Stratum IV Destruction - Late Iron IIA Open this page in a new tab

Panitz-Cohen and Mazar in Mazar et al. (2020 v.2:186) report that Stratum C-1a (Stratum IV) ended in a sudden and violent destruction accompanied by an intense conflagration. Every excavated building directly beneath topsoil showed evidence of burning. Temperatures were thought to exceed 500°C, as partial firing of brick courses and mud plaster occurred in many walls. Pottery vessels were cracked, distorted, and heavily calcified; in Building CF, a large pottery crate was so deformed by heat that restoration proved extremely difficult. The destruction was abrupt, indicated by the extraordinary quantity of pottery vessels and objects left inside houses. Only a single skeleton was recovered, possibly suggesting a daytime event. After this destruction, virtually no occupation followed except for a single deep pit cutting through Iron IIA strata and a sterile gray fill above part of Building CL. The site appears to have been abandoned. Archaeoseismic evidence in Area C includes collapsed and tilted walls, fallen ceilings, broken pottery (some in fallen position), and heavy debris. Comparable evidence appears in Areas D, E, and G. Unlike the Stratum V and VI events, however, there is no compelling evidence for pronounced vertical shaking. This suggests that Tel Reḥov was probably not within the near-field of the earthquake and that the underlying active faults beneath the tel likely did not slip. These faults were identified through seismic surveys discussed in the final excavation report. Structural deformation remains evident, but without clear signs of significant vertical uplift. Dating rests on ceramic evidence and radiocarbon determinations. Panitz-Cohen and Mazar (2020 v.2) date the Iron IIA destruction to the 9th century BCE, no later than 840/830 BCE. However, Finkelstein and Piasetzky (2010) and Finkelstein ( 2013; 2017) place the end of Late Iron Age II closer to ~760 BCE, coinciding with the Amos Quake. In the Tel Rehov Paleoseismic Trench, approximately 300 m north of the site, Zilberman et al. (2004) identified Event I with more than 1.2 m of slip, which they associated with the ~760 BCE Amos Quake. It is therefore plausible that the Stratum IV destruction was caused by this earthquake. The damaged structures were built entirely of mudbrick with wood beam foundations, introducing the likelihood of a construction-related site effect that may have influenced the structural response during seismic shaking.

By Jefferson Williams