Twelve m north of the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount, projecting from the western wall, are the remains of the so-called Robinson's Arch.
The arch is named for the researcher who identified it in 1838 as the remains of
the eastern end of the bridge he believed linked the Temple Mount to the
Upper City to the west in the Second Temple period. Wilson and Warren
discovered the remains of the pier on which the other side of the arch had
rested. Warren, in fact, dug a series of seven shafts running westward at regular
intervals up the southwestern hill from the arch, but found no evidence of
additional piers. Nevertheless, the existence of such a bridge, supported on a
row of arches, was taken almost for granted, until disproved by Mazar's
excavations.
The pier that supported the western arm of Robinson's Arch stood 13 m
distant from the western wall and was built of large ashlars, similar in tooling
to the stones in the walls of the Temple Mount. The length of the pier was 15.2
m and its width 3.6 m; it was preserved to a height of some 5 m. In it were four
small hollow spaces, possibly used as shops open onto the street that ran
beneath Robinson's Arch. Shallow arches above the lintels of these spaces
relieved the pressure from the superstructure; the remains of these arches are
carved with convex upper sides, and are still in position on the lintels. The
surviving remains of Robinson's Arch itself are three courses where the arch
was attached to the wall of the Temple Mount. The arch was supported on this
side by a course of projecting stones; there was probably a similar course in the
opposite spring of the arch (in the pier), as such stones have been found in
secondary use in a later building. The diameter of the span of Robinson's
Arch was 13m and its width was equal to the pier's. It hung 17.5 m above the
street. The collapsed remains of the arch, including pieces of the steps built on
top of it, were found on the street pavement. Found southwest of Robinson's
Arch were the remnants of a series of vaults running at right angles to the arch.
The length of the vaults was a little less than that of Robinson's Arch, and the
diameter was 5 m. Six vaults were found, for a total length of 35 m, gradually
increasing in height from south to north. The vaults, together with Robinson's Arch, supported a monumental flight of stairs. They were built during
Herod's reign to link the street in the Tyropoeon Valley, at the foot of the
Temple Mount, with the Royal Stoa in the southern part of the Temple
Mount enclosure, as described by Josephus (Antiq. XV, 410-411).
Robinson's Arch was an integral
part of an extensive structure, the remains of whose rooms were exposed
attached to the northern side of the
arch. In view of the size and position
of the building and the quality of its
construction, Mazar conjectured that
it might be the Jerusalem archives
mentioned by Josephus (War VI, 354).
At the foot of the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount the remains
of a street were discovered-a major
traffic artery in the Second Temple
period that ran along the bed of the
Tyropoeon Valley. It was 10 m
wide, paved with large stone slabs,
most of them 2 to 4 sq m in area, and
bordered on both sides by raised curbstones. It was buried under the rubble
of ashlars from the walls of the Temple
Mount. Beneath the street was a drain,
sometimes as much as 4 m deep, mostly roofed by a vault. The drain's winding, irregular course is evidence that
the workmen had tried to take advantage of the hollows created by First
Temple tombs encountered along the
way. Part of the street's southern continuation, farther down the Tyropoeon, and the drain beneath it were
discovered by Bliss and Dickie at the end of the nineteenth century, north of
the Siloam Pool. Kenyon reexposed a section of this street in her site N, and
near it the remains of what was probably a public building built of ashlars.
After some deliberation, she dated the street and the building to the Herodian
period. This conclusion obviously ran counter to her hypothesis (see above)
that this part of the Tyropoeon Valley was not part of the walled city of
Jerusalem until the reign of Agrippa I. Near the Siloam Pool, Bliss and
Dickie found an additional section of paving from the same street. The
drain beneath the street left the city limits through gate C2 in the First Wall.
At the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount, the main street split into
a side street that ran north on a higher level, alongside the western wall of the
Temple Mount. Its width was 3m and it was supported by a series of vaults.
The vaults, in turn, were probably shops that opened onto the main street to
the west (similar to the street and underlying vaults running alongside the
southern wall). The remnants of the northern extension of this upper street
along the western wall were probably those exposed by Warren in his shafts
near Barclay's Gate and Wilson's Arch. A paved section of the continuation of
that street was recently exposed near the northwestern corner of the Temple
Mount (see below). At the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount another
street split off the main street, climbing up eastward to the Huldah Gates (see
above). Yet another street ran west, north of Robinson's Arch, and ascended
to the Upper City by way of a flight of stairs, some of which were supported by
underground vaults
In 1994–1996, excavations were resumed in the Robinson’s Arch area,
the first since the conclusion of the large-scale excavations in this area
directed by B. Mazar. The renewed excavations were directed by R. Reich
and Y. Billig, on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
The main architectural remains exposed west of the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount, which had been partially exposed by C. Wilson
(1865), C. Warren (1867), and B. Mazar, consist of a 70-m-long segment
of the paved Herodian street and the façade of the pier of Robinson’s Arch.
The street runs along the western wall of the Temple Mount. It is paved
with large, well-cut stone slabs of various sizes, the largest 3.20 m long,
laid in no apparent pattern. The stone slabs are 25–40 cm thick. All the
stones were found intact and in situ, except in one spot where the impact
of the collapse of Robinson’s Arch severely damaged the street. The width
of the street between two raised curbs is c. 8.5 m.
A date for the construction of the street was established in the excavations. A probe under one of the flagstones of the street revealed several
coins, the latest of which dates to Pontius Pilate (26–36 CE; an additional
coin from 67 CE seems to be intrusive). It seems that, although the street
was planned as part of Herod’s building program on the Temple Mount,
it was paved only in the last generation before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. This also accounts for the unweathered state of the street’s
flagstones.
The street does not abut the western wall of the Temple Mount, but runs
parallel to it at a distance of c. 3 m, leaving a space in which a row of small
chambers was constructed. These chambers, 21 of which were identified,
have uniform measurements of c. 3 by 3 m. They opened onto the street,
and most probably served as shops, though they were found almost completely devoid of artifacts.
Similar chambers were situated on the western
side of the street, four of which were located in the pier of Robinson’s
Arch; these were excavated by B. Mazar. The street apparently served as
the main commercial thoroughfare in the city.
The street’s pavement was found covered with a thin (3–5-cm-thick)
layer of debris containing pottery sherds, animal bones, and some 130
coins, having accumulated once the street was no longer cleaned and
maintained. The latest coin is of the fourth year of the First Jewish Revolt
against Rome (69 CE). Upon this layer was found the huge collapse of
Herodian construction stones of the western wall of the Temple Mount and
of Robinson’s Arch. Among this debris were several stones from the coping of the western wall, triangular in cross-section with a rounded upper
edge; stones that formed part of the engaged pilasters on the upper part
of the wall; stones with molding, from the gate leading from the monumental Robinson’s Arch staircase onto the Temple Mount; stairs from the
staircase; and stones from the handrails of that staircase. The northern half
of this collapse was left as found during the excavations, a testimony to
visitors of the site of the destruction wrought by the Romans in 70 CE. The
remainder of the collapse was cleared and transferred to other parts of the
archaeological park at the site, exposing the pavement of the street.
The dismantling of the eastern wall of Umayyad palace IV, adjacent to
the southwestern corner of the Temple Mount, revealed that it incorporated
parts of a Roman building, most probably a latrine. Parts of this latrine had
been exposed by the B. Mazar expedition. A dozen flat stones of the presumed latrine bear carved decorations and inscriptions, allowing for their
identification as spolia originally used as seats of a theater or some other
public assembly hall. These stones were then incorporated into Umayyad
palace IV. There is no evidence for the date of construction of the theater or
its location, though it must have been in close proximity. It may have been
the theater said to have been built by Herod, or the one constructed for the
Roman city of Aelia Capitolina.
An intact, inscribed milestone bearing the names of Vespasian and
Titus, as well as that of the Tenth Roman Legion, was found in secondary use in Umayyad palace II, south of the Temple Mount. The
name of the legate was completely
erased. The Romans fashioned the
milestone from one of the rounded
handrail stones from the monumental staircase that led over Robinson’s
Arch. This provides evidence that the
handrail, and perhaps the entire arch,
was destroyed no later than 79 CE. An
identical inscription, albeit fragmentary, was discovered in this area by
the B. Mazar expedition.
A small cemetery exposed along
the western wall of the Temple Mount
appears to have been in use in medieval times. The B. Mazar expedition
encountered its earliest burials, which
date to no later than 1099 CE. Now
more than 30 additional burials have
been revealed. The diversity of burial
practices in this cemetery may suggest
various ethnic groups, interred over a
considerable length of time. A Hebrew
inscription citing Isaiah 66:14 was
discovered by B. Mazar on one of the
stones of the western wall. Mazar dated
it to the mid-fourth century CE, the days
of Julian the Apostate. However, it
may now be understood as having been
directly related to the cemetery, and should thus be dated to around the
eleventh century CE.
Excavations in Jerusalem revealed a domestic structure
just south of the pier of "Robinson's Arch"
(Mazar, 1975: 247,
Mazar, 1976: 36-38).
Numerous coins were recovered from beneath
the rubble and ash that marked the destruction of
this house. The latest of these dated to the reign of
Julian II. Mazar interpreted this destruction as
probable evidence of Jewish preparations for the
reconstruction of the Temple.
The Constantinian structures near the Western Wall
may have been destroyed by Jews who, encouraged by
Julian, began preparations for the reconstruction of the
Temple—which project came to nought upon the
emperor's death (Mazar, 1976:38).
However, Russell (1980) noted that the location of the structure to the side of Temple Mount rather than on it suggests that the destruction was
more likely due to one of the 363 CE Cyril Quakes than Jewish preparations to rebuild the Temple.
A Hebrew inscription citing Isaiah 66:14 was discovered by B. Mazar on one of the stones of the western wall. Mazar dated it to the mid-fourth century CE,
the days of Julian the Apostate.
However, it may now be understood as having been directly related to the cemetery, and should thus be dated to around the eleventh century CE.
Gibson (2014) proposed that archeoseismic evidence for the
one of the 363 CE Cyril Quakes was in fact discovered during the excavations by Mazar and states the following :
What is the date of the stone collapse near Robinson’s Arch?
A full publication of the stone collapse unearthed by Mazar has still not been made,
so we still do not know what ceramics and coins were found between the
ashlars and the fallen debris. However, Mazar excavated a building adjacent
to Robinson’s Arch (Building 7066, the “bakery” in Area VII) and it was
built immediately on top of ruined walls from the Second Temple period
(Mazar(1971:20-21)). This structure reportedly had two building phases, the
first from the Late Roman period, and the second from the beginning of the
Byzantine period. The latter building was burnt in a fire and on the basis of
numismatic finds its destruction was dated by Mazar to the time of Julian’s
death in 363 CE. The excavation of this building has now been fully
published by Eilat Mazar (2011, 145-183). The bulk of the coins (more than
200 of Constantius II, with a few of
Julian II) seem to indicate a termination
of the building in 363 CE at the time of the earthquake (see further on this,
below). The few coins from this building which happen to post-date 363
appear to be intrusive or perhaps they represent squatter activities in the area
in the aftermath of the earthquake. The fact that the foundations of this
bakery and the adjacent bath-house to its north (Mazar 2011, 1-83) do not
seem to have encroached much on the Herodian street, does suggest that the
position of this street was taken into account by the architects of these two
building complexes during the major planning and construction activities in
this area c. 120 CE (see more on this in Weksler-Bdolah, 2014 a; idem 2014
b). Therefore, the Early Roman (Herodian) stone-paved street was
maintained as a thoroughfare in the Late Roman period as well, with a slight
build-up of soil surfaces and fills in places, and with the construction of
channels and various other small features, as was noted by the excavators.
Hence, I would suggest that the massive collapse of the marginal-drafted
stones from the western Temple Mount wall down on to the surface of the
paved street does not date to 70 CE, as so many previous commentators have
suggested, but to the time of the earthquake of 363 CE instead.
Hence, I would argue that the massive stone collapse seen today above the level of the Early Roman
(Herodian) street pavement just north of Robinson’s Arch, is the direct result
of this devastating earthquake and is not evidence of a deliberate destruction
at the hands of the Romans in 70 CE as has hitherto been claimed.
Gibson (2014)
noted the similarity of the fallen stones north of Robinson's Arch accompanied by destruction of nearby domestic structure(s) to the description in Historia Ecclesiastica by
Socrates Scholasticus that
a mighty earthquake tore up the stones of the old foundations of the temple and dispersed them all together with the adjacent edifices.
Gibson (2014) argued further that the massive stone collapse just north of Robinson’s Arch contained
pilaster stones which had likely been upright and standing in 325 CE when
Christian builders imitated them in supporting pillars that have been found from the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre,
the church over the Tomb of the Patriarchs and the
church at Mamre near Hebron.
This would add further evidence that this massive stone collapse occurred during one of the
363 CE Cyril Quakes rather than due to Roman destruction during the seige on the
second Temple in 70 CE. This argument is presented in much greater detail in Gibson (2016)
Leen Ritmeyer, who had been
official architect on excavations of the Western and Southern Wall by Benjamin Mazar,
countered in a blog
pointing out that underneath the fallen Herodian stones was a thin layer of destruction debris that contained many Herodian coins
supporting the original interpretation that these stones were pushed over the wall by Roman Troops after the Second Temple burned.
He summarized his counter argument while making reference to an illustrated cross section
If the earthquake of 363 AD did destroy the Western Wall, where is the evidence? The heap of fallen Herodian stones is only three meters (10 feet) high.
No stones were ever added on top of this, as this Roman destruction was covered by a late Roman bath house and Byzantine street level and drain. The Roman
floor level was later covered over by the floor of an Umayyad palace. If the Western Wall was destroyed in 363 AD,
then a large pile of stones would have been found on top of the Roman bath house and Byzantine street level which would have been completely destroyed, but no sign of this was found.
Proposed Reconstruction of Robinson's Arch
Remains of Robinson's Arch