Beriniki Theatre - Tiberias

Introduction

Ferrario et al (2020) report that the Theatre was originally built in the 1st century CE and underwent several modifications in the ensuing centuries,

Ancient Theater Glossary

Textual Glossary

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Illustrations of Individual Components

aditus maximus

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

cavea

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

media cavea

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

summa cavea

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

cuneus

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

hyposkēnion

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

orchēstra

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

portae hospitales

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

praecinctio

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

proskēnion

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Scaenae

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Scaenae Frons

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

scalae

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Tribunalia(e)

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Valva regia

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

vomitoria

from The Ancient Theatre Archive

Tiberias - Introduction Webpage

from Tiberias - Introduction - click link to open new tab

Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, Illustrations, and Photos

Maps

Fig. 1 Map of Tiberias

Figure 1.

The city during the Roman period, plan (based on Hirschfeld 1992)

Galei Kinneret is next to the Stadium

Atrash (2010)

during the Roman period from Atrash (2010)

Aerial Views

Tiberias Berniki Theater in Google Earth

Tiberias Berniki Theater

click on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
Tiberias Berniki Theater on govmap.gov.il

Tiberias Berniki Theater

click on image to explore this site on a new tab in govmap.gov.il

Geologic Maps

Normal Size

Fig. 4 Map of ancient Tiberias

Figure 4

Map of ancient Tiberias (modified after Hirschfeld & Gutfeld, 2008) with indication of the inferred lineament and trench position.

Ferrario et al (2020)

with inferred fault from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 1b Quaternary faults
Figure 1b

Quaternary faults in the central part of the DSF, modified after Sneh and Weinberger (2014), Sagy et al. (2016), Hamiel et al. (2016), and Sharon et al. (2018, 2020); the red rectangle is the area enlarged in Fig. 1c
- JVWB: Jordan Valley Western Boundary Fault
- JVF: Jordan Valley Fault
- G: Gilboa Fault
Ferrario et al (2020)
around the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan Valley from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 1c Simplified geologic map

Figure 1c

Simplified geologic map (after Bogoch & Sneh, 2008; Sneh, 2008), epicenters of M_W > 4.0 events since 1970 (data from http://seis.gii.co.il/en/earthquake/searchEQSRslt.php).

Ferrario et al (2020)

around the Sea of Galilee along with epicenters of M_W > 4.0 events since 1970 from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 10 Sketches of the shallow
Figure 10

Schematic sketches of the shallow subsurface at three key positions
1. Theater
2. Southern Gate
3. Hamat hot springs
4. section traces
Information on geology is derived from the Israeli geological map (Sneh, 2008), published scientific literature (e.g., Hurwitz et al., 2002), and local reports (e.g., Zaslavsky, 2009). Borehole logs are from GSI archive

Ferrario et al (2020)
subsurface from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 2b Morphotectonic map

Figure 2b

morphotectonic map of the study area, based on 0.5 m resolution DTM extracted from airborne Lidar survey. The map shows also the late Pleistocene shoreline, the position of boreholes analyzed in this study, and the points where we constrained the spatial position of the fault trace.

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 9 Interpreted Seismic
Figure 9

Seismic lines and relative interpretation
1. Southern Gate, location of the trench is also shown
2. Berniki Beach landslide
3. Traces of the seismic lines
Ferrario et al (2020)
lines from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 8 Interpreted Seismic line

Figure 8

Seismic line run north of Tiberias Theater and relative interpretation; trace in Figure 9.

Ferrario et al (2020)

run north of Tiberias Theater from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 2a Site Map

Figure 2a

Relevant sites mentioned in the text and location of the seismic lines; numbers correspond to Table S1 in the supporting information where relevant references are provided

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)

Magnified

Fig. 1b Quaternary faults
Figure 1b

Quaternary faults in the central part of the DSF, modified after Sneh and Weinberger (2014), Sagy et al. (2016), Hamiel et al. (2016), and Sharon et al. (2018, 2020); the red rectangle is the area enlarged in Fig. 1c
- JVWB: Jordan Valley Western Boundary Fault
- JVF: Jordan Valley Fault
- G: Gilboa Fault
Ferrario et al (2020)
around the Sea of Galilee and the Jordan Valley from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 2b Morphotectonic map

Figure 2b

morphotectonic map of the study area, based on 0.5 m resolution DTM extracted from airborne Lidar survey. The map shows also the late Pleistocene shoreline, the position of boreholes analyzed in this study, and the points where we constrained the spatial position of the fault trace.

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 9 Interpreted Seismic
Figure 9

Seismic lines and relative interpretation
1. Southern Gate, location of the trench is also shown
2. Berniki Beach landslide
3. Traces of the seismic lines
Ferrario et al (2020)
lines from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 8 Interpreted Seismic line

Figure 8

Seismic line run north of Tiberias Theater and relative interpretation; trace in Figure 9.

Ferrario et al (2020)

run north of Tiberias Theater from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 2a Site Map

Figure 2a

Relevant sites mentioned in the text and location of the seismic lines; numbers correspond to Table S1 in the supporting information where relevant references are provided

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)

Plans

Normal Size

Fig. 4 Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4.

Surface faulting at the Tiberias Theatre:

a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

b-c) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

d) right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge (site is shown in a)

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Sketch of Tiberias with

Sketch of Tiberias. The Berniki Theater is highlighted in yellow

Used with permission from BibleWalks.com

the Berniki Theater highlighted in yellow from BibleWalks.com
Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)

Magnified

Fig. 4 Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4.

Surface faulting at the Tiberias Theatre:

a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

b-c) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

d) right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge (site is shown in a)

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)

Illustrations

Fig. D Reconstruction of the

Figure D

Roman theater, reconstruction.

Image courtesy of Walid Atrash, Israel Antiquities Authority.

Caption from Cytryn-Silverman (2015) and image from Atrash (2012)

Roman theater from Cytryn-Silverman (2015) and Atrash (2012)

Photos

Fig. 6 Berniki Theater from

Figure 6

Berniki Theater, view towards the south

Atrash (2012)

Atrash (2012)
Fig. 6 Berniki Theater with

Figure 6

Berniki Theater (view towards the south) with pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone

Atrash (2012)

pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone Atrash (2012)
Fig. 8 Berniki Theater from

Figure 8

Berniki Theater, view towards the WSW

Atrash (2012)

Atrash (2012)
Fig. 8 Berniki Theater with

Figure 8

Berniki Theater (view towards the WSW) with pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone

Atrash (2012)

pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone Atrash (2012)

Phasing

Berniki Theater

from Ferrario et al (2020) citing Atrash (2010)

Figure 3a) Historical periods in Israel and schematic stratigraphic column at the Theatre

Ferrario et al (2020)

All of Tiberias

from Hirschfeld Y. and Meir E. (2004)

Stratum	Period	Date	Notes
I	Late Fatimid	11th century CE	construction above the collapse caused by an earthquake (in 1033 CE?)
II	Early Fatimid	9th - 10th centuries CE	continued use of the street with shops.
III	Abbasid	8th - 9th centuries CE	a row of shops, the basilica building was renovated.
IV	Byzantine–Umayyad	5th - 7th centuries CE	the eastern wing was added to the basilica building; the paved street; destruction was caused by the earthquake in 749 CE.
V	Late Roman	4th century CE	construction of the basilica complex, as well as the city’s institutions, i. e., the bathhouse and the covered market place.
VI	Roman	2nd - 3rd centuries CE	establishment of the Hadrianeum in the second century CE (temple dedicated to Hadrian that was never completed) and industrial installations; the paving of the cardo and the city’s infrastructure.
VII	Early Roman	1st century CE	founding of Tiberias, construction of the palace with the marble floor on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, opus sectile, fresco.
VIII	Hellenistic	1st - 2nd centuries BCE	fragments of typical pottery vessels (fish plates, Megarian bowls).

7th-10th century CE Earthquake - probably 749 CE

Maps, Plans, and Figures/Photos

Normal Size

Fig. 4 Map containing Tiberias

Figure 4: Map of ancient Tiberias (modified after Hirschfeld & Gutfeld, 2008) with indication of the inferred lineament and trench position.

Ferrario et al (2015)

sites studied by Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4 Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4.

Surface faulting at the Tiberias Theatre:

a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

b-c) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

d) right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge (site is shown in a)

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Sketch of Tiberias with

Sketch of Tiberias. The Berniki Theater is highlighted in yellow

Used with permission from BibleWalks.com

the Berniki Theater highlighted in yellow from BibleWalks.com
Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)
Fig. D Reconstruction of the

Figure D

Roman theater, reconstruction.

Image courtesy of Walid Atrash, Israel Antiquities Authority.

Cytryn-Silverman (2015)

Roman theater from Cytryn-Silverman (2015)
Fig. 5 Fatimid-Abbasid quarter

Figure 5. Residential quarter from the Abbasid period, aerial photograph.

Atrash (2010)

which was on top of the Roman theater from Atrash (2010)
Fig. 5 Interpreted photographs

Figure 5. Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco).

a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures

b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures

c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments

d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments

Ferrario et al (2020)

taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. S10 Faulted debris flow

Figure S10. Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5e. JW: faulted debris flow sediments were uncovered while excavating down to the theater. The debris flows preceded the earthquake

Ferrario et al (2020)

sediments found on top of the theater Ferrario et al (2020)

Magnified

Fig. 4 Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4.

Surface faulting at the Tiberias Theatre:

a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

b-c) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

d) right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge (site is shown in a)

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)
Fig. 5 Interpreted photographs

Figure 5. Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco).

a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures

b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures

c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments

d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments

Ferrario et al (2020)

taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. S10 Faulted debris flow

Figure S10. Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5e. JW: faulted debris flow sediments were uncovered while excavating down to the theater. The debris flows preceded the earthquake

Ferrario et al (2020)

sediments found on top of the theater Ferrario et al (2020)

Discussion

Ferrario et al (2020) provided what they characterize as a tight terminus ante quem of not later than the 8th - 11th century CE for the damaging event at the Theatre based on overlying structures in the Fatimid-Abassid quarter. These structures, built on top of the Theatre and debris flow deposits which covered the Theater, followed a plan similar to the underlying Theatre (see Fig. 5 from Atrash, 2010). The Fatimid-Abassid structures, which were removed in order to access the Theatre, showed no faulting, damage, or deformation in photographs taken prior to removal. Damage, according to Ferrario et al (2020), was limited to the Roman-age flooring and to the debris flow sediments above it. Ferrario et al (2020) noted this was particularly evident in the photos in Figures 5 b-d.

A terminus post quem is provided from the Southern Gate area where a deformed Byzantine wall was observed along with presumed vault collapse. According to Procopius¹, the Byzantine wall was constructed in the 6th century CE. The collapsed vault was dated to the Umayyad period by Hartal et al. (2010). Hartal et al. (2010) also dated structures built above the presumably collapsed vault to the Abbasid period. Taken together, this constrains the date of the archaeoseismic evidence in the Berniki Theater and the South Gate area to the 7th-10th century.

No radiocarbon dates were reported in the debris flow sediments which can be seen in Figures 5b and S10. A trench was examined near the South Gate site but no earthquake evidence was found in the trench and the trench could not be deepened below the 11th century CE due to the discovery of human remains.

Footnotes

1 Procopius reports in Book V Chapter IX of On the Buildings of Justinian (trans. Aubrey Stewart - Project Gutenberg) that Justinian I built the wall of Tiberias. In the version of this text translated by Henry Bronson Dewing (available at Topos Text), a margin note dates this "event" to 550 CE. Justinian I ruled from 527-565 CE.

7th-10th century CE Earthquake - probably 749 CE

Seismic Effects Table

Damage Type	Location	Image(s)	Comments
Tilted wall	Site A Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 7 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site A). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Tilting on a 1.60 m high wall; the wall direction is N50°; fractures and tilting are located in a 5 m long zone, up to 15 cm of spacing between the two sides, later cemented - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Displaced, folded, and tilted wall	Site B Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 8 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site B). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Fractures and tilting on a 1.70 m high wall; 6 m long zone, up to 25 cm spacing, 10 cm left displacement - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Fractured wall	Site F Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Same wall as B but 7 m to the E, here 1.60 m high; fracture in a 2 m long zone, up to 10 cm spacing. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Tilted wall	Site D Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Tilting in a 4 m high wall, spacing up to 2-3 cm, less clear than previous evidences. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Tilted wall	Site E Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Tilting in a 2 m high wall, feature similar to D, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Fractured wall	Site H Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Vertical fracture on a 1 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Fractured wall	Site I Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Fracture on a ca. 4 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Fractured wall	Site J Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Fracture on a 1 m high wall, spacing max 3 cm, no lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Displaced wall	Site K Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 10 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site K). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Right displacement of 15 cm on two N35° oriented walls, 80 cm high, part of a rectangular structure 3x4 m. Some tilting to the E seems visible on the N wall, but not on the S one (pictures 586-587). - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Tilted and Fractured wall	Site L Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 11 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site L). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Fractures and tilting on a 1 m long zone, 1 m high wall, spacing up to 10 cm. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Fault Gouge	4e - contact between cretaceous limestones and alluvial sediments NW of the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 4e detail of the limestone normal fault gouge Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 4d right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3) Ferrario et al (2020)	Cretaceous limestones outcrop in the NW side of the Theatre (Fig. 4a), while the E side lies on loose alluvial deposits. At the contact, a bedrock fault zone (N60/60) is exposed inside the Theatre as a 1.5 m thick fault gouge (Fig. 4e). Stress inversion of fault slip data (Fig. 4d and Table S3) indicates an almost pure extensional regime, with a T axis trending N62/13. The limestone - alluvial deposit contact has a clear morphological expression out of the Theatre area (i.e., lies at the base of the mountain escarpment) and is interpreted as tectonic in origin on the Israeli map of active faults (Sagy et al., 2016). - Ferrario et al (2020)
Displaced and tilted Wall and Gravity Graben	Site G - orchestra limestone pavement and lower block of seats Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 4b details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 4c details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls Ferrario et al (2020)	The Theatre preserves evidence of damage, mainly aligned along a ca. 10 m wide, N140-trending, belt which is located ca. 30 m to the E of the bedrock fault gouge described above. These archaeoseismic effects include on-fault effects with vertical displacement (downthrown seat-rows and walls) and strain structures generated by permanent ground deformation (tilted and folded walls). All these features belong to the primary earthquake archaeological effects described by Rodriguez-Pascua et al. (2011). The most relevant evidence is a 5-m wide, at least 15 m long, coseismic gravity-graben affecting the orchestra limestone pavement and lower block of seats (Fig. 4b and 4c). - Ferrario et al (2020) Fracture and tilting on a 80 cm high wall; wall direction: N150°, spacing ca. 1 cm. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)
Downfaulting	fault zone going across the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 10 Schematic sketches of the shallow subsurface at three key positions Theater Southern Gate Hamat hot springs section traces Information on geology is derived from the Israeli geological map (Sneh, 2008), published scientific literature (e.g., Hurwitz et al., 2002), and local reports (e.g., Zaslavsky, 2009). Borehole logs are from GSI archive Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 7 a) Topographic profiles obtained with a total station showing the vertical displacement across the studied fault at Tiberias Theatre and the Southern Gate. Each profile is plotted on a relative vertical scale with a vertical exaggeration of ca. 4x b-e) photos of the measured points at Theatre (b-d) and Southern Gate (e), colored dots represent shooting points. Ferrario et al (2020)	High resolution topographic surveys carried out along several transects on features considered as a horizontal datum (i.e., flagstones and seat rows), show 50-to-60 cm of vertical net throw with downthrown side to the E (Fig. 7), including both discrete and distributed deformation. - Ferrario et al (2020)
Fractures folds and popups on regular pavements and faulting	fault zone going across the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 5 Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco). a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S6 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5a. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S7 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5b. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S8 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5c. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S9 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5d. Ferrario et al (2020)	Photos taken in 2009 during the archaeological excavation show that normal displacement affects Roman-age floorings as well as debris flow sediments covering the Theatre pavement (Fig. 5). The sediments are well-bedded for their entire exposure, except for a few meters wide zone, corresponding with the fault zone. - Ferrario et al (2020)
Faulted Debris flow sediments	On top of the theater - uncovered during excavations down to the Theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 5e detail on the faulted debris flow sediments. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S10. Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5e. JW: faulted debris flow sediments were uncovered while excavating down to the theater. The debris flows preceded the earthquake Ferrario et al (2020)	Debris flows preceded the earthquake which is why they were faulted by the quake
Fractures	Theatre	Figure S14 a) example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre b) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre c) broken corners, Tiberias theatre. Ferrario et al (2020)	example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14a) - Ferrario et al (2020) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14b) - Ferrario et al (2020)
Broken Corners	Theatre	Fig S14 Figure S14 a) example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre b) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre c) broken corners, Tiberias theatre. Ferrario et al (2020)	broken corners, Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14c) - Ferrario et al (2020)

Discussion by Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)

Maps, Plans, and Figures/Photos

Normal Size

Sketch of Tiberias with

Sketch of Tiberias. The Berniki Theater is highlighted in yellow

Used with permission from BibleWalks.com

the Berniki Theater highlighted in yellow from BibleWalks.com
Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)
Fig. D Reconstruction of the

Figure D

Roman theater, reconstruction.

Image courtesy of Walid Atrash, Israel Antiquities Authority.

Cytryn-Silverman (2015)

Roman theater from Cytryn-Silverman (2015)
Fig. 4 Map containing Tiberias

Figure 4

Map of ancient Tiberias (modified after Hirschfeld & Gutfeld, 2008) with indication of the inferred lineament and trench position.

Ferrario et al (2015)

sites studied by Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4a Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4a

map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4b Gravity Graben in the

Figure 4b

details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4c Gravity Graben in the

Figure 4c

details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4d best fit solution of

Figure 4d

right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

Ferrario et al (2020)

fault slip inversion from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4e normal fault gouge

Figure 4e

detail of the limestone normal fault gouge

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 5 Interpreted photographs

Figure 5

Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco).

a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures

b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures

c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments

d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments

Ferrario et al (2020)

taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 7 Vertical displacement

Figure 7

a) Topographic profiles obtained with a total station showing the vertical displacement across the studied fault at Tiberias Theatre and the Southern Gate. Each profile is plotted on a relative vertical scale with a vertical exaggeration of ca. 4x

b-e) photos of the measured points at Theatre (b-d) and Southern Gate (e), colored dots represent shooting points.

Ferrario et al (2020)

across the inferred fault in Ancient Tiberias from Ferrario et al (2020)

Magnified

Fig. 3 Theater plan from

Figure 3

Theater plan

Atrash (2010)

Atrash (2010)
Fig. 4a Map of surface ruptures

Figure 4a

map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

Ferrario et al (2020)

in the Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4b Gravity Graben in the

Figure 4b

details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4c Gravity Graben in the

Figure 4c

details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

Beriniki Theatre from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 4e normal fault gouge

Figure 4e

detail of the limestone normal fault gouge

Ferrario et al (2020)

from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 5 Interpreted photographs

Figure 5

Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco).

a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures

b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures

c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments

d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments

Ferrario et al (2020)

taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 from Ferrario et al (2020)
Fig. 7 Vertical displacement

Figure 7

a) Topographic profiles obtained with a total station showing the vertical displacement across the studied fault at Tiberias Theatre and the Southern Gate. Each profile is plotted on a relative vertical scale with a vertical exaggeration of ca. 4x

b-e) photos of the measured points at Theatre (b-d) and Southern Gate (e), colored dots represent shooting points.

Ferrario et al (2020)

across the inferred fault in Ancient Tiberias from Ferrario et al (2020)

Discussion

Cretaceous limestones outcrop in the NW side of the Theatre (Fig. 4a

Figure 4a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

Ferrario et al (2020)

), while the E side lies on loose alluvial deposits. At the contact, a bedrock fault zone (N60/60) is exposed inside the Theatre as a 1.5 m thick fault gouge (Fig. 4e

Figure 4e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge

Ferrario et al (2020)

). Stress inversion of fault slip data (Fig. 4d

Figure 4d) right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3)

Ferrario et al (2020)

and Table S3) indicates an almost pure extensional regime, with a T axis trending N62/13. The limestone - alluvial deposit contact has a clear morphological expression out of the Theatre area (i.e., lies at the base of the mountain escarpment) and is interpreted as tectonic in origin on the Israeli map of active faults (Sagy et al., 2016).

The Theatre preserves evidence of damage (Fig. 4a

Figure 4a) map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well

Ferrario et al (2020)

), mainly aligned along a ca. 10 m wide, N140-trending, belt which is located ca. 30 m to the E of the bedrock fault gouge described above (Fig 4e

Figure 4e) e) detail of the limestone normal fault gouge

Ferrario et al (2020)

). These archaeoseismic effects include on-fault effects with vertical displacement (downthrown seat-rows and walls) and strain structures generated by permanent ground deformation (tilted and folded walls). All these features belong to the primary earthquake archaeological effects described by Rodriguez-Pascua et al. (2011). The most relevant evidence is a 5-m wide, at least 15 m long, coseismic gravity-graben affecting the orchestra limestone pavement and lower block of seats (Fig. 4b

Figure 4b) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

and 4c

Figure 4c) details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls

Ferrario et al (2020)

). High resolution topographic surveys carried out along several transects on features considered as a horizontal datum (i.e., flagstones and seat rows), show 50-to-60 cm of vertical net throw with downthrown side to the E (Fig. 7

Figure 7

a) Topographic profiles obtained with a total station showing the vertical displacement across the studied fault at Tiberias Theatre and the Southern Gate. Each profile is plotted on a relative vertical scale with a vertical exaggeration of ca. 4x

b-e) photos of the measured points at Theatre (b-d) and Southern Gate (e), colored dots represent shooting points.

Ferrario et al (2020)

), including both discrete and distributed deformation.

Photos taken in 2009 during the archaeological excavation show that normal displacement affects Roman-age floorings as well as debris flow sediments covering the Theatre pavement (Fig. 5

Figure 5. Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco).

a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures

b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures

c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments

d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments

Ferrario et al (2020)

). The sediments are well-bedded for their entire exposure, except for a few meters wide zone, corresponding with the fault zone.

Alignment of archaeoseismic features in the Berniki Theater

Images from JW

Modified by JW from Fig.s 6 and 8 of Atrash (2012)

Left

Berniki Theater (view towards the south) with pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone

Modified by JW from Fig. 6 of Atrash (2012)

Right

Berniki Theater (view towards the WSW) with pink highlighting where downdropped graben has created a fractured zone

Modified by JW from Fig. 8 of Atrash (2012)

Ferrario et al. (2020)

Sites from Master Photo

Site A

Figure 7

Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site A).

Ferrario et al. (2014)

Tilting on a 1.60 m high wall; the wall direction is N50°; fractures and tilting are located in a 5 m long zone, up to 15 cm of spacing between the two sides, later cemented
Site B

Figure 8

Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site B).

Ferrario et al. (2014)

Fractures and tilting on a 1.70 m high wall; 6 m long zone, up to 25 cm spacing, 10 cm left displacement.
Site F Same wall as B but 7 m to the E, here 1.60 m high; fracture in a 2 m long zone, up to 10 cm spacing.
Site D Tilting in a 4 m high wall, spacing up to 2-3 cm, less clear than previous evidences.
Site E Tilting in a 2 m high wall, feature similar to D, no spacing nor lateral displacement.
Site G

Figure 9

Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site G).

Ferrario et al. (2014)

Fracture and tilting on a 80 cm high wall; wall direction: N150°, spacing ca. 1 cm.
Site H Vertical fracture on a 1 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement.
Site I Fracture on a ca. 4 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement.
Site J Fracture on a 1 m high wall, spacing max 3 cm, no lateral displacement.
Site K

Figure 10

Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site K).

Ferrario et al. (2014)

Right displacement of 15 cm on two N35° oriented walls, 80 cm high, part of a rectangular structure 3x4 m. Some tilting to the E seems visible on the N wall, but not on the S one (pictures 586-587).
Site L

Figure 11

Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site L).

Ferrario et al. (2014)

Fractures and tilting on a 1 m long zone, 1 m high wall, spacing up to 10 cm.
Site descriptions and photos are from Ferrario et al. (2014)

Master Photo

from Ferrario et al (2020)

Fig. 3

General view of the Beriniki theatre (looking NE); the letters show locations of main features
Detail of an observed deformation
Alignment of deformations along a N140° direction

Ferrario et al (2020)

Inferred Fault in Ancient Tiberias

from Ferrario et al (2020)

Figure 4: Map of ancient Tiberias (modified after Hirschfeld & Gutfeld, 2008) with indication of the inferred lineament and trench position.

Ferrario et al (2020)

7th-10th century CE Earthquake - probably 749 CE

Left - Deformation Map modified by JW from Fig. 3 of Atrash (2010)
Right - Section from Fig. 10a of Ferrario et al (2020)

Deformation Map (left)

Modified by JW from Fig. 3 of Atrash (2010)

Section (right)

from Fig. 10a of Ferrario et al (2020)

7th-10th century CE Earthquake - probably 749 CE

Earthquake Archeological Effects chart

Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)

Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Damage Type	Location	Image(s)	Comments	Intensity
Tilted wall	Site A Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 7 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site A). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Tilting on a 1.60 m high wall; the wall direction is N50°; fractures and tilting are located in a 5 m long zone, up to 15 cm of spacing between the two sides, later cemented - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Displaced, folded, and tilted wall	Site B Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 8 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site B). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Fractures and tilting on a 1.70 m high wall; 6 m long zone, up to 25 cm spacing, 10 cm left displacement - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VII +
Fractured wall	Site F Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Same wall as B but 7 m to the E, here 1.60 m high; fracture in a 2 m long zone, up to 10 cm spacing. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Tilted wall	Site D Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Tilting in a 4 m high wall, spacing up to 2-3 cm, less clear than previous evidences. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Tilted wall	Site E Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Tilting in a 2 m high wall, feature similar to D, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Fractured wall	Site H Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Vertical fracture on a 1 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Fractured wall	Site I Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Fracture on a ca. 4 m high wall, no spacing nor lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Fractured wall	Site J Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014)		Fracture on a 1 m high wall, spacing max 3 cm, no lateral displacement. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Displaced wall	Site K Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 10 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site K). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Right displacement of 15 cm on two N35° oriented walls, 80 cm high, part of a rectangular structure 3x4 m. Some tilting to the E seems visible on the N wall, but not on the S one (pictures 586-587). - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VII +
Tilted and Fractured wall	Site L Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 11 Deformation observed at the Berniki theatre (Site L). Ferrario et al. (2014)	Fractures and tilting on a 1 m long zone, 1 m high wall, spacing up to 10 cm. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VI +
Fault Gouge	4e - contact between cretaceous limestones and alluvial sediments NW of the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 4e detail of the limestone normal fault gouge Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 4d right dihedral best fit solution of fault slip inversion (15 fault planes in the limestone bedrock; Table S3) Ferrario et al (2020)	Cretaceous limestones outcrop in the NW side of the Theatre (Fig. 4a), while the E side lies on loose alluvial deposits. At the contact, a bedrock fault zone (N60/60) is exposed inside the Theatre as a 1.5 m thick fault gouge (Fig. 4e). Stress inversion of fault slip data (Fig. 4d and Table S3) indicates an almost pure extensional regime, with a T axis trending N62/13. The limestone - alluvial deposit contact has a clear morphological expression out of the Theatre area (i.e., lies at the base of the mountain escarpment) and is interpreted as tectonic in origin on the Israeli map of active faults (Sagy et al., 2016). - Ferrario et al (2020)	?
Displaced and tilted Wall and Gravity Graben	Site G - orchestra limestone pavement and lower block of seats Figure 6 General view of the Berniki theatre (looking NE). The letters show locations of sites. Ferrario et al. (2014) Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 12 Alignment of the observed deformation at the Berniki theatre. Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. Ferrario et al. (2014)	Figure 4b details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 4c details of the gravity graben displacing seat rows and walls Ferrario et al (2020)	The Theatre preserves evidence of damage, mainly aligned along a ca. 10 m wide, N140-trending, belt which is located ca. 30 m to the E of the bedrock fault gouge described above. These archaeoseismic effects include on-fault effects with vertical displacement (downthrown seat-rows and walls) and strain structures generated by permanent ground deformation (tilted and folded walls). All these features belong to the primary earthquake archaeological effects described by Rodriguez-Pascua et al. (2011). The most relevant evidence is a 5-m wide, at least 15 m long, coseismic gravity-graben affecting the orchestra limestone pavement and lower block of seats (Fig. 4b and 4c). - Ferrario et al (2020) Fracture and tilting on a 80 cm high wall; wall direction: N150°, spacing ca. 1 cm. - Ferrario et al. (2014) Features A,B,C,D,L,G,K are all aligned along a N140° direction, as shown [in Figure 12]. The dashed red line represents the alignment of the observed damages. - Ferrario et al. (2014)	VII +
Downfaulting	fault zone going across the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 10 Schematic sketches of the shallow subsurface at three key positions Theater Southern Gate Hamat hot springs section traces Information on geology is derived from the Israeli geological map (Sneh, 2008), published scientific literature (e.g., Hurwitz et al., 2002), and local reports (e.g., Zaslavsky, 2009). Borehole logs are from GSI archive Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 7 a) Topographic profiles obtained with a total station showing the vertical displacement across the studied fault at Tiberias Theatre and the Southern Gate. Each profile is plotted on a relative vertical scale with a vertical exaggeration of ca. 4x b-e) photos of the measured points at Theatre (b-d) and Southern Gate (e), colored dots represent shooting points. Ferrario et al (2020)	High resolution topographic surveys carried out along several transects on features considered as a horizontal datum (i.e., flagstones and seat rows), show 50-to-60 cm of vertical net throw with downthrown side to the E (Fig. 7), including both discrete and distributed deformation. - Ferrario et al (2020)	VI +
Fractures folds and popups on regular pavements and faulting	fault zone going across the theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 5 Interpreted photographs taken during excavations at Tiberias Theatre in 2009 (photo courtesy of S. Marco). a) panoramic view on damaged Roman-age structures (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) overlaid by Fatimid-Abassid undamaged structures b) damaged Roman Theatre flooring overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments (fault trace is marked by red dashed line) and undamaged Fatimid-Abassid structures c) damaged Roman Theatre wall, overlaid by faulted alluvial sediments d) detail of the damaged Roman flooring and the faulted alluvial sediments Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S6 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5a. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S7 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5b. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S8 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5c. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S9 Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5d. Ferrario et al (2020)	Photos taken in 2009 during the archaeological excavation show that normal displacement affects Roman-age floorings as well as debris flow sediments covering the Theatre pavement (Fig. 5). The sediments are well-bedded for their entire exposure, except for a few meters wide zone, corresponding with the fault zone. - Ferrario et al (2020)	VI +
Faulted Debris flow sediments	On top of the theater - uncovered during excavations down to the Theater Figure 4a map of ruptures across the Theatre, rose diagrams (bin size 15°) show fractures on archaeological relics from the whole site (red, n° 100) and on the orchestra floor (grey, n° 23); picture view angles (the figure number showing each picture is indicated) and trace of total station profiles are shown as well Ferrario et al (2020) Figure 2c Drone picture of Tiberias Theater (foreground), the outcropping limestone and the modern town (background) photo courtesy of Y. Darvasi Ferrario et al (2020)	Figure 5e detail on the faulted debris flow sediments. Ferrario et al (2020) Figure S10. Clean version of the photograph presented in Figure 5e. JW: faulted debris flow sediments were uncovered while excavating down to the theater. The debris flows preceded the earthquake Ferrario et al (2020)	Debris flows preceded the earthquake which is why they were faulted by the quake	?
Fractures	Theatre	Figure S14 a) example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre b) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre c) broken corners, Tiberias theatre. Ferrario et al (2020)	example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14a) - Ferrario et al (2020) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14b) - Ferrario et al (2020)	VI +
Broken Corners	Theatre	Fig S14 Figure S14 a) example of a fracture affecting a ca. 40-cm high building stone at Tiberias theatre b) fracture affecting a corner of a building stone, Tiberias theatre c) broken corners, Tiberias theatre. Ferrario et al (2020)	broken corners, Tiberias theatre (Fig. S14c) - Ferrario et al (2020)	VI +

Although this archaeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VII (7) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224), the presence of apparently coseismic on site faulting suggests a minimum intensity of IX (9).

Magnitude Estimate from Normal Fault Displacement

Source - Wells and Coppersmith (1994)

Variable	Input	Units	Notes
Average Displacement		cm.
Maximum Displacement		cm.
V_S30		m/s	Enter a value of 655 for no site effect Equation comes from Darvasi and Agnon (2019)
Variable	Output - not considering a Site Effect	Units	Notes
M_W		unitless	Moment Magnitude for Avg. Displacement
M_W		unitless	Moment Magnitude for Max. Displacement
Variable	Output - Site Effect Removal	Units	Notes
I_reduction		unitless	Reduce Intensity Estimate by this amount to get a pre-amplification value of Intensity

Site Effect

The value given for Intensity with site effect removed is how much you should subtract from your Intensity estimate to obtain a pre-amplification value for Intensity. For example if the output is 0.5 and you estimated an Intensity of 8, your pre-amplification Intensity is now 7.5. An Intensity estimate with the site effect removed is helpful in producing an Intensity Map that will do a better job of "triangulating" the epicentral area. If you enter a V_S30 greater than 655 m/s you will get a positive number, indicating that the site amplifies seismic energy. If you enter a V_S30 less than 655 m/s you will get a negative number, indicating that the site attenuates seismic energy rather than amplifying it. Intensity Reduction (I_reduction) is calculated based on Equation 6 from Darvasi and Agnon (2019).

V_S30

V_S30 is the average seismic shear-wave velocity from the surface to a depth of 30 meters at earthquake frequencies (below ~5 Hz.). Darvasi and Agnon (2019) estimated V_S30 for a number of sites in Israel. If you get V_S30 from a well log, you will need to correct for intrinsic dispersion. There is a seperate geometric dispersion correction usually applied when processing the waveforms however geometric dispersion corrections are typically applied to a borehole Flexural mode generated from a Dipole source and for Dipole sources propagating in the first 30 meters of soft sediments, modal composition is typically dominated by the Stoneley wave. Shear from Stoneley estimates are approximate at best. This is a subject not well understood and widely ignored by the Geotechnical community and/or Civil Engineers but understood by a few specialists in borehole acoustics. Other considerations will apply if you get V_S30 value from a cross well survey or a shallow seismic survey where the primary consideration is converting shear slowness from survey frequency to Earthquake frequency. There are also ways to estimate shear slowness from SPT & CPT tests.

References

Articles and Books

Atrash, Walid (2010), Tiberias, the Roman Theater, Hadashot Arkheologiyot - Excavations and Surveys in Israel, Volume 122 Year 2010

Atrash, W. (2012). The Roman Theater at Tiberias / התאטרון הרומי בטבריה. Qadmoniot: A Journal for the Antiquities of Eretz-Israel and Bible Lands / קדמוניות: כתב-עת לעתיקות ארץ-ישראל וארצות המקרא, מה(144), 79–88. (in Hebrew) - at JSTOR

Ferrario, M. F., et al. (2014). Evaluation of earthquake hazard for the city of Tiberias. GSI Report

Ferrario, M. F., et al. (2020). "The mid-8th century CE surface faulting along the Dead Sea Fault at Tiberias (Sea of Galilee, Israel)." Tectonics 39(9).

Link to download supplemental material from Ferrario, M. F., et al. (2020)

Medvedev, B., 2008. Fault mapping at Berniki area, west Sea of Galilee. The Geophyiscal Inst. of Isreal, Report 645/319/08, 6 p. (in Hebrew).

Sear, F. (2006). Roman Theatres: An Architectural Study (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology). United Kingdom: OUP Oxford.

Wyllie, D C., Mah, C.W., 2004. Rock slope engineering, civil and mining, Spon Press, London, New York, 4th Ed., 431 pp - open access

Wyllie, D. C. (2017). Rock Slope Engineering: Civil Applications, Fifth Edition. United Kingdom: CRC Press LLC.

Wyllie, D. C. (2017). Rock Slope Engineering: Civil Applications, Fifth Edition. United Kingdom: CRC Press LLC. - open access

Websites

Maria Francesca Ferrario at ResearchGate

Tiberias Theater at BibleWalks.com

Ancient Roman Theatre in Tiberias at Wikimedia Commons (photos)

Berinki Theater of Tiberias at the Theatrum database (in German)

Rick Allmendinger's website (Structural Geology software)

Equipment and Software used by Ferrario et al. (2020)

Drone
FieldMove CLINO app for Android or FieldMove CLINO app for ios by Petroleum Experts Limited®
plotted data using Stereonet v.11 software by Rick Allmendinger
invert for slip with the software FaultKin v.8 (Allmendinger et al., 2001), following a kinematic approach (i.e., Unweighted Moment Tensor Solution) in order to derive strain axes from fault geometry and slip direction. This method assumes that slip direction on fault is parallel to the maximum resolved shear rate of a large scale homogeneous strain rate tensor (e.g., Marrett & Allmendinger, 1990).
Rick Allmendinger's website

Tiberias - Beriniki Theatre