 10th century B.C. wall line.18
The 9th/8th century ashlar inserts and wall appear to have been destroyed sometime during the 8th century B.C. [JW: See Plates 16a and 16 b from Younker, 1991]. Several lines of evidence suggest that the agent of destruction was an earthquake. For one thing, several sections of the Outer Wall had been clearly displaced from their foundations by as much as 10 to 40 cm. Furthermore, these wall sections were all severely tilted outward toward the north. That this tilting was not due to slow subsidence over a long period of time was evident from the fact that intact sections of upper courses of the inner face of the wall had fallen backwards into the city. Only a very rapid outward tilting of the wall, such as that caused by an earthquake, could cause these upper stones to roll off backwards, away from the tilt. If the wall's outward tilt had occurred slowly, the stones on the top of the wall should have fallen off toward the downward-sloping outer face of the wall.
The southwest corner of the ashlar insert had been similarly displaced from its foundational cornerstone, although to a lesser degree because of the greater stability of the ashlar construction. However, even the cornerstone had been split longitudinally because of the great pressure created by the lateral movement of the upper courses. This same tremendous pressure also created fissures in the ashlar stones that penetrated through several courses. The reason the foundation stones were not themselves dislodged to any significant degree is probably due to the fact that they were set into levelled-out depressions cut directly into the bedrock.Footnotes17 The dating for the ashlar insert and the upper courses of the inner face of the Outer Wall was determined by 9th/8th century pottery in their foundation trench (which was dug into the 10th century trench), as well as by the style of the ashlars, which are larger and more rough than the fine, well-hewn, 10th century ashlars found in other sections of the wall (e.g., see above on Macalister Tower VII). This foundation trench was clearly dug into the earlier 10th century trench described above.
18 It was thought initially that this "insert" was the southwest corner of Macalister's Outer Wall Tower VI. However, clearing along the top of the wall to the east failed to produce the southeast corner of the tower. Ashlars were indeed found in the location where the corner was to be expected, but they were in the wall line and did not form a corner (see, e.g., Y. Shilo, Proto-Aeolic Capital, QEDEM series, vol. 11 [Jerusalem, 1979], p. 51). It therefore appears that the engineers who rebuilt the wall in the 9th/8th century modified the wall along this stretch by creating a series of offsets rather than by inserting a series of towers, as Macalister originally thought (he also dated the inserts to the 10th century B.c.). In fact, this stretch of offsets seems to continue the pattern of offsets that Macalister himself found for the Outer Wall further to the west between trenches 23 and 29 (see Macalister's plan, Plate 4).
the top of the inner faceof a long section of the outer wall east of "Tower VI" was
displaced 50 cm or more outward, and bowed out in a sweeping curve.In addition,
the tops of the wall stoneswere
tilted down-slope at an angle of ca. 10-20 degrees (fig. 15).
could have been caused by centuries of fill-pressure on the city wall, which is located on the slope of the mound, the sections of the wall where alleged archaeoseismic evidence was uncovered
were all part of a sub-structure, which was buried in the ground from the outset and hence could hardly have been affected by a quake, and
no evidence for a seismic event has ever been found in any free-standing building at Gezer.
scholars are divided as to whether there are two phases (tenth century and a later rebuilding during the ninth or eighth centuries B.C.E.) or only one.
13 See Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 244-256.
14 Ussishkin has argued that Macalister's "rebuilt" section (see Plate 4)
corresponds to or marks the position of a monumental building which used
this rebuilt stretch as a "back wall." According to Ussishkin, that section
was bonded to and ran between two of Macalister's towers, which presumably
served as corner towers for this building ("Notes," p. 75). Excavations from
the 1990 season indicate that Macalister's rebuilt section extends well to the
east of this 30 m. stretch and that what Macalister called "towers" are not
necessarily towers at all. Even Macalister admitted that many of the Outer
Wall's towers appeared to be little more than "set-offs" and that those on the
inner face did not always correspond to those on the outer face (see Macalister, Gezer /, p. 244).
That is exactly what was found this season in Probes 9 and 18. Also, it appears that little,
if anything, of the Late Bronze Age wall was left in this section of the Outer Wall
(described as "rebuilt"). Thus Ussishkin's criticism that the Iron Age builders of this
monumental building would have had to line it up to the stub of the Late Bronze Age wall
and then remove it to build up the back wall of the monumental building does not hold.
The Late Bronze Age wall was probably already missing in this section.
15 The vast difference in the depth to bedrock between the inner and outer faces of the
Outer Wall is due to the fact that the wall was built along an escarpment — a point noted by Macalister, Gezer I, p. 244.
16 The sections of both the east and west balks of this probe showed that the Middle Bronze Age glacis,
which has been found in all areas where the Outer Wall has been exposed, was cut clear to bedrock by a
10th century B.C. trench to make room for the founding of the wall.
17 The dating for the ashlar insert and the upper courses of the inner face of the Outer Wall was determined by 9th/8th
century pottery in their foundation trench (which was dug into the 10th century trench), as well as by the style of the
ashlars, which are larger and more rough than the fine, well-hewn, 10th century ashlars found in other sections of the
wall (e.g., see above on Macalister Tower VII). This foundation trench was clearly dug into the earlier 10th century
trench described above.
18 It was thought initially that this "insert" was the southwest corner of Macalister's Outer Wall Tower VI.
However, clearing along the top of the wall to the east failed to produce the southeast corner of the tower.
Ashlars were indeed found in the location where the corner was to be expected, but they were in the wall line
and did not form a corner (see, e.g., Y. Shilo, Proto-Aeolic Capital, QEDEM series, vol. 11 [Jerusalem, 1979], p. 51).
It therefore appears that the engineers who rebuilt the wall in the 9th/8th century modified the wall along this stretch
by creating a series of offsets rather than by inserting a series of towers, as Macalister originally thought
(he also dated the inserts to the 10th century B.c.). In fact, this stretch of offsets seems to continue the
pattern of offsets that Macalister himself found for the Outer Wall further to the west between trenches
23 and 29 (see Macalister's plan, Plate 4).
19 See Y. Yadin, Hazor: The Rediscovery of a Great Citadel of the Bible (New York, 1975), pp. 149-154.
20 Recent geological studies indicate that the modern town of Ramla (near Gezer) has experienced numerous earthquakes.
See E. J. Arieh, "Seismicity of Israel and Adjacent Areas," Ministry of Development Geological Survey Bulletin No. 43 (1967): 1-14.
12 For orientation and full references, see W.G. Dever, 'Of Myths and Methods,'
BASOR 277/278 (1990), pp. 121-130; see also the related articles in this same
issue by I. Finkelstein, J.S. Holladay, L.E. Stager, D. Ussishkin and G.J. Wightman.
Preliminary reports of the 1990 season will appear soon in IEJ and BASOR.
13 See R.A.S. Macalister, The Excavation of Gezer, London 1912, III, Pls. III, IV; cf.
the recent plan in W.G. Dever et. al., Gezer IV. The 1968-71 Seasons in Field VI,
the "Acropolis", Jerusalem 1986, Plan I.
14 Macalister (above, n. 13), I, p. 251; III, Pl. V.
15 See references in n. 12 above; and cf. Macalister (above, n. 13), I, pp. 244-251.
16 On the Assyrian destruction, see W.G. Dever, 'Solomonic and Assyrian Period "Palaces"
at Gezer,' IEJ 35 (1985), pp. 217-230, and references there.
17 Macalister (above, n. 13), I, pp. 248-251; III, Pls. V, VI.
18 Ibid., I, p. 251; III, Pl. V.
19 Schaeffer (above, n. 2), Fig. 1 (an ashlar wall of Ugarit Bronze Recent 2).
23 Dever, Lance, and Wright 1970: 44; Dever et al. 1974: 34, 35; Dever 1986: 13, 14.
24- Cf. Yadin 1972: 113, 179-82; 1975: 149-57. The observation of the 1990 season is mine and was confirmed on the spot by Amnon Ben-Tor.
25 See Schaeffer 1948: 1-7.
26- See Amiran 1950-1951; 1952 and references there; add now Arieh 1967.
The End of the Late Iron IIA: The Earthquake in the Early 8th Century BCE ?
3 Dever (1992) interpreted a tilt in the Outer Wall at Gezer as a result of the earthquake
mentioned in Amos 1:1. Yet, no real evidence for a quake exists at Gezer. The changes
described by Dever could have been caused by centuries of fill-pressure on the city wall,
which is located on the slope of the mound. Note that the sections of the city wall described
by Dever were all part of a sub-structure, which was buried in the ground from the outset
and hence could hardly have been affected by a quake; also note that no evidence for a
seismic event has ever been found in any free-standing building at Gezer.
4 Austin et al. (2000: 667-669) located the epicentre of the earthquake in the Beqa of Lebanon.
Yet, this is based on an uncritical reading of the archaeological `evidence' mentioned vis-à-vis
the Amos event, including sites such as Lachish and Tel Beersheba (see also the tilted wall at
'En Haseva— ibid.: 662—which could have resulted from pressure of a fill, not necessarily an earthquake).
5 Zechariah 14:5 (part of Deutero-Zechariah) is a late (Hellenistic?) source that could not have had
any independent information on this event; he must have relied on Amos 1:1.
87 William G. Dever, “A Case Study in Biblical Archaeology: The Earthquake of Ca. 760 BCE,” Eretz-Israel 23 (1992), 27*-35*.
88 Randall W. Younker, “A Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season at Tel Gezer: Excavations of the ‘Outer Wall’
and the ‘Solomonic’ Gateway (July 2 to August 10, 1990),” Andrews University Seminary Studies 29:1 (1991), 28.
89 Galadini, et al., “Archaeoseismology,” 403.
90 Ambraseys, “Earthquakes and Archaeology,” 1010.
91 Younker, “Preliminary Report,” 29.
89 Dever, “A Case-Study in Biblical Archaeology,” 30*.
90 Dever, “A Case-Study in Biblical Archaeology,” 30*.
91 Dever, “A Case-Study in Biblical Archaeology,” 28*-30*. Randall Younker, “A Preliminary Report of the 1990
Season at Tel Gezer, Excavations of the "Outer Wall" and the "Solomonic" Gateway (July 2 to August 10, 1990),”
AUSS 29 (1991): 19-60, argued that the inner face of the uppermost courses of the wall fell southward into the city
as further evidence for the suddenness of the wall's collapse. See also a similar critique by Fantalkin and Finkelstein,
“Sheshonq I,” 22.
92 L. Binda L and A. Anzani, “Structural behavior and durability of stone masonry,” in Saving our Architectural
Heritage: The Conservation of Historic Stone Structures (ed. N. S. Baer and R. Snethlage; New York: John Wiley &
Sons, 1997), 113–150. More recently, the Washington Monument suffered a number of cracks following the
Virginia earthquake on August 23, 2011. The monument is made up of marble, granite, and bluestone gneiss.
93 Michael Steiger and A. Elena Charola, “Weathering and Deterioration,” in Stone in Architecture: Properties,
Durability (4 ed; ed. Siegfried Siegesmund and Rolf Snethlage), 227-316.
94 Migowski et al., “Recurrence Pattern,” 311, “Data of epicentral distance to farthest liquefaction versus seismic
moment have been complied for over a hundred modern shallow focus earthquakes.”
95 Migowski et al., “Recurrence Pattern,” 311, lists the epicenter of the 1033/34 CE quake south of the sea of Galilee
(one-third of Ramla destroyed), the 1068 CE quake just north of the Gulf of Eilat (Ramla destroyed), and the 1546
CE quake (which Dever lists Ramla as severely damaged), struck very close to Ramla.
96 Dever, “A Case-Study in Biblical Archaeology,” 31*, attempts to situate Gezer in its geotechtonic environment by
listing a number of quakes that struck Ramla/Lydda, located 15 km from Gezer. His approach is admirable but it
only demonstrates that quakes, based on the location of their epicenter in relation to Gezer (such as the 1927
earthquake where he lists 45 houses collapsed at Ramla), could have shook Gezer, and not that Gezer was shook in
an eighth century quake.
Effect | Location | Image | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Collapsed Wall Fallen Ashlar Blocks in a debris layer |
Field XI - outer face outer wall at "Tower VII"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW:
Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
Displaced Wall - Shifted Ashlar Blocks | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: Are displaced ashlars at the bottom ? Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
Penetrative fractures in masonry blocks - through going joints | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: through going joints Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
Tilted Walls | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: through going joints Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
Tilted, displaced, and folded walls | Field XI - East of "Tower VI" in Areas 20 and 21![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() General Plan of Field XI East showing 1990 excavation areas; note line of Sections β-β', γ—γ' (cf. fig. 14). Dever (1993) |
![]() ![]() Line of Outer Wall between Field XI, Areas 20 and 21, looking west. Note wall stones still in alignment, but displaced northward, downslope, cf. fig. 14. Dever (1993) ![]() ![]() Tel Gezer, Field XI, Area 20: 'Outer Wall' (view to the north-west). Note the wall stones displaced and tilted outward, downslope. Dever and Younker (1991) |
|
Tilted Walls | Field XI - Areas 21 and 22![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() General Plan of Field XI East showing 1990 excavation areas; note line of Sections β-β', γ—γ' (cf. fig. 14). Dever (1993) |
![]() ![]() Schematic rendering of Section γ—γ' through Outer Wall in Field XI, Areas 21 and 22; cf. fig. 13. Dever (1993) ![]() ![]() Field XI, Area 22, looking south, with Section α—α' to right. Below meter stick is LB II Wall 22,002, founded on bedrock; above is Iron Age Wall 22,000, partially plastered. Note differing masonry, offset alignment; cf. fig. 16 for Section γ—γ'. Dever (1993) |
|
Effect | Location | Image | Description | Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|
Collapsed Wall Fallen Ashlar Blocks in a debris layer |
Field XI - outer face outer wall at "Tower VII"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW:
Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
VIII+ |
Displaced Wall - Shifted Ashlar Blocks | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: Are displaced ashlars at the bottom ? Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
VII+ |
Penetrative fractures in masonry blocks - through going joints | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: through going joints Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
VI+ |
Tilted Walls | Field XI - inner face of outer wall at "Tower VI"![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) |
![]() ![]() JW: through going joints Younker (1991) ![]() ![]()
Younker (1991) |
|
VI+ |
Tilted, displaced, and folded walls | Field XI - East of "Tower VI" in Areas 20 and 21![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() General Plan of Field XI East showing 1990 excavation areas; note line of Sections β-β', γ—γ' (cf. fig. 14). Dever (1993) |
![]() ![]() Line of Outer Wall between Field XI, Areas 20 and 21, looking west. Note wall stones still in alignment, but displaced northward, downslope, cf. fig. 14. Dever (1993) ![]() ![]() Tel Gezer, Field XI, Area 20: 'Outer Wall' (view to the north-west). Note the wall stones displaced and tilted outward, downslope. Dever and Younker (1991) |
|
VII+ |
Tilted Walls | Field XI - Areas 21 and 22![]() ![]() Plan of Tel Gezer Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() Detail of Field XI (after Macalister). Note approximate locations of Squares 21 and 22. Younker (1991) ![]() ![]() General Plan of Field XI East showing 1990 excavation areas; note line of Sections β-β', γ—γ' (cf. fig. 14). Dever (1993) |
![]() ![]() Schematic rendering of Section γ—γ' through Outer Wall in Field XI, Areas 21 and 22; cf. fig. 13. Dever (1993) ![]() ![]() Field XI, Area 22, looking south, with Section α—α' to right. Below meter stick is LB II Wall 22,002, founded on bedrock; above is Iron Age Wall 22,000, partially plastered. Note differing masonry, offset alignment; cf. fig. 16 for Section γ—γ'. Dever (1993) |
|
VI+ |
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- open access at archive.org
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- open access at archive.org
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see Square 82 (Gezer) and Map point for site 701 (Tel Gezer in the bottom left area of the map)
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W. G. Dever et. al., The 1969-71 Seasons in Field IV, "The Acropolis" 1-2 (Gezer 4), Jerusalem 1986
J. D. Seger, The Field I Caves ( Gezer 5), Jerusalem 1988 (Annuals of the Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archeology)
Manual of Held Excavation: Handbook for Field Archaeologists (eds. W. G. Dever and H. D. Lance), Jerusalem 1978.
Clermont-Ganneau, ARP 2, 224-275
W. M. F. Petrie, PEQ 36 (1904), 244-245
F. L. Griffith, ibid. 38 (1906), 121-122
J. L. Myres, ibid. 39 (1907), 240-243
L. H. Vincent, ibid. 40 (1908), 218-229
R. A. S. Macalister, PEQ 41 (1909), 183-189
E. W. G. Masterman, PEQ 66 (1934), 135-140
J. H. Illife, ibid. 67 (1935), 185
A. Rowe, ibid., 19-33; id., QDAP4(1935), 198-201
G. E. Wright, PEQ69 (1937), 67-78; id., BA 21 (1958), 103-104; id., IEJ 15 (1965), 252-253; id., RB 74 (1967), 72-73
R. Amiran, IEJ 5 (1955), 240-245
Y. Yadin, ibid. 8 (1958), 80-86
J. A. Callaway, PEQ 94 (1962), 104-117
W. G. Dever, IEJ 16 (1966), 277-278; 17 (1967), 274-275; 19 (1969), 241-243; 20 (1970), 226-
227; 22 (1972), 158-160; 23 (1973), 23-26; 35 (1985), 64-65, 217-230; (with R. W. Younker) 41 (1991),
282-286; id., BA 30 (1967), 47-62; 32 (1969), 71-78; 34 (1971), 93-132; 47 (1984), 206-218; 50 (1987),
148-177; id., Jerusalem Through the Ages, Jerusalem 1968, 26-33; id., Raggi 8 (1968), 65-74; id., RB 75
(1968), 381-387; 76 (1969), 563-567; 77 (1970), 394-398; 78 (1971), 425-428; 79 (1972), 413-418; 92
(1985), 412-419; id., BTS 116 (1969), I, 8-16; id., AJA 74 (1970), 192; 90 (1986), 223; id., Gezer l
(Reviews), AJA 76 (1972), 441-442. -IEJ22 (1972), 183-186.- JBL 92 (1973), 291-293.- PEQ 105
(1973), 170-171.- JAOS 94 (1974), 277-278.- ZDPV 90 (1974), 78-82.- JNES 34 (1975), 297-
299.- Bibliotheca Orienta/is 41 (1984), 222-224; id., Gezer 2 (Reviews), AJA 80 (1976), 307-308.-
IEJ26 (1976), 210-214.- JBL 96 (1977), 279-281.- PEQ 109 (1977), 55-58.- BASOR 233 (1979),
70-74.- ZDPV 97 (1981), 114-116; Gezer 4 (Reviews), BAR 14/l (1988), 11.- Orientalia n.s. 58
(1989), 435-437; id., PEQ 105 (1973), 61-70; id., Journal of Jewish Studies 33 (1982), 19-34; id., ESI 3
(1984), 30-31; id., BASOR 262 (1986), 9-34; 277-278 (1990), 121-130
H. D. Lance, BA 30 (1967), 34-47; id., Magnalia Dei (G. E. Wright Fest.), Garden City, N.Y. 1976, 209-223
A. Bruno, BTS 116 (1969), 3-6
N. Glueck, Syria 46 (1969), 186-187
J. S. Holladay, AJA 73 (1969), 237; id., BASOR 277-
278 (1990), 23-70
R. G. Bullard, BA 33 (1970), 98-132
A. Furshpan, "The Gezer 'High Place'"
(Ph.D. diss., Cambridge, Mass. 1970); id., AJA 75 (1971), 202
J.D. Seger, IEJ 20 (1970), 117; 22
(1972), 160-161, 240-242; 23 (1973), 247-251; 24 (1974), 134-135; id., RB 80 (1973), 408-412; 82
(1975), 87-92; id., EI 12 (1975), 34*-45*; id., BA 39 (1976), 142-144; id., BASOR 221 (1976), 133-139;
id., Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation (D. Glenn Rose Fest.), Atlanta 1987, 113-128; id., The
Second International Congress on Biblical Archaeology, 24 June-4 July 1990: Abstracts, Jerusalem 1990,
138-139
K. M. Kenyon, Royal Cities of the Old Testament, New York 1971
M. Avi-Yonah,
Archaeology (Israel Pocket Library), Jerusalem 1974, 87-91
M. Hughes, PEQ 106 (1974), 2-3
J. M.
Weinstein, BASOR 213 (1974), 49-57; 217 (1975), 1-16
S. Izre'el, TA 4 (1977), 159-167; id., Israel
Oriental Studies 8 (1978), 13-90
D. Cole, BAR 6/2 (1980), 8-29
S. Gitin, A Ceramic Typology of the
Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer l-3 (Ph.D. diss., Cincinnati 1979)
J. N. Tubb,
PEQ 112 (1980), 1-6
0. Borowski, BAR 7/6 (1981), 58-59
I. Finkelstein, TA 8 (1981), 136-144; id.,
BASOR 277-278 (1990), 109-119
R. Reich, IEJ31 (1981), 48-52; id. and B. Brandl, PEQ Il7 (1985),
41-54; B. Brandl, IEJ 34 (1984), 173-176; id., Levant 16 (1984), 171-172
Z. Kallai and B. Brandl, ESI
l (1982), 31-32; American Archaeology in the Mideast, 168-171
S. Bunimovitz, TA 10 (1983), 61-70;
15-16 (1988-1989), 68-76
E. Pennells, BA 46 (1983), 57-61
H. Shanks, BAR 9/4 (1983), 30-42
P. A.
Thomas, BA 47/1 (1984), 33-35
D. Milson, ZDPV 102 (1986), 87-92
I. Singer, TA 13-14 (1986-
1987), 26-31
Y. Shiloh, Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation (D. Glenn Rose Fest.), Atlanta !987,
209-211
Weippert 1988 (Ortsregister)
A. M. Maeir, TA 15-16 (1988-1989), 65-67
J. K. Hoffmeier,
Levant 22 (1990), 83-89
L. E. Stager, BASOR 277-278 (1990), 93-107
D. Ussishkin, ibid., 71-91
G. J. Wightman, ibid., 5-22
F. Zayadine, RB 97 (1990), 76
R. W. Younker, AUSS 29 (1991), 19-60.
G. B. Gray, PEQ41 (1909), 189-193
M. Lidzbarski, ibid., 194-195
F. M. Cross, Jr., and D. N. Freedman, Early Hebrew Orthography, New Haven 1952, 46-47
W. Wirgin, EI 6 (1960), 9*-12*
B. D. Rahtjen, PEQ 93 (1961), 70-72
S. Talmon, JAOS 83 (1963), 177-187.
W. M. F. Petrie, PEQ 34 (1902), 365
T. G. Pinches, ibid. 36 (1904), 229-236
A. H. Sayee, ibid., 236-237
C. H. W. Johns, ibid., 237-244; 37 (1905), 206-219
R. A. S. Macalister, ibid. 38 (1906), 123-124
C. J. Ballet et. al., ibid. 40 (1908), 26-30
P. Dhorme, ibid. 41 (1906), 107-112
W. R. Taylor, JPOS 10 (1930), 16-22, 79-81
E. L. Sukenik, ibid. 13 (1933), 226-231
W. G. Albright, BASOR 92 (1943), 28-30
N. Avigad, PEQ 82 (1950), 43-49
A. R. Millard, ibid. 97 (1965), 140-143
C. Graesser, Jr., BASOR 220 (1975), 63-66
B. Reeking, Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 27 (1983), 76-89
J. Rosenbaum and J. D. Seger, The Word of the God Shall Go Forth (D. N. Freedman Fest.), Winona
Lake, Ind. 1984, 477-495; id., BASOR 264 (1986), 51-60
R. Reich, IEJ 40 (1990), 44-46
J. Schwartz, ibid., 47-57.
G. Friend, The Development of a Textile Production Cottage Industry in the 8th Century
bce: Tell Gezer, A Case Study (Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the ASOR, Napa, CA 1997)
W. G.
Dever, Gezer: A Crossroad in Ancient Israel, Jerusalem 1998 (Heb.)
A. M. Maeir et al., Bronze and Iron Age
Tombs at Tel Gezer, Israel: Finds from Raymond-Charles Weill’s Excavations in 1914 and 1921 (BAR/IS
1206), Oxford 2004
ibid. (Review) BASOR 337 (2005), 97–98
G. Gilmore et al., Gezer VI: The Objects
from Phases I and II, Jerusalem (in prep.)
B. Brandl, The Nile Delta in Transition, Tel Aviv 1992, 441–477
W. G. Dever, ABD, 2, New York
1992, 998–1003
id., EI 23 (1992), 27*–35*
id., BASOR 289 (1993), 33–54
id. (& R. W. Younker), ESI 12
(1993), 48–49
id., The Age of Solomon: Scholarship at the Turn of the Millennium (Studies in the History
and Culture of the Ancient Near East 11
ed. L. K. Handy), Leiden 1997, 217–251
id., OEANE, 2, New York
1997, 396–400
id., TA 30 (2003), 259–282
id., BAR 30/6 (2004), 42–45
L. G. Herr, BASOR 288 (1992),
87–89 (Review)
M. Vilders, PEQ 124 (1992), 69 (Review)
S. J. Bourke, ibid. 125 (1993), 75–77 (Review);
A. Kempinski, IEJ 43 (1993), 174–180
P. J. Ray, Jr., NEAS Bulletin 38 (1993), 39–52
J. D. Seger, BAT
II, Jerusalem 1993, 559–574
I. Finkelstein, TA 21 (1994), 276–282
29 (2002), 262–296
id., ZDPV 116
(2000), 114–138
id., BAIAS 21 (2003), 96–100
A. Mazar, Scripture and Other Artifacts, Louisville, KY
1994, 247–267
id., Mediterranean Peoples in Transition, Jerusalem 1998, 373–377
H. Shanks, BAR 20/3
(1994), 66–69
E. Yannai, TA 21 (1994), 283–287
id. (et al.), Levant 35 (2003), 101–116
W. Zwickel, Der
Tempelkult in Kanaan und Israel (Forschungen zum Alten Testament 10), Tübingen 1994, 65–67
M. D.
Coogan, BAR 21/3 (1995), 36–47
J. W. Hardin, ESI 14 (1995), 143
P. E. McGovern, BASOR 297 (1995),
86–88 (Review)
J. P. Van der Westhuizen, Journal for Semitics (Pretoria, University of South Africa) 7
(1995), 1–15
10 (1998–2001), 20–42
12 (2003), 34–57
V. Fritz, The Origins of the Ancient Israelite States
(JSOT Suppl. Series 228
ed. V. Fritz), Sheffield 1996, 187–195
S. Gitin, Retrieving the Past, Winona Lake,
IN 1996, 75–101
L. Nigro, Contributi e materiali di Archeologia orientale 6 (1996), 1–69
M. Görg, BN 91
(1998), 5–6
R. Reich, Eretz 60 (1998), 34–39
id. (& Z. Greenhut), IEJ 52 (2002), 58–63
id. (& E. Shukron),
EI 27 (2003), 291*
id. (& E. Shukron), PEQ 135 (2003), 22–29
S. A. Austin, International Geology Review
42 (2000), 657–671
L. Barda, ESI 20 (2000), 42*
E. M. Bietak & K. Kopetzky, Synchronisation, Wien
2000, 106–107
B. Halpern, VT Suppl. 80, Leiden 2000, 79–121
id., David’s Secret Demons (The Bible
in its World), Grand Rapids, MI 2001
I. I. Milevski, TA 27 (2000), 91–102
Y. Roman, Eretz 73 (2000),
17–26
B. B. Shefton, Periplous Papers on Classical Art and Archaeology (J. Boardman Fest.
eds. G. R.
Tsetskhladze et al.), London 2000, 276–283
J. -P. Vita, ZA 90 (2000), 70–77
U. Hartung, Umm el-Qaab, II,
Mainz am Rhein 2001
J. S. Holladay, ASOR Annual Meeting Abstract Book, Boulder, CO 2001, 6
A. Faust,
JMA 15 (2002), 53–73
id., BAR 30/2 (2004), 52–53, 62
M. Heltzer, Studies in the History and Culture of
the Jews in Babylonia: Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress for Babylonian Jewry Research, June
1998 (eds. Y. Avishur & Z. Yehuda), Or-Yehuda 2002, 85–93
K. A. Kitchen, Scandinavian Journal of the
Old Testament 16 (2002), 309–313
id., On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Grand Rapids, MI 2003
(subject index)
W. Thiel, Bibel und Kirche 57 (2002), 95–103
G. J. Van Wijngaarden, Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (ca 1600–1200 BC), Amsterdam, 2002, 75–97;
Z. Herzog, Saxa Loquentur, Münster 2003, 85–100
N. A. Silberman, Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology:
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eds. A. G. Vaughn & A. E.
Killebrew), Leiden 2003, 395–405
H. Goedicke, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes 94
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Y. Goren et al., Inscribed in Clay, Tel Aviv 2004, 270–279
L. D. Morenz, ZDPV 120 (2004),
1–12
N. Na’aman, IEJ 54 (2004), 92–99
S. M. Ortiz, The Future of Biblical Archaeology: Reassessing
Methodologies and Assumptions. The Proceedings of a Symposium, 12–14.8.2001 at Trinity International
University (eds. J. K. Hoffmeier & A. Millard), Grand Rapids, MI 2004, 121–147
S. D. Schweitzer, Macht
und Herrschaft (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 316
Veröffentlichungen des Arbeitskreises zur Erforschung der Religions-und Kulturgeschichte des Antiken Vorderen Orients 5
ed. C. Sigrist), Münster 2004,
135–156
T. Goodwin, PEQ 137 (2005), 65–76
I. Young, VT 42 (1992), 362–375
W. H. Shea, Verse in Ancient Near Eastern Prose (Alter
Orient und Altes Testament 42
eds. J. C. De Moor & W. G. E. Watson), Kevelaer 1993, 243–250
J. Tropper,
Zeitschrift für Althebraistik 6 (1993), 228–231
J. Renz, Die Althebräischen Inschriften, 1 (Handbuch der
Althebräischen Epigraphik), Darmstadt 1995
D. Pardee, OEANE, 2, New York 1997, 400–401
D. Sivan,
IEJ 48 (1998), 101–105
J. A. Emerton, PEQ 131 (1999), 20–23
D. E. Fleming, RB 106 (1999), 8–34
C.
Körting, Der Schall des Schofar: Israels Feste im Herbst (ZAW Beihefte 285), Berlin 1999.
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