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Tiberias - Site 7354

Site 7354

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Introduction
Excavations

The excavation site was located at the northeastern foot of Mount Berenice, c. 50 m north of the municipal waste-water treatment plant and near the British drainage channel. Numerous remains of the ancient city of Tiberias were exposed in large-scale excavations in this area, including a building dating to the Late Roman period, which some scholars identify as a bet midrash (Hirschfeld 2004), and a structure from the Fatimid period, where a cache of metal items was discovered (Hirschfeld and Gutfeld 2008). Many architectural remains from the Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid periods (fourth–eleventh centuries CE) were revealed in excavations that were conducted prior to the construction of a new waste-water channel and along the renewed route of the salt-water carrier (Mokary 2011; Permit No. A-5057). The remains, mainly dwellings and streets, indicate that this area, near the mountain, was a residential quarter (Hirschfeld 2004:219–220). No post-Fatimid remains of the city were found in this area because Tiberias was abandoned at the end of the period (late eleventh century CE), and the few residents who stayed in the city were concentrated in its northern part.

Summary

This small-scale excavation yielded remains of buildings that date from the end of the Byzantine period to the Fatimid period. The excavation concluded before layers that date from earlier than the Late Byzantine period could be exposed, and it is reasonable to assume that the buildings were constructed over remains from the Roman period. The buildings were erected one above the other with similar orientations, a phenomenon observed in other excavations at Tiberias (Hirschfeld 2004:219). It seems that the three buildings, or at least those of Stratum I and II, were dwellings, and should be ascribed to the residential neighborhood that was exposed by Y. Hirschfeld that existed for a long period of time along the eastern and northern foot of Mount Berenice.

Tiberias - Introduction Webpage

Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, Sections, and Photos
Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, Sections, and Photos

Maps

Aerial Views

  • Site 7354 on Google Earth
  • Site 7354 on govmap.gov.il

Plans and Sections

Normal Size

  • Fig. 2 Plans and Sections from Dalali-Amos (2016)

Magnified

  • Fig. 2 Plans and Sections from Dalali-Amos (2016)

Photos

  • Fig. 3 Wall 115        from Dalali-Amos (2016)
  • Fig. 4 Wall 115        from Dalali-Amos (2016)
  • Fig. 5 Wall 116        from Dalali-Amos (2016)
  • Fig. 7 Later strata walls from Dalali-Amos (2016)

Chronology
Phasing

Site 7354

Stratum Period Date Range (CE) Description
III Byzantine-Umayyad ~5th-~8th centuries CE
Description

Sections of two wide walls (W115, W116) formed a corner. The walls were built of basalt ashlars (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.35–0.53 m), of which one, leveled course (c. 0.4 m) was preserved; the top of the course was covered with a layer of hard gray mortar. A pavement (L122) of small and medium-sized fieldstones (5 × 15 cm) that was covered with an accumulation of soil (L118) abutted the eastern face of W115 (length 1.5 m, width 0.9 m; Fig. 4). A hard, tamped floor (L121; thickness c. 0.1 m) made of pebbles and hard mortar abutted W116 (exposed length 2.2 m, width 0.9 m; Fig. 5) from the north. Two sections of a terra-cotta pipe sealed with tamped white calcareous mortar were exposed in situ beneath the floor (Fig. 6:1).

The ceramic finds that were gathered from Floors 121 and 122, Accumulation 118 above the stone pavement (L122) and from the soil accumulation east of W115 (L111) included an imported Cypriot bowl (Fig. 6:2; Hayes 1972, Cypriot Red Slip Ware Form 2) that dates from the late fifth century – early sixth century CE, the likes of which were previously found in Tiberias; a cup with a ribbed body (Fig. 6:3; Stacey 2004:139–140, Fig. 5.54:1) that dates from the Umayyad – Early Abbasid period; as well as jars (Fig. 6:4, 5) and glassware (Fig. 9; Gorin-Rosen, below) from the Early Roman, Byzantine and the Early Umayyad periods.

It seems that the building was constructed in the Byzantine period, but it continued to exist until the Umayyad period; it may have been damaged in the Earthquake of 749 CE. Remains from this period were found in Stratum III in Hirschfeld’s excavation, which he dated to the end of the fifth century until the Earthquake of 749 CE (Hirschfeld 2004:5). The building was not renovated after it went out of used. Its walls were dismantled to a height of one course and were used in building foundations for new walls. The spaces between the walls were filled with fieldstones (L112, L119, L124, L125; Figs. 4, 5), and the area was leveled and prepared for the construction of a new building.

II Abbasid and Fatimid ~9th- ~11th centuries CE
Description

The broad walls of Stratum III served as a foundation for the narrower walls of a new building. Two perpendicular walls (W106, W107; Figs. 3, 4) of the new structure were preserved: W106 (length 3.4 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W116, and W107 (length c. 3 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W115. The walls survived to a height of two courses that were constructed of roughly hewn basalt building stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.35–0.45 m); the second course of W107 was built of long stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.58 m). The top of the bottom course on both of the walls was leveled, and a layer of small stones and hard gray mortar was placed on it. Small stones were set between the stones of the second course on both walls. An opening to a room that was located north of W106 (L108, L110) was situated at the northern end of W107. In this room and in the room south of W106 (L109, L120) were thick, white plaster floors (thickness c. 5 cm; Fig. 7) set on top of a bedding of small stones that also covered the lower part of the walls. The plaster floors and their beddings were set on stone fills (L119, L124, L125) between the walls of Stratum III. This building was also abandoned, its walls were mostly dismantled and a new structure was erected on its remains.

I Abbasid and Fatimid ~9th- ~11th centuries CE
Description

The new building was constructed with the same orientation as that of the structure in Stratum II. Two of its walls (W101, W102) survived; they were built in part on the walls and partially on the floors in the rooms of the previous stratum. Wall 101 (length 3.65 m, width 0.6 m) was founded on the plaster floors of the rooms of the Stratum II building and on a section of W106 that it bisected. two–three courses of the wall survived. It is built of large stones with small stones (0.22 × 0.30 × 0. 50 m) in between, arranged in two rows, and a core of small fieldstones in between. The wall foundation was set on the remains of the buildings beneath it; therefore, where the remains were high, such as Floor 108, the foundation was two courses high, and where the remains were low, such as in Fill 119, the foundation was three courses high. Wall 102 (length 1.9 m, width 0.6 m) was perpendicular to W101 and adjoined it from the west; it was constructed directly on top of W106 of Stratum II (Figs. 4, 7). No floors were found that were associated with this construction.

Although the architectural distinction between Stratum II and Stratum I is clear, the ceramic finds from the two layers are quite uniform, and it is therefore very difficult to determine when the Stratum II building was constructed, abandoned or destroyed, and when the Stratum I building was erected in its place. The ceramics from Strata II and I are characteristic of the pottery assemblage known from previous excavations at Tiberias (Amir 2004; Stacey 2004), and date from the Abbasid and Fatimid periods (ninth–eleventh centuries CE). They are presented here as a single repertoire that also comprises vessels from the surface. The finds include locally produced splash-glazed bowls occurring in green, cream and brownish-purple shades and decorated with incising (Fig. 8:1–5); two imported glazed bowls, one from Iraq (Fig. 8:6; Stacey 2004:113, Fig. 5.23) and the other from Egypt (8:7; Stacey 2004:117, Fig. 5.25); and buff-ware jugs (Fig. 8:8–10). Other finds include locally produced unglazed vessels, such as a frying pan (Fig. 8:11) and a holemouth jar decorated with straight and wavy combing (Fig. 8:12). The jar belongs to a type that first appeared in the Umayyad period and continued to be used in the Abbasid period; it is probably a remnant from Stratum III. A fragment of a glass bowl (Fig. 9:4; Gorin-Rosen, below) and a small metal bowl (Fig. 8:13), probably used for grinding cosmetic ingredients, were also ascribed to the Abbasid period. Small metal bowls, both dated to the Early Islamic period, were found in Tiberias in the past (Amir 2004:67).

All of Tiberias

Stratum Period Date Notes
I Late Fatimid 11th century CE construction above the collapse caused by an earthquake (in 1033 CE?)
II Early Fatimid 9th - 10th centuries CE continued use of the street with shops.
III Abbasid 8th - 9th centuries CE a row of shops, the basilica building was renovated.
IV Byzantine–Umayyad 5th - 7th centuries CE the eastern wing was added to the basilica building; the paved street; destruction was caused by the earthquake in 749 CE.
V Late Roman 4th century CE construction of the basilica complex, as well as the city’s institutions, i. e., the bathhouse and the covered market place.
VI Roman 2nd - 3rd centuries CE establishment of the Hadrianeum in the second century CE (temple dedicated to Hadrian that was never completed) and industrial installations; the paving of the cardo and the city’s infrastructure.
VII Early Roman 1st century CE founding of Tiberias, construction of the palace with the marble floor on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, opus sectile, fresco.
VIII Hellenistic 1st - 2nd centuries BCE fragments of typical pottery vessels (fish plates, Megarian bowls).

Stratum III Earthquake ? - 749 CE ?

Dalali-Amos (2016) wrote that the Stratum III building may have been damaged in the Earthquake of 749 CE [one of the 749 CE Sabbatical Year Quakes] while noting that remains from this period were found in Stratum III in Hirschfeld’s excavation, which he dated to the end of the fifth century until the Earthquake of 749 CE (Hirschfeld 2004:5). The tops of stratum III walls (e.g. W115 and W116) were removed and leveled before construction began in overlying Stratum II. This left Stratum III walls that were just one course high and that were used as a foundation for the Stratum II construction. Thus, although potential archaeoseismic evidence was removed in Stratum II, the missing tops of these walls may indicate that they collapsed or were severely damaged in an earthquake.

Seismic Effects
Stratum III Earthquake ? - 749 CE ?

Effect Location Image(s) Description
Collapsed walls ?               Tops of Walls 115 and 116



  • JW: The tops of stratum III walls (e.g. W115 and W116) were removed and leveled before construction began in overlying Stratum II. This left Stratum III walls that were just one course high and that were used as a foundation for the Stratum II construction. Thus, although potential archaeoseismic evidence was removed in Stratum II, the missing tops of these walls may indicate that they collapsed or were severely damaged in an earthquake.
  • It seems that the building [of Stratum III] was constructed in the Byzantine period, but it continued to exist until the Umayyad period; it may have been damaged in the Earthquake of 749 CE. Remains from this period were found in Stratum III in Hirschfeld’s excavation, which he dated to the end of the fifth century until the Earthquake of 749 CE (Hirschfeld 2004:5). The building was not renovated after it went out of used. Its walls were dismantled to a height of one course and were used in building foundations for new walls. The spaces between the walls were filled with fieldstones (L112, L119, L124, L125; Figs. 4, 5), and the area was leveled and prepared for the construction of a new building. - Dalali-Amos (2016)
  • The broad walls of Stratum III served as a foundation for the narrower walls of a new building [in Stratum II]. Two perpendicular walls (W106, W107; Figs. 3, 4) of the new structure were preserved: W106 (length 3.4 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W116, and W107 (length c. 3 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W115. The walls survived to a height of two courses that were constructed of roughly hewn basalt building stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.35–0.45 m); the second course of W107 was built of long stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.58 m). The top of the bottom course on both of the walls was leveled, and a layer of small stones and hard gray mortar was placed on it. Small stones were set between the stones of the second course on both walls. An opening to a room that was located north of W106 (L108, L110) was situated at the northern end of W107. In this room and in the room south of W106 (L109, L120) were thick, white plaster floors (thickness c. 5 cm; Fig. 7) set on top of a bedding of small stones that also covered the lower part of the walls. The plaster floors and their beddings were set on stone fills (L119, L124, L125) between the walls of Stratum III. This building was also abandoned, its walls were mostly dismantled and a new structure was erected on its remains. - Dalali-Amos (2016)

Deformation Maps
Stratum III Earthquake ? - 749 CE ?

Deformation Map

Modified by JW from Fig. 2 of Dalali-Amos (2016)

Intensity Estimates
Stratum III Earthquake ? - 749 CE ?

Effect Location Image(s) Description Intensity
Collapsed walls ?               Tops of Walls 115 and 116



  • JW: The tops of stratum III walls (e.g. W115 and W116) were removed and leveled before construction began in overlying Stratum II. This left Stratum III walls that were just one course high and that were used as a foundation for the Stratum II construction. Thus, although potential archaeoseismic evidence was removed in Stratum II, the missing tops of these walls may indicate that they collapsed or were severely damaged in an earthquake.
  • It seems that the building [of Stratum III] was constructed in the Byzantine period, but it continued to exist until the Umayyad period; it may have been damaged in the Earthquake of 749 CE. Remains from this period were found in Stratum III in Hirschfeld’s excavation, which he dated to the end of the fifth century until the Earthquake of 749 CE (Hirschfeld 2004:5). The building was not renovated after it went out of used. Its walls were dismantled to a height of one course and were used in building foundations for new walls. The spaces between the walls were filled with fieldstones (L112, L119, L124, L125; Figs. 4, 5), and the area was leveled and prepared for the construction of a new building. - Dalali-Amos (2016)
  • The broad walls of Stratum III served as a foundation for the narrower walls of a new building [in Stratum II]. Two perpendicular walls (W106, W107; Figs. 3, 4) of the new structure were preserved: W106 (length 3.4 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W116, and W107 (length c. 3 m, width 0.56 m) was built on top of W115. The walls survived to a height of two courses that were constructed of roughly hewn basalt building stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.35–0.45 m); the second course of W107 was built of long stones (0.25 × 0.30 × 0.58 m). The top of the bottom course on both of the walls was leveled, and a layer of small stones and hard gray mortar was placed on it. Small stones were set between the stones of the second course on both walls. An opening to a room that was located north of W106 (L108, L110) was situated at the northern end of W107. In this room and in the room south of W106 (L109, L120) were thick, white plaster floors (thickness c. 5 cm; Fig. 7) set on top of a bedding of small stones that also covered the lower part of the walls. The plaster floors and their beddings were set on stone fills (L119, L124, L125) between the walls of Stratum III. This building was also abandoned, its walls were mostly dismantled and a new structure was erected on its remains. - Dalali-Amos (2016)
VIII +
This archaeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

Notes and Further Reading
References