• from Benjamin Mazar in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

The archaeological finds and epigraphic and biblical evidence do not provide a well-founded basis for reconstructing the development and history of Jerusalem from its founding until its establishment as the capital of the Israelite kingdom. Even so, archaeological research has been able to determine precisely where the city was located in earliest times - on the southeastern spur below the Temple Mount (see below).

The many changes in the city's history and never-ceasing construction and destruction have largely obliterated the remains of the early settlement. Even so, various finds point to the continuity of settlement on this historical site from the Chalcolithic period. Painted ware from the Early Bronze Age I was discovered here, as early as the Parker expedition (c. 1910). Remains from the Chalcolithic period, the Early and Middle Bronze ages, as well as from the Late Bronze Age, have been found in the various excavations carried out on the southeastern spur and its slopes (see below).

Also indicative of the early settlement are cemeteries from the Middle and Late Bronze ages on the western slopes of the Mount of Olives and in the Kidron Valley, opposite the eastern hill. In one group of burials, excavated by the Franciscan Fathers on the site known as Dominus Flevit, a very rich assemblage of pottery was discovered, along with a number of alabaster and faience vessels and Egyptian scarabs, mostly from the Middle Bronze Age IIC and the Late Bronze Age I-IIA. Especially instructive are the numerous vessels from the fourteenth century BCE, mostly from the first half of that century (the Amarna period). They generally are of the same types found in a tomb with a rich pottery collection in the Nahalat Ahim neighborhood near Rehavia, and in a pit on the grounds of the former Government House, south of the city. These discoveries suggest sporadic settlement outside the fortified city. There is a surprisingly large number of imported pottery and other objects, especially from Cyprus, the Aegean, and Egypt.

Information about Jerusalem in the days of Egyptian rule in Canaan, in the fourteenth century BCE, is found in the el-Amarna letters - diplomatic correspondence between the kings of various Canaanite cities and their overlords, Amenhotep III and Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten). They include six letters sent by the ruler of Jerusalem to the Egyptian king, confirming the allegiance of the "Land of Jerusalem" (mat Urusalim). This ruler, ARAD-HI-pa "Servant of Hipa" (a Hurrian goddess), wrote in the lingua franca of that period, Akkadian. However, the peculiarities of usage indicate that the language spoken in Jerusalem at this time was a West Semitic dialect (Canaanite), closely related to the Hebrew of the Bible. The ruler of Jerusalem describes the situation in Canaan, requesting assistance in repelling Egypt's enemies -- disloyal Canaanite rulers and their allies, the Habiru - and writes of the rebelliousness of the locally stationed Nubian troops, part of the Egyptian garrison in Canaan. Another letter, sent by Shuwardata, the ruler of a city in the Shephelah, informs the Egyptian overlord of the great danger posed by the Habiru, especially after all his colleagues had abandoned him, and only he and ARAD-HI-pa remained to fight them. These ties between local kings, as mentioned here and in other letters, fully reveal the importance of Jerusalem in the fourteenth century BCE. It seems that the "land of Jerusalem" extended in this period over a large area in the southern hill country.

The biblical sources treating the early population of Jerusalem and its neighbors to the south (Jos. 10) use the term Amorite; toward the end of the period of Israelite settlement and at the beginning of the monarchic period, however, the term Jebusite appears in this context. It seems that Jerusalem was not Jebusite until the time of the Israelite conquest - more specifically until the conquest of the city by the tribe of Judah. Some clue of the ethnic affiliation of the Jebusites may be hinted at in Ezekiel l6:3: "Thus says the Lord God to Jerusalem: Your origin and your birth are of the land of the Canaanites; your father was an Amorite, and your mother a Hittite." And we may note that a well-known inhabitant of the city was Uriah the Hittite, who possessed a house in the City of David. Equally of interest is the name of the owner of the site of the Temple Mount, who was probably the ruler of the city when David conquered it: Araunah (or the Araunah, as the Hebrew has it in 2 Sam. 24:16) seems not to have been a personal name but rather the Hurrian word ewrine (lord), found in Hittite (and as a personal name in Ugaritic). Thus, the Jebusites are related to the Hittites, and they came to control the Land of Jerusalem, remaining a foreign enclave surrounded by the Israelites during the twelfth and eleventh centuries BCE (cf. Jg. 19:10).

• from Benjamin Mazar in Stern et al (1993 v. 2)

The conquest of the stronghold of Zion and its becoming the City of David are described in 2 Samuel 5:6-9 as a daring deed on the part of the king [David], but in I Chronicles 11:4-7 it is ascribed to Joab, who thus gained his lofty position under David. It can be assumed that David took Jerusalem early in his reign, prior to the events around the pool at Gibeon (2 Sam. 2:12-32) and the death of Abner (2 Sam. 3:20-27). Joab was already the commander of the Judean army, and the foreign enclave between Judah and Benjamin had already been eliminated. The Jebusites were not wiped out but rather continued to live "with the people of Benjamin in Jerusalem to this day" (Jg. 1:21).

David seems to have transferred his seat from Hebron to the new capital at Jerusalem some seven years after he had conquered the stronghold of Zion. During this period several events occurred that led to the strengthening of David's kingdom. The new capital became the royal estate, thus forging a bond between the City of David and the Davidic Dynasty. This bond was a decisive factor in the history of the kingdom for many generations.

There are few references in the Bible to David's building activities. His principal efforts - "And he built the city round about from the Millo in complete circuit" (1 Chr. 11:8; 2 Sam. 5:9) - should be ascribed to his early years in the city. The construction of the House of Cedar (apparently on the Millo) by craftsmen sent by Hiram, king of Tyre, apparently took place later (2 Sam. 5:11).It is assumed that David extended the fortified city on the north, toward the Temple Mount. This seems to have led to the breaching of the older city wall north of the stronghold of Zion, until Solomon "closed up the breach of the City of David his father" (1 Kg. 11:27), strengthened the Millo, and began to erect his new acropolis, including the magnificent structures on the Temple Mount itself.

The Valley Gate apparently stood on the west of the spur, in the vicinity of the later gate in the western wall of the City of David discovered in J. W. Crowfoot's excavations. The term Millo may have designated the terraces on the eastern slope of the southeastern spur that formed retaining walls for the structures above. It seems to have been here that the more splendid of the buildings in the City of David were built, such as the "house of the mighty men" (Neh. 3:16), the "house of cedar" (2 Sam. 7:2), and the "tower of David" (Song 4:4). Both man and nature worked toward the obliteration of these structures, and even in the period of the monarchy it was necessary to repair the Millo from time to time. Finds from the zenith of the period of the monarchy were discovered in the excavations carried out in the City of David by K. M. Kenyon and Y. Shiloh.

David brought the Ark of the Covenant, symbol of the unity of the tribes and of the covenant between the people and God, to Jerusalem when it became the royal city of Israel, and high officials and a permanent garrison were stationed here. Thus, he established Jerusalem as the metropolis of the entire people and the cultic center of the God of lsrael. In the latter years of his reign, David built an altar on the Temple Mount; according to the tradition recorded in the Bible, David purchased the threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite, upon God's command, for this purpose. lt is clear that this site was held sacred even prior to David, for an elevated, exposed spot at the approaches to a city often served as the local cultic spot. The sanctity of Jerusalem, atop the Temple Mount, is already inferred in the Book of Genesis (Mount Moriah), although this is anachronistic. The tale of the connection between Abraham and Melchizedek, king of Salem and "priest of God Most High"- who blessed the patriarch and assured him of victory over his adversaries, receiving "a tenth of everything" (Gen. 14:18-20) - is the outstanding example. Psalm 110 indicates the importance placed by tradition upon Melchizedek as an early ideal ruler. It uses his prestige to strengthen the claim on the city and the legitimacy of his successors here, the Davidic line,. The story of the sacrifice of Isaac (Gen. 22) is also revealing. The spot on one of the mountains in the land of Moriah, where Abraham built his altar, was the place called "the Lord provides," the site on which David built his altar much later. Thus, David is regarded as having rebuilt the altar of Abraham on this sacred spot.

• from Benjamin Mazar in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

The acropolis of Jerusalem, which included the Temple and the royal palace, had apparently already been planned during the coregency of David and Solomon, under the inspired guidance of Nathan the Prophet (2 Sam. 7). The actual construction, however, began only after the death of David, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign. The craftsmen, recruited from Tyre, labored for about twenty years, and the buildings were built according to the typical plan of Neo-Hittite and Aramean royal cities in that period. The plan kept the acropolis - the royal precinct, with the military command and the civilian government, along with the priesthood - separate from the city proper. Solomon built the Temple first, for it was not his intention merely to build a house for God and for the Ark of the Law, but to establish the central Temple of Israel under the patronage of the Davidic Dynasty, to forge a perpetual bond between the royal line and the Temple, a bond that lasted throughout the period of the First Temple.

Construction of the Temple lasted for seven years. The palace complex the palace proper, the House of Pharaoh's Daughter, the throne room, the Hall of Columns, and the House of the Forest of Lebanon - was built immediately to the south, over a thirteen-year period. Phoenician craftsmen were employed in both projects. They left their imprint on the architecture, on the actual construction work, and on the decoration and furnishings. Solomon was also active in the City of David and its fortifications, and it has been suggested that the small segment of a casemate wall located near the top of the eastern slope of the spur (discovered by Kenyon, see below) should be ascribed to his reign. At this time the city included within its walls not only the acropolis, but also markets, which were of considerable importance in international trade. It may even have been at this time that the city began its spread westward and northward, outside the walls.

• from Benjamin Mazar in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

From the time of the splitting of the monarchy, following Solomon's death (c. 930 BCE), Jerusalem remained the capital of lsrael. At the end of Solomon's reign, factional differences arose between the royal family and the priesthood over the division of authority between the secular and the religious powers. These differences recurred throughout the period of the divided monarchy, with varying foreign influences - at first Phoenician, later Aramean, and finally Assyrian. This finally led to the strengthening of the purist faction and to religious reforms. Throughout, the Temple continued to serve as the focal point of the national-religious feelings of the people.

The historiographical sources in the Bible provide considerable information on the persistent efforts of the kings of Judah to fortify and glorify Jerusalem. Special importance seems to have been attached to the establishment of the High Court in Jerusalem by Jehoshaphat (2 Chr. 19). Of interest also are the descriptions of the repairs carried out in the Temple, such as those of Joash, as well as of the fortification work carried out on the city's defenses. Uzziah and his son and co-regent Joram seem to have done much to reinforce the fortifications of the city in the difficult days of Assyria's rise in the mid-eighth century BCE (2 Chr. 26:9). Great attention was then given to the new citadel (the Ophel) built to the south of the Temple Mount, between the royal palace and the City of David. At the same time, the city probably began expanding westward.

A new phase in the history of Jerusalem began under Hezekiah, when the destruction of the kingdom of lsrael and its capital, Samaria (722 BCE), led to renewed ties between Judah and the remnant of the population of the Northern Kingdom. The new political and economic conditions created in the days of Sargon II of Assyria (722-705 BCE) again raised Jerusalem to the status of the entire nation's national-religious and economic center. This enabled Hezekiah to achieve a strong position for his country between Assyria and Egypt, to extend the political borders of Judah in the Negev and in Philistia ("till Gaza"), to take an important role in the trade with Egypt and Arabia, and to carry out religious reforms. However, the struggle of the Assyrian empire for hegemony over the lands of the West and its conflict with Egypt brought Judah, too, into the maelstrom of war. Among the projects of Hezekiah in Jerusalem, on the eve of Sennacherib's campaign (701 BCE), was the strengthening of the Millo and of the city wall with its towers, the construction of a new wall (2 Chr. 32:5), and the blocking of all sources of water outside the city. This also involved the diversion of the waters of the Gihon Spring through the Siloam Tunnel.

Another phase in the city's history began toward the end of the reign of Manasseh (698-642 BCE), when that king was allowed to restore the autonomy of Judah, under Assyrian tutelage. Manasseh saw to the refortification of Jerusalem, the strengthening of its citadel, and the building of a new outer wall (2 Chr. 33:14). The city reached new heights, however, in the reign of Josiah (639-609 BCE), when Judah threw off the Assyrian yoke, expanding its borders and influence and undergoing an economic revival. In the reign of Josiah, the walled city of Jerusalem already included much of the area of the present Old City, with the Makhtesh (apparently in the Tyropoeon Valley) and the Mishneh (the western hill), undoubtedly its new residential and commercial center. The city's expansion to the west has been indicated clearly by the various excavations on the southwestern hill, and especially by the discovery there of a section of a solid city wall (see below). The height of Josiah's efforts was reached in his concentration of the cult in the Temple in Jerusalem, basing it on the Scroll of the Law-apparently the nucleus of the Book of Deuteronomy -- discovered during repairs he made in the Temple (622 BCE). With the restoration of the glory of the Davidic line, the status of the Zadokite family of High Priests, which had served in the Temple in the days of Solomon, was restored. This dynasty of priests played an important role in Second Temple times also, in religious and political spheres.

After the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple by the Babylonians (586 BCE), the city continued to be the focal point of the national aspirations of the exiles and those who had remained in the country. Pilgrimages to the Temple Mount continued, not only from Judah, but also from Samaria (Jer. 41:5). The decree of Cyrus, king of Persia, in 538 BCE, gave expression to the reawakening of the Babylonian exiles. With the movement of the return from exile, the establishment of an altar, and the beginning of work on a new Temple, Jewish settlement in Jerusalem was renewed.

• from Hillel Geva in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

After Jerusalem had been destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE and its inhabitants deported, only the "poorest of the land" were left in the city and its environs (2 Kg. 25:8-12). This situation, although consistent with the archeological finds, is at odds with Jeremiah 52:29-30, in which the number of exiles who left Jerusalem after the destruction is small - 832 persons, and 745 more after the assassination of Gedaliah son of Ahikam. Possibly, many Jerusalemites had abandoned the city even before the siege, and many others escaped during the fighting.

After the Babylonians lost Judah and Jerusalem to the Persians, Cyrus published his celebrated proclamation (538 BCE) permitting the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem and the Temple (Ezra 1:2-3). The returning exiles settled mainly in Jerusalem (in the City of David) and in the nearby villages to the north. Under the leadership of Sheshbazzar, who was appointed governor of Judah, the Temple altar was repaired and the Temple implements restored. It is quite possible that even at this early stage preparations were begun to rebuild the Temple itself (Ezra 5: 16); this would have been a first, symbolic step, heralding the inception of a new period in Jerusalem's history. However, the small population of Jerusalem at the time, the hostility and interference of gentile neighbors, and the difficulty of financing the construction put an end to any such effort.

In the year 521 BCE a new, larger wave of returnees reached Jerusalem, led by Zerubbabel son of Shealtiel, a scion of the royal dynasty who had been appointed governor of Judah, and Joshua son of Jehozadak, one of the leading priests in Babylon. The returning exiles, encouraged by the prophet Haggai, set about completing the construction of the Temple, but they encountered the same difficulties as their predecessors. The work dragged on, and only in 515 BCE, after the text of Cyrus' original proclamation had been located, was the building of the Temple crowned with success. Preparations may have been undertaken at the same time to repair the walls of Jerusalem, which had been in ruins since the Babylonian occupation. This act signified the immigrants' renewed political independence.

The history of Jerusalem in the first half of the fifth century BCE is shrouded in darkness; the written sources offer no information for the period. The country's relative calm at the time presumably encouraged the Jews to continue to settle in Jerusalem. In 458 BCE, Ezra the Scribe came to Jerusalem at the head of yet another group of returnees. He concentrated his efforts in Jerusalem on consolidating the legal and religious identity of the city's Jewish community. Possibly, a further failed attempt was made in Ezra's time to repair the city's fortifications - a plan of far-reaching political significance; this may be inferred from the Aramaic letter of accusation sent to the king of Persia to thwart the plan (Ezra 4:7-16).

In the wake of Ezra's failure, a new governor, Nehemiah, arrived in Jerusalem in 445 BCE. His first and most urgent concern was to rebuild the wall around Jerusalem, as related in Nehemiah 2-4. Nehemiah describes the ruins of the city and relates how he organized the people into construction teams, finally completing the walls in fifty-two days. Once again, the neighboring nations were bitterly opposed to the project and actively tried to sabotage it.

The city wall, described in the book of Nehemiah in considerable detail, with all its gates and towers, probably encircled only the City of David and the Temple. According to the biblical account (Neh. 2:8), "the fortress (birah)" was still standing near the Temple and Nehemiah in fact used it as his headquarters. Nehemiah's account is a most important and detailed documentation of the topography of the city and its wall before the city expanded westward to occupy the southwestern hill. The wall, in addition to its obvious defensive function, also played a social role: the mere fact of its construction symbolized the Jews' aloofness from their gentile neighbors. Nehemiah also issued an official decree that compelled part of the Jewish rural population to settle in Jerusalem (Neh. II:1). Through his efforts, the city's Jewish community grew in numbers and increased its economic and social stability; nevertheless, Jerusalem was still only sparsely populated: "The city was wide and large, but the people within it were few and no houses had been built" (Neh. 7:4).

The two centuries between the close of Nehemiah's activity in Jerusalem and the beginning of the Hellenistic period are also wrapped in obscurity.

• from Hillel Geva in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

In 332 BCE, Judah and Jerusalem were conquered by Alexander the Great and came under rule. After his death, Jerusalem changed hands several times (during the Diadochi's wars of succession), until 301 BCE, when it finally became part of the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt. The Ptolemies ruled Jerusalem and Judah for a long time. There is very little information about the city in this period. It seems that Jerusalem, whose economic infrastructure had been badly damaged by long years of instability, benefited from the prolonged period of political calm. The city's ruins and its walls were rebuilt, perhaps as far back as the time of Simeon the Just, in the early third century BCE, and a pool was built (Ecclesiasticus 50:1-4). In the mid-third century BCE, the city's population grew as a result of the political stability and economic development in the area under the Ptolemies. According to Hecataeus (cited by Josephus in Against Apion I, 197), the population of Jerusalem was then 120,000. This figure is certainly exaggerated, but it attests, at the very least, to a steady increase in population.

Upon the accession to the throne of Antiochus III (223 BCE), military initiative in Palestine was taken over by the Seleucids, who ruled Syria. The struggle between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms at the end of the third century BCE and the consequent unrest cut short Jerusalem's economic and urban development. During one of those clashes, the city was apparently occupied by King Ptolemy of Egypt, reportedly because he attacked the city on the Sabbath, when its Jewish defenders refused to fight (Antiq. XII, 4-6; Against Apion I, 209-210).

In 200 BCE, Palestine and Jerusalem fell to the Seleucids. The Jews of Jerusalem welcomed the rule of Antiochus III and in fact helped him wrest the city fortress from its Ptolemaic garrison (Antiq. XII, 138).

In the early years of the second century BCE, the municipal administration of Jerusalem, encouraged by the Seleucid kings and supported by Hellenized elements among the city's wealthier Jews and the aristocratic priestly families, was organized along the lines of a Greek polis. In 175 BCE, as part of the endeavor to give Jerusalem the character of a Greek polis, the high priest Jason received permission from Antiochus IV Epiphanes to build a gymnasium (2 Mace. 4:9). The Jews were allowed "to live according to their ancestral laws," and the authorities in fact assisted in repairing Jerusalem and the Temple, probably damaged when the city was occupied. The Letter of Aristeas provides details about the Temple, its walls and towers, as well as the mighty fortress that protected the northern approaches to the Temple in the Hellenistic period.

With the appointment of Menelaus as high priest in Jerusalem in 171 BCE, the Seleucid authorities intensified their intervention in the city's affairs. In 168 BCE, upon his return from an unsuccessful military sortie to Egypt, Antiochus IV looted the Temple treasures. That same year, inspired by a rumor that the king had died in another military expedition to Egypt, the Jews of Jerusalem rebelled, reappointing Jason as high priest. Menelaus and his supporters were forced to take refuge in the fortress until Antiochus reconquered the city. In order to buttress his control of the city, Antioch us IV now brought foreign settlers to Jerusalem and erected a new fortress, known as the Acra, in which he stationed a hostile mercenary garrison.

The Seleucid ruler's attempts to prohibit observance of the commandments and interfere with the sacrificial rites in the Temple, even installing a graven image in the sanctuary, aroused vehement opposition on the part of the Jews, who finally rose in armed revolt. After a series of Hasmonean victories at the very beginning of the revolt, Judas Maccabaeus entered Jerusalem in 164 BCE and cleansed the Temple. In the coming years, however, t he Hasmoneans were unable to maintain continuous control of Jerusalem, i n particular owing to the presence of a Seleucid garrison in the Acra. Repeated attempts to displace this garrison were successful only under Simeon the Hasmonean, in 141 BCE (2 Mace. 13:49-52). The whole of Jerusalem was now finally under Hasmonean control and the constant Seleucid threat was removed.

Some sections of Jerusalem's fortifications had already been repaired under Judas Maccabaeus and the first Hasmonean rulers, in order to enhance the defenses of what was then the capital city of their kingdom. Hasmonean initiative also furthered population growth, as a result of which the city spread to the southwestern hill. The foundations were laid for a high-class residential section that ultimately became known as the Upper City. Under Simeon the Hasmonean, the conqueror of the Acra, and his successor, Hyrcanus I, the "First Wall" around the southwestern hill was rebuilt.

In 134-132 BCE, Antiochus VII Sidetes laid siege to Jerusalem but failed to penetrate its defenses. The treaty he signed with John Hyrcanus I required the Hasmonean king to demolish parts of Jerusalem's fortifications in return for lifting the siege and Seleucid recognition of his kingdom. The subsequent years of John Hyrcanus' reign and those of his successor, Alexander Jannaeus, were marked by rapid development in Jerusalem, which was now the capital city of a large kingdom. New residential sections were built in the northern part of the city and encircled by the "Second Wall." In order to satisfy Jerusalem's burgeoning needs for water, the so-called Low Aqueduct was built in the Hasmonean period, to bring water to the Temple from the distant springs in the hills far to the south.

The wars of succession that broke out among the Hasmoneans after Salome Alexandra's death (67 BCE) hastened the end of their rule in Jerusalem. In 63 BCE the city was occupied by Pompey, who besieged it at the head of a Roman army to aid the pretender Hyrcanus II. The supporters of the latter's rival, Aristobulus II, retreated from most of the city and shut themselves up in the Temple. After a three-month siege, during which parts of the city around the Temple were systematically destroyed, the Temple Mount was overrun and the independent rule of the Hasmoneans in Jerusalem came to an end (Antiq. XIV, 58-71; War I, 421-152). In subsequent years, Aristobulus' son, Alexander, in fact planned to restore the fortifications, but his attempt to implement this plan (in 57 BCE) was foiled by the intervention of Gabinius, the Roman procurator in Syria (Antiq. XIV, 82-85; War I, 160- 163).

• from Hillel Geva in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

In 48 BCE, Antipater the Idumean, who ruled Judea as regent on behalf of the Romans, repaired the breaches in Jerusalem's defenses that had been made during the Roman conquest. He appointed his sons Phasael and Herod as tetrarchs of Jerusalem and Galilee, respectively (Antiq. XIV, 156, 158; War I, 199, 203).

In 40 BCE, when the Parthians invaded Syria and Palestine, Mattathias Antigonus the Hasmonean seized the opportunity to march on Jerusalem at the head of his supporters, forcing Herod to flee the city. Mattathias Antigonus, the last of the Hasmonean kings, ruled Jerusalem for the next three years. In 37 BCE Herod, with Roman support, returned to Judea at the head of an army and laid siege to Jerusalem. After five months he took the city from the north, breaching both walls. The defenders of Jerusalem and their leader, Mattathias Antigonus, were thrust back into the Temple and the Upper City but were soon ousted from there, too (Antiq. XIV, 468-486; War I, 345-357).

Herod, having consolidated his hold over Jerusalem and the country as a whole, embarked on several ambitious building projects that utterly transformed the architectural face of the city; within the span of a single generation, Jerusalem became one of the most beautiful capitals in the ancient Near East. Whole sections of the city were rebuilt and impressive public buildings erected; luxurious palaces went up in the Upper City, and to the west the royal palace was built, defended by three huge towers. Crowning Herod's achievements in Jerusalem was the reconstruction of the Temple on an artificial elevated platform that was impressive both for the technology employed to make it and for its size (War V, 184-237). The Temple Mount and the Temple itself are described in detail, from the point of view of Jewish law, in the Mishnaic tractate Middot.

Herod's construction projects not only beautified Jerusalem, they also ushered in a period of great economic prosperity. They both provided employment for thousands of inhabitants over a period of many years and made the city an attraction for myriads of pilgrims who thronged to the Holy City from the rest of the country and all over the Diaspora.

Upon Herod's death in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his sons. Archelaus inherited the bulk of his father's dominions and became the ruler of Jerusalem. In the wake of his failure to respond to popular demands to alleviate various oppressive measures, riots broke out in the city, and he was obliged to leave immediately for Rome to give an account to the emperor. The Roman official Sabinus, left in command in Jerusalem, tried to gain control of the city; he invaded the Temple, set fire to the stoas, and looted the Temple treasures. These events only intensified the violence of the people's reaction, and Sabinus and his troops were forced to take refuge behind the wall of the royal palace. The uprising was finally suppressed by Varus, the Roman procurator in Syria, who occupied the city and put many of its inhabitants to death (Antiq. XVII, 250-264, 286-297; War II, 39-50, 66-79).

• from Hillel Geva in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

Archelaus was sent into exile in 6 CE, and his kingdom was made a Roman province, under the direct rule of a Roman procurator. This change in the political status of Judea as a whole also adversely affected Jerusalem, which lost its position as the administrative capital of the country; in addition, a Roman garrison was permanently stationed in the city, based in the Antonia fortress, which controlled the Temple area.

Up until the Jewish Revolt in 66 CE, a total of fourteen Roman procurators ruled Jerusalem. Their policies and behavior, which ignored the feelings of the Jewish residents, aroused tensions that erupted on occasion as violent clashes. Friction with the Roman authorities peaked under the procurator Pontius Pilate (26-36 CE), who used Temple monies to build an aqueduct to Jerusalem (Antiq. XVIII, 60-62; War II, 175-177).

Jerusalem in the first century CE was in the throes of expanding its territory north, where the so-called New City sprang up. In 41-44 CE, Agrippa I began to build the Third Wall to defend the new section of the city. However, the Roman emperor forbade him to continue, and the new wall was only completed during the revolt. At this time, too, construction work on the Temple came to an end, and the many laborers who thus became unemployed were set to work paving the streets of Jerusalem.

The Sanhedrin, which held jurisdiction over religious and civil affairs, was then the central institution in Jerusalem - the concrete expression of the internal autonomy of Judea. In addition, positions of considerable influence were held by a few of the senior priestly families, from which the high priests were chosen. Jerusalem attracted residents in large numbers, from near and far; among the best known of the foreigners who came was Helena, queen of Adiabene, who built an impressive family tomb north of the city (Antiq. XX, 95).

By the end of the Second Temple period Jerusalem had the largest Jewish community in Judea and was a focus of Jewish spiritual creativity and a major economic center in the country. The historical sources estimate the city's population at the time in exaggerated numbers, reaching hundreds of thousands (Tacitus, Historiae V, 13) and even more (Josephus, War II, 280; VI, 420-425).

The most important written sources for information about Jerusalem in most of the period in question are the works of the contemporary historian Josephus Flavius, who had firsthand knowledge of the city. His most important work in this regard is The Jewish War, which devotes two entire chapters to a detailed, systematic description of Jerusalem, its fortifications, buildings, and Temple, as they were on the eve of the destruction in 70 CE (War V, 136-183; 184-247).

Jerusalem's significance and renown at the end of the Second Temple period transcended the narrow boundaries of Judea; in Philo's words, "Jerusalem [was] the metropolis not only of Judea but of many other countries" (Legatio ad Gaium 281 ). So great was its splendor at this time that Pliny the Elder called it "the most illustrious city in the East" (NH V, 70). The last days of the Second Temple period were marked by the emergence of Zealot movements in Jerusalem, fueled by growing resentment of Roman government and religious, economic, and social tensions among the various classes in the populace. Further complicating the situation were deep religious convictions and messianic expectations, popularized by numerous visionaries and prophets, who promised the people speedy redemption from the oppressive Roman yoke.

One of these was undoubtedly Jesus of Nazareth, who was active in Jerusalem during the 30s of the first century CE; he was brought there to trial before the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate, who sentenced him to death by crucifixion.

• from Hillel Geva in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

In 66 CE, disturbances erupted in Jerusalem and soon reached the proportions of a full-scale rebellion against the Roman authorities. The rebels took over Jerusalem and evicted the Roman procurator Florus and his troops from the city; at the same time, they abolished the sacrifice regularly offered in the Temple for the emperor's welfare - an act tantamount to declaring war on Rome. The civil war that broke out among the rival factions and between them and the advocates of peaceful compromise with Rome devastated entire sections of Jerusalem, including the palaces in the Upper City. The Zealots finally prevailed. The Roman army that had been dispatched to quell the revolt conquered the Antonia, and the remnants of this army shut themselves up in the royal palace in the Upper City. When the rebels conquered the palace and the three towers that defended it, the whole of Jerusalem was in their hands. An attempt by Cestius Gallus, the Roman procurator in Syria, to suppress the uprising failed. After occupying some parts of Jerusalem, he was driven back by the rebels and retreated.

The leaders of the Zealot factions that had gained control of Jerusalem John of Gischala, Simeon bar Giora, and Eleazar ben Simeon - imposed a reign of terror on the population. As a result of their internecine struggle to control strategic sections of the city, many houses were destroyed and food stores burned. This weakened Jerusalem's ability and the resolve of its residents to withstand the imminent Roman attack.

In the spring of 70 CE, Titus besieged Jerusalem at the head of an army consisting of the Fifth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Fifteenth legions, assisted by numerous auxiliary forces. After bitter fighting, the city was conquered from the north, in several stages. The Romans first breached the Third Wall; immediately thereafter, the Second Wall fell. The Romans then reared two siege mounds over against the Antonia in the north of the Temple Mount and two other siege mounds west of the city, threatening the wall of the Upper City. These mounds were partly damaged by the defenders' attacks. Unable to breach the wall of the Upper City, Titus ordered a circumvallation to be constructed in order to block escapes from the city and cut off food supplies. A further effort, in the course of which the siege mounds were repaired, finally resulted in his occupation of the Antonia fortress. In the fierce battles that then ensued, the northern and western stoas of the Temple Mount burned down and the sacrificial rites were discontinued. On the ninth of the Hebrew month of Av, the Temple was occupied and destroyed. One month later, on the eighth of Elul, the Romans overran the Upper City and burned it to the ground. The next day "the dawn ... broke upon Jerusalem in flames" (War VI, 407). The deliberate and systematic destruction of the city and the Temple continued for some time after its occupation by the Roman legions. Most of the inhabitants and refugees who had sought shelter in Jerusalem perished in the fighting and the siege; the survivors were sold into slavery. After the revolt, the Tenth Roman Legion erected its camp on the ruins of the city, in the shadow of the three great towers that Herod had built in its western part (War VII, 2).

• from Meir Ben-Dov and Dan Bahat in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

Tumultuous events shook Jerusalem in the early seventh century. Within the span of a few years, the city changed hands several times. Each conquest brought with it destruction, followed by attempted reconstruction. The first occasion was the fall of Jerusalem to the Persian army under Chosroes II in 614. The Persian invaders, supported by a Jewish auxiliary force from the Galilee, broke into the city and slaughtered the Christian inhabitants. Christian religious institutions were systematically destroyed, including such important edifices as the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, the Church of the Ascension and many others.

After only fourteen years, a large Byzantine army headed by the emperor Heraclius - whose army the Persians had routed in 614 -- invaded the Persian Empire and Persian-occupied territories, including Syria and Palestine. In February 628 Heraclius marched into Jerusalem in a military-religious procession. Once again the city was to suffer acts of extreme violence. When the killing and destruction had abated, the Byzantine authorities set about repairing the ruins, particularly those of the holy places in and around Jerusalem. The excavations at the foot of the Temple Mount (see below) have revealed, besides the renovation work, evidence that the Temple Mount in particular had been the scene of large-scale, deliberate destruction. Perhaps Jewish involvement in the Persian occupation of Jerusalem and the ensuing destruction of churches inspired the Byzantine forces to wreak revenge by razing the already ruinous shrines on the Temple Mount. Lengthy sections of the walls of the enclosure were dismantled, their stones scattered in all directions. The excavators discovered many of the original, Herodian stones from the Temple Mount wall where they fell, on the ruins of private houses dated to the sixth century CE. The southern wall was particularly affected.

Only ten years later, Jerusalem changed hands again, falling to the Muslim Arabs. In 638, Jerusalem was conquered by the caliph Omar I, a newcomer from the Arabian deserts, who managed within a few years to defeat the two exhausted superpowers, Persia and the Byzantine Empire. Tradition has it that Omar himself, accompanied by his right-hand man Ka'b el-Akhbar, a converted Jew, visited the newly occupied city. It is told that he did not enter the precincts of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher to pray, but offered his devotions outside the building, in order to avoid offending Christian sensibilities and causing needless confrontations. On the other hand, he did ascend the ruined Temple Mount. There are no contemporary sources for events in Jerusalem in the first years of lslamic rule, nor is there anything in the archaeological record. Jerusalem became particularly important after the Umayyad caliphs came to power in 660. Realizing that physical force alone could not assure them of success in their struggle to supersede the Byzantine Christians as rulers of their newly captured possessions, they set about investing the city with religious significance for Muslims. It was the caliph Mu'awiyya who began to develop Jerusalem as a Muslim city. The development of Muslim Jerusalem reached its peak under his successors, and there was even an attempt to build a seat of political government in the heart of the city.

The reshaping of Jerusalem as a Muslim city, called Iliya or Ilya Bayt el-Maqdas by the Arabs, did not begin immediately after the Arab conquest of 638; most of the Christian population did not leave, and most of the Christian churches were left standing (although some had been damaged in the siege), as were the administration buildings. However, with the comimg of Muslim immigrants and the conversions that followed the Arab conquest, the proportion of Christians in the population fell steadily. The main changes in Jerusalem in this first stage took place on the Temple Mount and in its environs. The Dome of the Rock and el-Aqsa Mosque were built, the retaining walls of the mount were repaired, and a magnificent complex of government buildings was erected south and southwest of the mount. Historians believe that these activities expressed the conquerors' desire to demonstrate Islam's superiority over Christianity. Many scholars point to the similarity in plan and appearance between the Holy Sepulcher and the Muslim edifices on the Temple Mount as evidence of the competition between the two religions.

In the early years of the Early Arab period the authorities permitted Jews to settle in Jerusalem, for the first time in several centuries, and to establish their own quarter. The quarter may have been situated on the City of David spur (the exact location is still a matter of controversy), but later, in the eleventh century, it moved to the northeastern part of the city. The Early Arab period was also the formative period for the "ethnic" pattern of Jerusalem still apparent: the Muslim Quarter in the center of the city, the Christian Quarter in the northwest, and the Armenian Quarter in the southwest. There is almost no archaeological evidence for these processes, and our understanding is based exclusively on literary sources, the most important of which are the works of Muqaddasi (985) and Nasir-i-Khosrau (1047) and letters found in the Cairo Genizah that describe Jerusalem as Jews saw it at the time.

Several violent earthquakes in the Early Arab period contributed to the lack of material remains for the period. The first occurred in 658. Even before the great construction projects of the Umayyads were completed, another strong earthquake (the so-called "quake of the seventh [Sabbatical] year") shook the country in 747 or 749, damaging the el-Aqsa Mosque; the mosque was damaged again in 765. The sources report another earthquake in 808 that affected the entire city, possibly also the Temple Mount shrines. In 1016, another earthquake toppled the dome of the Dome of the Rock. The worst quake occurred in 1033, toward the end of the Early Arab period, changing the entire appearance of Jerusalem. The city walls, which that quake destroyed, were repaired over the next three decades (1034-1064) and built along the lines they now occupy. It was then that Mount Zion and the City of David were left outside the walled area. Mount Zion was again enclosed by a wall only during Saladin's reign. Another cause of widespread destruction was the frequent changes of government: the Umayyads (660-750) gave way to the Abbasids (750-878); subsequently, Ahmad Ibn Tulun seized power, purportedly in the name of the Abbasid caliphs, thus paving the way for the Ikhshid dynasty (935-969), which in turn was replaced by the Fatimids (969- 1071 and 1098). The persecution of nonbelievers, which reached its peak in 1009 with the destruction of Christian religious institutions - above all, the Church of the Holy Sepulcher - obscured the character of the city and changed its appearance. Only the Temple Mount remained the same, although even the el-Aqsa Mosque underwent certain alterations to repair earthquake damage.

• from Dan Bahat in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

The Crusader conquest of Jerusalem, on July 15, 1099, ushered in a period of relative calm after decades of unrest. After the last vestiges of Muslim resistance (in the Citadel) had been suppressed, Jews and Muslims, considered unreliable elements by the new rulers, were expelled from the city, a "King of Jerusalem" was crowned, and a patriarch was elected. The sight of a fortified city was a novelty for most of its new Christian residents, for European cities were still in a primitive stage of development. At first, although they took over the property abandoned by the Muslims, the Crusaders, therefore, made no changes in the city's appearance. Only later did they initiate large-scale construction in Jerusalem - mainly of churches. The various markets, previously concentrated in the area of the Roman-Byzantine forum (see above, Roman and Byzantine periods), were now transferred to the main streets and shops were built along them; this feature of Crusader Jerusalem is still visible. When the Crusaders took Jerusalem, the city walls were only a few decades old, and so the conquerors changed nothing. Only after the Crusader period, under the Ayyubids, were the walls renovated; the Crusaders, for their part, refortified the Citadel, and the Templars built a new wall south of the Temple Mount. Here and there the Crusaders dismantled older buildings, as on the Temple Mount, where they destroyed any Muslim buildings they deemed useless - or detrimental - for their own needs. Thus, they converted the Dome of the Rock and el-Aqsa Mosque into churches, and the Temple Mount became a Christian site, invested with a variety of religious traditions. These Christian traditions were probably brought to Jerusalem not by the Crusaders, but by the city's indigenous Christian inhabitants, generally known as the "oriental Christians," who returned to Jerusalem and became a kind of link·between the Early Arab and Crusader periods. In fact, they were the sole element that could teach the Crusader colonizers of Jerusalem, most of them of peasant backgrounds, how to run a city.

A distinctive feature of Crusader Jerusalem was its cosmopolitanism: the population was made up, on the one hand, of the oriental Christian communities (Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, etc.) and, on the other, of the Franks, the newcomers from Europe. Among the latter were Frenchmen, Germans, Englishmen, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Hungarians. The large number of demographic elements in Jerusalem and the new settlement of Europeans required large-scale construction. Moreover, the Christian traditions relating to Jerusalem, both the older traditions that had long been current and those created in the Crusader period, prompted the construction of new churches and other religious institutions.

There exist a great variety and quantity of sources for the Crusader period, mainly documents of the religious-military orders and the major churches recording real estate transactions. As such documents concerning land and property generally included precise locations, they provide an important aid in identifying archaeological remains. The pilgrims who visited Jerusalem have also contributed to what is known of the Holy City, as do the descriptions written for Christians in Europe.

Because of Jerusalem's distance from the Mediterranean coast, the marine powers of the time (the Italian cities) had little interest in it and did not establish quarters here as they did, for example, at Acre. The privileges enjoyed by Christian settlers in Jerusalem, aimed at enlarging the city's Christian population, inspired a spate of economic activities and construction, all the more so as Jerusalem enjoyed considerable political calm for the whole of the twelfth century.

Architecture and architectural ornamentation in Jerusalem in the Crusader period were influenced both by the local - mainly Byzantine - and imported Romanesque art, then at its zenith in Europe. It was this commingling of the two styles that created the characteristic Christian art of Jerusalem. Most of the buildings of Crusader Jerusalem are still standing, although generally they are integrated in secondary use, in Muslim structures built in the Ayyubid and Mamluk period or later.

• from Dan Bahat in Stern et. al. (1993 v.2)

The Ayyubid period begins with Saladin's conquest of Jerusalem on October 2, 1187. The Crusader kingdom of Jerusalem enhanced the city's importance in the Muslim world. The new rulers began by effacing every possible sign of Crusader rule. The cross marking the point where the Crusaders had breached the city wall was removed, as was the cross crowning the Dome of the Rock. Churches were converted to mosques, and the most celebrated of these, Saint Anne's, became a Muslim madrasa, or religious school, and a residence for dervishes. A minbar (preacher's pulpit) fashioned by Nur ed-Din in Aleppo was now brought to Jerusalem and installed in the el-Aqsa Mosque. Christian artwork in the Dome of the Rock and el-Aqsa Mosque was dismantled or plastered over. Saladin also added an inscription of his own in the Dome of the Rock.

The Hospitaller hospital south of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher now became a hospital for Saladin's men. The Crusader patriarch's palace became a khanqa, a dervishes' residence. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher was returned to the Greek Orthodox, who had been its proprietors prior to the Crusaders' arrival, but only a few Latin monks were permitted to serve there.

The city walls, built about 120 years earlier by the Fatimids, were renovated. This project is widely described in the sources. Saladin himself took part in the work, setting an example for his nobles and commanders. His main concern was to fortify the line from the Damascus to the Jaffa gates; but he also fortified Mount Zion and built a wall around it. Archaeological evidence for this fortification project was discovered by Bliss and Dickie in their 1894- 1897 excavations on Mount Zion and by the 1972 excavations in Zahal Square. These excavations exposed part of Saladin's system of walls and moats. After Saladin left Jerusalem, his brother el-Malik e1-'Adil continued to fortify the city; part of an inscription dedicated by this ruler was discovered in the Citadel. El-'Adil's son, el-Malik el-Mu'azzem 'Isa, did more than any other member of the dynasty to build and fortify Jerusalem, as attested by his numerous inscriptions discovered in the city.

Saladin's reason for fortifying Jerusalem was the Third Crusade, one of whose leaders, Richard the Lion Heart, king of England, spent some time in Palestine and came so close to Jerusalem as to present a threat to the Ayyubid ruler. However, the Crusaders made no attempt to reoccupy the city, for fear that lack of manpower would make it impossible for them to hold it. Saladin permitted Christians to visit Jerusalem in order to mollify Christian anger over their loss of the Holy City.

In 1219, el-Malikel-Mu'azzem 'Isa decided to demolish Jerusalem's walls and fortifications, fearing that a Crusader army might launch a surprise attack and take advantage of its strongholds. This decision had an adverse effect on the city's residents, many of whom left, refusing to live in an unfortified city (only the "Tower of David" was spared). Drawings made by travelers in subsequent centuries show that the destruction consisted mainly of large breaches in the walls. El-Malik el-Mu'azzem 'Isa continued the demolition in 1220 and 1227. Meanwhile, another crusade reached Palestine, led by the king of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen of Germany. In 1229, the latter concluded an agreement with el-Malik el-Kamil, according to which Jerusalem --- except for the Temple Mount - was handed over to the Christians. Christians ruled the city for the next fifteen years, but the Muslim inhabitants enjoyed considerable autonomy. Although a clause in the agreement between el-Malik el-Kamil and Frederick II prohibited any further fortification of Jerusalem, the emperor apparently received personal permission to fortify the city. It is not clear whether he made use of this permission, for he was in Jerusalem for three days (March 17-19, 1229), after which he returned to Europe. Before leaving, he bestowed gifts of property on the members of the Teutonic Order, which had assisted him - the Crusaders' royal palace (on the site of the present day Kishleh, near the Jaffa Gate Citadel) and the nearby Church of Saint Thomas.

A peasants' revolt against the restoration of Jerusalem to the Christians was suppressed by a Crusader army from the north of the country (1230). Shortly thereafter, the Ayyubid el-Malik Nasir Daoud attacked Jerusalem and besieged the Citadel. After a siege that lasted three weeks, he took the Citadel and decided to destroy it. (As the Citadel had been destroyed by el-Malik el-Mu'azzem 'Isa, it was probably rebuilt by Frederick II, and this new citadel was the one destroyed by el-Malik Nasir Daoud.) In 1240, another agreement was concluded between the Egyptian sultan el-Malik Salah Ayyub and Richard of Cornwall, who headed a new Crusader army. This agreement not only did not undermine Crusader control of Jerusalem, it in fact linked the city by a corridor to the Crusader kingdom in the coastal region. Further quarrels among the Ayyubid princes enabled the Crusaders to reach an agreement with the princes of Damascus (the Pact of Jaffa, 1244), which granted them the Temple Mount, which had been in Muslim hands since the agreement of 1229. Christian rites were then renewed in the Dome of the Rock. When the Egyptian Ayyubid prince realized that the Crusaders had collaborated with the princes of Damascus, he enlisted the aid of the Khwarizmians, who had been forced out of their homeland in Central Asia by the invading Mongols. The Khwarizmians stormed Jerusalem, routing the Crusaders and their Damascene allies. In July 1244, the almost unfortified city fell easily to the new invaders, who massacred the Christian inhabitants and put an end to Christian rule in Jerusalem.

• Annotated old aerial
  Annotated Old Photograph showing Silwan, En Rogel, and the City of David (aka the Original City) from a now deleted blog post titled Deciphering Zechariah 14:5.
  
  Note: the original blog post is preserved in the Notes section for the Amos Quakes.
  photograph of The City of David, Silwan, etc. from a now deleted blog post titled "Deciphering Zechariah 14:5"
• Jerusalem in Google Earth
  Jerusalem
  
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• Jerusalem on govmap.gov.il
  Jerusalem
  
  click on image to explore this site on a new tab in govmap.gov.il

• Annotated old aerial
  Annotated Old Photograph showing Silwan, En Rogel, and the City of David (aka the Original City) from a now deleted blog post titled Deciphering Zechariah 14:5.
  
  Note: the original blog post is preserved in the Notes section for the Amos Quakes.
  photograph of The City of David, Silwan, etc. from a now deleted blog post titled "Deciphering Zechariah 14:5"

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:167-168)

The AD 749 earthquake that shook the entire southern Levant region also struck Jerusalem, as various historical sources describe.¹ The seismological data suggests the damage suffered in Jerusalem was disastrous and resulted in grave architectural damage.² The written, mainly Muslim,³ accounts however focus their description regarding the earthquake and its impact on the area around the al-Haram al-Sharif, mentioning mostly architectural damage to the religious buildings.⁴ Several narratives developed around the effects of the earthquake in Jerusalem, which were then carried over into later chronicles—for instance, the report of injuries to the descendants of Shadad al Aws, one of the Prophet's companions, and the destruction of their house.⁵

However, apart from the al-Haram al-Sharif area, little is known about the fate of other parts of Jerusalem since the historical sources seem to omit descriptions of domestic quarters damaged by the earthquake.

The recent DEI⁶ excavations on the southern slope of Mount Zion brought new archaeological evidence to light, which will be presented here. It shows that other parts of Jerusalem, especially the south-western hill, were also strongly affected by the earthquake. There, it becomes evident that urban life in this part of the city after the so-called "Muslim conquest" in AD 638 continued without any archaeologically noticeable changes for the following century⁷—until a catastrophic event hit the quarter. This destruction can be connected to the earthquake in AD 749. Following that, the urban character on the south-western hill changed drastically⁸.

Moreover, in light of this new archaeological evidence of the DEI excavations, this study aims to investigate and reassess further sites regarding potential impacts that the disastrous seismic tremor has left in Jerusalem. Several examples are assessed in the following: the area around the al-Haram al-Sharif, the new excavations of the DEI, the Armenian Garden, as well as the excavations in the modern-day Jewish Quarter and the case of the city walls (Fig. 10.1).

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:168-169)

The earthquake damage in and around the area of the al-Haram al-Sharif is well documented by historical sources and by archaeological evidence. The area (Fig. 10.1 no. 1) experienced massive remodelling at the beginning of the Umayyad period, when the al-Aqsa Mosque, the Dome of the Rock, as well as Umayyad buildings (Fig. 10.1 no. 2) located south of the religious edifices were built.⁹

Unfortunately, the archaeological evidence that can be gathered from the Holy Sanctuaries — the al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock — is limited.⁹ Therefore, the study of the written accounts is an essential source for investigating the extent of the architectural damage in this area. For instance, it is described by al-Wasiti that the al-Aqsa Mosque suffered severe damage from an earthquake in the middle of the eighth century AD.¹⁰ He tells that in the days of the reign of Caliph al-Mansur (AD 754–775), the eastern and western portions of the mosque fell due to an earthquake in the year AH 130.¹¹ As a consequence, Caliph al-Mansur ordered the mosque’s restoration. Since no money was available for this, it is also known from the description of al-Wasiti, that the gold and silver plates decorating the mosque’s gates were to be stripped off, and dinars and dirham were to be coined from them.¹² Moreover, he also stated that shortly afterwards another earthquake hit the mosque, which was then restored by the caliph’s successor, Caliph al-Mahdi.¹³

Furthermore, in the tenth century AD the writer al-Muqadassi wrote about the earthquake damage in the mosque: he described that the earthquake destroyed most of the building, except for the corner around the mihrab.¹⁴

South of the Mosque complex, several buildings were constructed during the Umayyad period. Those are interpreted as administrative centres,¹⁵ whereas one of these buildings (‘Building ii’) stands out as a possible ‘Umayyad palace’.¹⁶ According to the excavators, this complex shows clear archaeological evidence of damage by the 749 earthquake. The damage is described as “cracked walls and warped foundations, fallen columns and sunken floors.”¹⁷ The archaeological material also provides evidence for the dating of this destruction: a sewage channel within one of the buildings was blocked shortly before the building went out of use. The material found there was interpreted as Khirbet Mafjar Ware, dating to the first half of the eighth century AD.¹⁸

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:170)

The ‘Givʿati parking lot’ excavation site is located further south of the previously discussed Umayyad administrative buildings in the Ophel area (Fig. 10.1 no. 3). This is, except for the Haram al-Sharif area, the only place in Jerusalem which was drastically reconstructed at the beginning of the Umayyad period.¹⁹ This area was turned from what had been a prosperous Byzantine domestic quarter into an industrial quarter — mainly through the construction of a lime-kiln.²⁰ This layout changed again “at some time during the eighth century CE” when, with the beginning of the Abbasid period, the lime-kiln was partly dismantled and covered, but only a few installations, wall stubs as well as pits were scattered throughout the area.²¹

In conclusion, one can say that at the site of the ‘Givʿati parking lot’ excavations noticeable changes occurred during the eighth century AD, but the causes cannot be determined with certainty. However, no archaeological traces of earthquake damage were observed at the site.²²

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:173-175)

With its detailed publication, the excavations in the Armenian Garden under the direction of A. D. Tushingham²⁷ from 1961 to 1967 provide lots of material for studying the Byzantine–Early Islamic period. This site might also show archaeological evidence for the AD 749 earthquake which was not interpreted as such by the excavator.

Three phases of buildings of the Byzantine–Early Islamic period were distinguished: the phase entitled ‘Byzantine I’, which clearly served a religious (Christian) purpose, likely a chapel or even a small church.²⁸ Attributed to this phase are an apse, the ‘Hare Mosaic’, an additional mosaic, some cisterns, and a few walls.²⁹ The excavators attribute this phase to the end of the reign of Justinian. A. D. Tushingham assumes this phase was short,³⁰ suggesting an “abrupt end by a washout.”³¹

After that, a completely different constructed building sounded the bell for a new architectural phase in this area. The so-called ‘Byzantine II’ phase consists of a building erected with a completely different orientation. It had a central courtyard and three adjoining smaller rooms. A. D. Tushingham describes this building as a possible khan or a caravanserai.³²

Additionally, an area enclosed with walls containing structures which are called ‘bins’, is attributed to this period.³³ Their function is not entirely clear. The bins seem to have contained several pieces of burned plaster and burned stones as well as a large number of tiles.³⁴ However, possible use as a kiln was excluded by the excavator.³⁵ This phase was brought to an end by a ‘great washout’, similar to the previous one. It is described by A. D. Tushingham as follows: “It is difficult to believe that rains alone could have been responsible for such a flood, but there is no doubt that the water was the agent of the destruction.”³⁶

The last phase, ‘Byzantine III’, was a reconstruction of the previous one but with a reduction of the large central courtyard, which was cut in half by an inserted wall.³⁸ The excavator interpreted both of the latter buildings as a possible caravanserai or a pension for pilgrims.³⁹

In the light of the interpretation of the DEI area I results, the transition between the different phases should be reassessed. A. D. Tushingham claims that the last of the phases, ‘Byzantine III’, was destroyed during the seventh century AD, either by the Persian conquest in AD 614 or by the ‘Muslim conquest’ in AD 638 and only resettled in the medieval period.⁴⁰ Such an occupation gap does not seem very likely, considering that during the Umayyad period, the south-western hill was still a flourishing place, especially for Christian pilgrims, as is known from various sources.

However, A. D. Tushingham still reports excavated material, such as pottery and coins, from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, mainly in various fillings.⁴¹ This does indicate that the area was occupied during this period, but no architectural features were attributed to this period.

J. Magness reassessed the pottery assemblages found in the excavations of the Armenian Garden. She discovered that the pottery of the Byzantine levels includes a mixture of types that can be dated from the sixth to the eighth centuries AD. Therefore, she concludes that it might be possible that the settlement phase in the Armenian Garden cannot be dated exclusively to the Byzantine period but can also have continued throughout the Umayyad period.⁴² Considering again the archaeological evidence of continuous occupation from DEI area I,⁴³ a similar inhabitation pattern throughout the Umayyad period in the nearby Armenian Garden seems very likely.

Therefore, the author suggests in the following a reassessment of the Byzantine occupational phases — at least the later ones — into the Early Islamic period. Instead of ‘washouts’ (or the ‘Muslim conquest’) which were described by the excavator, these events might be connected to the earthquake. Following each ‘washout’ the area was rebuilt differently. Similarities can be drawn with the excavation results of the nearby DEI area I — after the destructive earthquake, the urban layout was altered drastically, thus changing the nature of the site.

The transition between the excavator’s phases ‘Byzantine I’ and ‘Byzantine II’ in particular may be looked at here: from a chapel to an architecturally completely different, possible caravanserai.

Two possible solutions can be considered for the reconstruction of the Armenian Garden’s history:

Either the earthquake occurred between Tushingham’s phases ‘Byzantine I’ and ‘Byzantine II’ and as a consequence, the former chapel with an apse was overbuilt by the suggested caravanserai (instead of rebuilding the chapel). In any case, these measures changed the nature of the site altogether. The other option is the modification of the caravanserai in Tushingham’s phases ‘Byzantine II’ and ‘Byzantine III’ might be a possible result of rebuilding measures following the earthquake.⁴⁴

J. Magness has also reassessed the dating of the repairing of the city wall to the Early Islamic period (see below); as is analysed by A. D. Tushingham, this repair work corresponds with his ‘Byzantine II’ period.⁴⁵ This dating would confirm that Tushingham’s ‘Byzantine II’ phase can be dated post-earthquake.

Consequently, the ‘Byzantine III’ phase was a time in which the Armenian Garden was extensively repaired and rebuilt. Perhaps this was necessary after a destructive event, such as an earthquake, similar to DEI area I.

Furthermore, the so-called ‘bins’ mentioned above, which can also be attributed to the possible early Islamic layers, contain a lot of burnt material and former building material, such as burnt plaster and tiles, as described by A. D. Tushingham.⁴⁷ It can be suggested that this material could be the remains of the destroyed former buildings, the ‘Byzantine I’ structures. Those ‘bins’ were sealed, as described by A. D. Tushingham, by the latest ‘Byzantine III’ floor, which supports that argument.⁴⁸ For this, a detailed find analysis of the content of these ‘bins’ would be necessary.

Certainly, this chapter cannot provide a complete detailed reassessment of all the stratigraphical contexts and corresponding finds of the excavation in the Armenian Garden; still, it can provide cause to reconsider the archaeological history of the site during the transitional period from the Byzantine to the Early Islamic period.

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:175)

The excavations directed by N. Avigad from 1969 to 1982 in the modern-day Jewish Quarter within the Old City are usually a rich source for reconstructing Jerusalem's history and archaeology. However, no explicit hints suggest an impact of the AD 749 earthquake on the Jewish Quarter. In many areas, the remains from the eighth century AD onwards, even until the Ottoman period are combined into one stratum.⁴⁹ This is likely the result of modern building activity there, which may have destroyed many of the remains that date later than the Byzantine period.⁵⁰

Nevertheless, the modern Jewish Quarter excavations also revealed the Roman-Byzantine Cardo as the main thoroughfare during that time. The areas including the western Cardo (area X), do not seem to record any structures between the sixth to the thirteenth centuries AD.⁵¹ The same can be said about the pottery deriving from the fills above the Cardo — only a few examples of the pottery shards can be dated to the Early Islamic period, whereas most of the pottery can be dated to later periods.⁵² In contrast, a few coins from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods nevertheless suggest a use throughout these periods.⁵³ Moreover, the excavations carried out in Jerusalem's eastern Cardo did not reveal any earthquake damage. It is described that the eastern Cardo was partially overbuilt by a new building which also dismantled parts of the Cardo.⁵⁴

It can be assumed that any possible damage caused by the earthquake in those areas was simply rebuilt in the same way as before, and therefore no destroyed architecture was found. But according to the reports, no repair layers were observed in the architectural remains that could support such a rebuilding.

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:175-176)

The excavations in the Jewish Quarter also revealed remains of the 'New Church of the Holy Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary,' commonly known as the 'Nea Church.⁵⁵ The church, depicted on the Madaba Map, was one of the most significant building ventures undertaken by Emperor Justinian I and therefore played a central role in Christian Jerusalem.⁵⁶ The final days of the Nea Church have not yet been fully studied. The pottery from the areas within the church clearly shows continuation of the church throughout the Umayyad period,⁵⁷ but found its end sometime during the Abbasid period.⁵⁸ Different dates are suggested for the church's discontinuation: N. Avigad indicated that it was destroyed by an earthquake in the eighth century AD.⁵⁹ D. Bahat, on the other hand, suggested an earthquake in AD 846, although he also suggested the possibility that the church was destroyed during the earthquake of AD 749.⁶⁰ These assumptions about the church being damaged in the earthquake are based on account of the Commemoratorium de casis Dei — written in the ninth century: “The Church of St Mary which was thrown down by the earthquake and engulfed by the earth has side walls 39 dexteri long.”⁶¹ The Nea Church is the only church mentioned in this source as having suffered damage from the earthquake — no other churches were mentioned.

But in contrast to the textual evidence, no actual archaeological evidence was recorded indicating any impact of the earthquake. Following the types of possible seismic damage by S. Marco,⁶² it can be assumed that there is archaeological evidence for the earthquake in the Nea Church: a published photograph of the site⁶³ shows the height difference which can be seen in different parts of the church's marble pavement — some parts that were not supported by a wall running below it are located 0.10 m lower than other parts.⁶⁴ Additionally, it must be noted that most of the marble slabs were broken, which may perhaps hint at seismic damage.⁶⁵ But the suggestions remain merely assumptions, as no other evidence for this can be retrieved.

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:176)

It seems likely that when Jerusalem's buildings suffered several destructions during the earthquake, that its city wall was also damaged.⁶⁶ Indeed, several excavations around the city walls show signs of repair works during the period in question.

Precisely when the wall circuit used during the Byzantine period — the so-called 'Eudocia Wall' — was built and how long it remained functional is debated amongst scholars.⁶⁷ However, one can be quite certain that during the eighth century AD, under discussion here, the same city wall was still in use.

J. Magness reassessed some of these repair phases in the Byzantine–Early Islamic city wall circuit based on a re-evaluation of the pottery — especially the precise distinction of Byzantine and Umayyad ceramic material — to clarify the chronology of the wall repairs. She concluded that, for instance, excavations by R. Hamilton along the northern part of the city wall during the 1930s revealed “clear evidence for a reconstruction of the city wall in the vicinity of the Damascus Gate no earlier than the first half of the eighth century C.E.”⁶⁸

In the city's south-west, an additional stretch of the city wall with “clear evidence for a major rebuild” from the same time period was found in the Armenian Garden by A. D. Tushingham.⁶⁹ This part of the wall was also reassessed based on the pottery evidence by J. Magness. She re-attributes some of the excavated pottery forms found in the city wall’s foundation trenches to the (Late) Umayyad period⁷⁰. Consequently, J. Magness suggests an Early Islamic, Umayyad date for the repair of the city wall rather than the sixth century, as stated by A. D. Tushingham.⁷¹

Therefore, it can be said that Jerusalem’s city walls were reconstructed or renovated in the middle of the eighth century AD based on the two re-evaluated archaeological examples, which show that renovation works were carried out in this time period.⁷² However, it cannot be stated with certainty that these repair phases of the city wall are a result of the AD 749 earthquake rather than later measures to reconstruct buildings. It is also possible that these rebuilding measures were part of other construction projects in the eighth century AD — for instance, the reconstruction of Jerusalem’s city walls ordered by Caliph Hisham between AD 728 and 744 — because the walls were previously torn down by his predecessor Caliph Marwan II, as described by Theophanes.⁷³

The archaeological material does provide a terminus post quem —the first half of the eighth century AD—for the partial reconstruction of the city walls, but due to the proximity of both events in question, an exact attribution to one of them, at least in the case of the city walls, cannot be given.

• from Zimni-Gitler in Lichtenberger and Raja (2025:177)

It has become evident — both from historical records as well as from archaeological evidence — that Jerusalem's buildings suffered severe damage from the AD 749 earthquake. The al-Aqsa Mosque in particular faced partial destruction as described in various historical sources. Additionally, the area located south of it — the “Umayyad palaces” — also shows archaeological evidence of similar architectural damage.

While the primary written Muslim sources for that time only describe the damage that occurred in the al-Aqsa Mosque in more detail, other religious edifices were also affected by that earthquake damage — such as the Nea Church, for instance, as can also be learned from historical sources. But with this being the only larger Christian building mentioned, it certainly raises the question of the fate of other significant churches, such as the Church of the Holy Sepulchre or the Hagia Sion.⁷⁴ Not much is known about any earthquake damage to the latter buildings during the eighth century AD. Pilgrim itineraries do not mention the remains of any destruction during that time⁷⁵.

New archaeological research from the south-western hill in DEI area I provides compelling evidence that Jerusalem's domestic quarters also suffered damage from the earthquake. A clear destruction layer in room B suggests that these buildings were severely destroyed, leading to extensive remodelling that altered the character of the area.

Reassessment of the archaeological data from the Armenian Garden indicates similar transformations.

It can be said that the devastating seismic catastrophe functioned — certainly at least on Jerusalem’s south-western hill — as an agent of change for the cityscape, triggering drastic urban alterations, thus changing the nature of the respective quarters.

These alterations were very likely the result of structural changes within society that preceded the earthquake and created the need to change the nature of a few parts of the city.

Unfortunately, not as much is known about other parts of the city, since the Jewish Quarter excavations, for instance, cannot contribute as much to that question as most of the archaeological remains from the period in question have fallen victim to modern construction works.

However, the study also shows that the transitional period from the Byzantine to the Early Islamic period cannot be looked at in the city as a whole. Instead, it needs to be looked at independently in different parts of Jerusalem on a smaller scale to understand the larger-scale image of the city.⁷⁶

This contribution shows the importance of the earthquake of AD 749 (and its impacts) for investigating the development of Jerusalem during the transitional period, especially from the Umayyad to the Abbasid period. In many cases, the archaeological contexts do not show evident damage which can be connected to the earthquake or are not interpreted as such.

In general, the lack of archaeological material, such as apparent destruction layers, cannot be taken as evidence that Jerusalem was not affected by the earthquake, since, as shown in this study, extensive remodelling and reuse would not leave many destruction layers visible in situ in the archaeological record.

Therefore, future excavations in Jerusalem might shed more light on the transitional phases as well as on the impact of the earthquake in AD 749 and its consequences for Jerusalem's urban layout.

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Mazar, E. et al (2003). The Temple Mount excavations in Jerusalem 1968-1978 Final reports. Volume II, The Byzantine and early Islamic periods

Tushingham. A. D. Hayes, J. W. (1985). Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967. Vol. 1 Vol. 1. Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum.

Mazar, E. 2007 The Ophel Wall in Jerusalem in the Byzantine Period. Pp. 181-200 in The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968-1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar, Final Reports, vol. 3: The Byzantine Period. Qedem 46. Jerusalem: Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University.

Rahmani, L. Y. (1964). Jason’s Tomb. Atiqot 4 (Hebrew Services). Jerusalem, Hebrew Services. Atiqot 4: 30.

RAHMANI, L. Y. (1967) “Jason’s Tomb.” Israel Exploration Journal 17, no. 2 (1967): 61–100.

L. H. Vincent, Jerusalemsous terre, London 1911, pl. 7:1-2

R. P. J. Nasralleh, JPOS 16 (1936), 293-315

Y. Shiloh, Excavations at the City of David I, 1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19), Jerusalem 1984, 7, II, 25.

C. Warren, Excavations at Jerusalem, 1867-1870, London 1884, passim

V. Scheil, RB 1 (1892), 113-117

F. A. Dieber, ibid. II (1902), 441-442

H. Gressman, PJB 3 (1907), 72-75

H. Haensler, Das Heilige Land 53 (1909), 33-36

L. H. Vincent (op. cit.), passim

id., RB 13 (1914), 438-441

id., Jerusalem, Recherches de topographie, d'archeologie et d'histoire, 2, Paris 1926, passim

id. (with A.M. Steve), Jerusalem de !'Ancien Testament, Paris 1954-1956, passim

R. Weill, La Fin du Moyen Empire Egyptien 2, Paris 1918,736-737, 740

R. A. S. MacalisterandJ. G. Duncan, Excavations on the Hill of the Ophel, 1923-1925 (PEFA 4), London 1926,21-25,34, 175-178

A. Mallon, JPOS 8 (1928), 5-6

J. W. Crowfoot and G. M. Fitzgerald, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley, 1927 (PEFA 5), London 1929,20- 22, 65-66

B. Mazar, JPOS 10 (1930), 181-191

id., AJSLL49 (1932-33), 248-253

id., The Mountain of the Lord, Garden City, N.Y. 1975, 40-50, 153-166

id., Jerusalem Revealed (ed. Y. Yadin), Jerusalem 1975, 1-4

W. F. Albright, Jewish Quarterly Review 21 (1930-31), 164-166

D. C. Baramki, QDAP 4 (1935), 165-167

K. Galling, PJB 32 (1936), 91

A. Rowe, Catalogue of Egyptian Scarabs etc. in the Palestine Museum, Cajro 1936, 291

J. Nougayrol, Cylindres sceaux et empreintes du cylindres trouves en Palestine, Paris 1939, 50-51

R. Maxwell-Hyslop, Iraq 8 (1946), 26-28

11 (1949), 115

N. Avigad, IEJ2 (1952), 230-235

J. S. Simons, Jerusalem in the Old Testament, Leiden 1952

S. J. Saller, Excavations at Bethany, Jerusalem 1957, 372

id., LA 12 (1961-1962), 146-\76

id., The Excavations at Dominus Flevit (Mount of Olives, Jerusalem) 2: The Jebusite Burial Place, Jerusalem 1964

K. M. Kenyon, PEQ 95 (1963), 11-12

id., 97 (1965), 13

100 (1968), 29, 106

id., Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History, London 1967, 76-97

id., Digging up Jerusalem, London 1974, 76-97

Y. Saad, ADAJ8-9 (1964), 77-80; T. H. Busink, Der Tempel von Jerusalem, Leiden 1970, 77-89

R. H. Smith, ADAJ 15 (1970), 17-20; S. Loffreda, LA 24 (1974), 142-169

34 (1984), 357-370

D. L. Saltz, Report of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus 1977, 52

A. Ben-Tor, Cylinder Seals of Third Millennium Palestine, Cambridge 1978, 61

J. J. Schmitt, Scripture in Context: Essays in the Comparative Method(ed. C. D. Evans et al.), Pittsburgh 1980, 101-121

R. S. Merrillees, Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus 1981, 50-52; T. Watkins, Levant 13 (1981), 122-126, 130

L. E. Stager,JNES41 (1982), 111-121

B. Brandl and B. Sass, ZDPV 101 (1984), 111-113

Y. Shiloh, Excavations at the City of David 1,1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19), Jerusalem 1984, passim

id., IEJ 35 (1985), 66-67, 302-303

R. Gonen, BAR II (1985), 44-55

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987

R. Reich, IEJ 37 (1987), 163-164

M. Steiner, ibid. 38 (1988), 203-204

A. Maeir, Gottinger Miszel/en 110 (1989), 35-40

E. Mazar and B. Mazar, Excavations on the South of the Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Qedem 29), Jerusalem 1989

D. T. Ariel, Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone, and Ivory and Glass: Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985 2 (Qedem 30), Jerusalem 1990, passim

D. Bahat, The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem, New York 1990

K. Prag, PEQ 123 (1991), 129-132

S. Wimmer, Studies in Egyptology presented to Miriam Lichtheim 2 (ed. S. Israelit-Groll), Jerusalem 1990, 1073.

C. Warren, Underground Jerusalem, London 1876, passim

id., Excavations at Jerusalem, 1867~ 1870, London 1884, passim

id. (with C. R. Conder), SWP 5, 1884,passim

C. R. Conder, PEQ !3 (1881), 201-205

E. Flecker, ibid. (1884), 178-181

C. Schick, ZDPV8 (1885), 170-173

id., PEQ 19 (1887), 154- 155

24 (1892), 120-124

W. M. F. Petrie, ibid., 28-35

F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-1897, London 1898, 260-265

C. Clermont-Ganneau, Les Tombeaux de David et des rois de Judo et le tunnel-aqueduc de Siloe, Paris 1897

id., ARP 1, passim

R. A. S. Macalister, PEQ 32 (1900), 248

(190 I), 145

L. H. Vincent, Jerusalem sous terre, London 1911, passim

id., Jerusalem: Recherches de topographie, d'archeologie et d'histoire 1, Paris 1912, passim

id. (with F. M. Abel), ibid. 2, Paris 1914- 1926, passim

id., RB 33 (1924), 357-370

id. (with A.M. Steve), Jerusalem de /'Ancien Testament, Paris 1954-1956, passim

W. F. Albright, JPOS2(1922), 286-290

id.,BASOR 10(1923), 1-3

R. Weill, La Cite de David 1, Paris 1920

ibid. 2, Paris 1947

id., PEQ 58 (1926), 171-175

E. Sukenik, JPOS8 (1928), 12-16; R. Hamilton, PEQ 67 (1935), 142-143

K. Galling, PJB32 (1936), 73-101

G. E. Wright, BA 4(1941), 17- 31

G. Bressan, Biblica 25 (1944), 217-224

35 (1954), 217-224

S. Yeivin, JNES 7 (1948), 30-45

P. L. Garber, BA 14 (1951), 2-24

C. N. Johns, QDAP 14 (1950), 129

J. Simons, Oudtestamentische studien 7 (ed. P. A. H. de Boer), Leiden 1950, 179-200

id., Jerusalem in the Old Testament, Leiden 1952, passim; N. Avigad, IEJ 2 (1952), 230-235

3 (1953), 137-152

5 (1955), 163-166

20 (1970), 5-6, 8, 129-134

22 (1972), 193-197,200

25 (1975), 260-261

27 (1977), 55-56

29 (1979), 123-124

id., Jerusalem Revealed (ed. Y. Yadin), Jerusalem 1975, 41-44

id., Discovering Jerusalem, Nashville 1983, 23-60

id., Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985, 469-475

id., Israel Museum JournalS (1989), 7-16

M. Avi-Yonah, IEJ4(!954), 239-248

21 (1971), 168-169

A. Parrot, The Temple of Jerusalem, London 1957

R. Amiran, IEJ8 (1958), 205-227

(with A. Eitan),ibid. 20 (1970), 9-10, 16

id. with A. Eitan,Jerusalem Revealed(ed. Y. Yadin),Jerusalem 1975,52-53, 75-78

M. Burrows, ZAW70(!958), 221-227

H. J. Katzenstein, IEJ 10 (1960), !52-155

G. Fohrer, Theologisches Worterbuch zum Neuen Testament 7 (1961), 291-318

R. de Vaux, Ancient Israel: Its Life and Institutions, New York 1961, 312-330

K. M. Kenyon, PEQ 94 (1962), 76-83

95 (1963), 9-23

96 (1964), 8-11

97 (1965), 11-14

98 (1966), 85, 74-81

99 (1967), 66-69

100 (1968), 104-109

id., Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History, New York 1967, passim

id., Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century (N. Glueck Fest., ed. J.A. Sanders), Garden City, N.Y. 1970, 232-253

id., Melanges offrets d M. Maurice Dunand, 2, Beirut 1972, 137-149

id., Cities of the Old Testament, London 1971, passim

id., Digging up Jerusalem, New York 1974, passim

J. Prignaud, RB 71 (1964), 372-383

77 (1970), 50-67

id., Archaeology in the Levant (K. M. Kenyon Fest., eds. P. R. S. Moorey and P. J. Parr), London 1978, 136-148

S. Loffreda, LA 16 (1965-1966), 8-9

32 (1982), 59-72; D. R. A. Thomas, Archaeology and Old Testament Study (ed. D. Winton-Thomas), Oxford 1967, 276- 295

G. Levi Della Vida, InMemoriumPaul Kahle(eds. M. Black and G. Fohrer), Berlin 1968, 162-166

D. Ussishkin, BASOR 196 (1969), 16-22

id., BA 33 (1970), 34-38

id., Jerusalem Revealed(op. cit.), 63-65; id., Levant 8 (1976), 93-95

id.,IEJ 16 (1966), 104-110

29 (1979), 137-142

T. A. Busink, Der Tempel von Jerusalem, Lei den 1970, passim

B. Couroyer, RB 77 (1970), 248-250

U. Lux, ZDPV88 (1972), 193-194; E.-M. Laperrousaz, IEJ 132 (1973), 465-474

134(1975), 3-30

H. Shanks, The City of David: A Guide to Biblical Jerusalem, Tel Aviv 1973

M. Broshi, IEJ 24 (1974), 21-26

26 (1976), 81

(with G. Barkay), 35 (1985), !19;id., (op. cit.), 57

id.,Israel Museum Journal! (1982), 5-IO;J. Wilkinson, PEQ 106(1974), 36- 51

id., Levant 10 (1978), 116-125

D. Bahat and M. Broshi, Jerusalem Revealed(op. cit.), 56

B. Mazar, The Mountain of the Lord, Garden City, N.Y. 1975, passim

id., Jerusalem Revealed, 1-8

G. Barkay (with A. Kloner), IEJ 26 (1976), 55-57

IEJ26 (1976), 58

id., Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985,476- 475

id., BAIAS(1985-1986), 32-43

id. (with A. Kloner), BAR 12 (1986), 22-39, 40-53

A. Issar, JEJ26 (1976), 130-136

A. Mazar, ibid., 1-8

S. Singer, BAR 2 (1976), 7-10

M. Hoberman, Levant 9 (1977), 174-175

T. A. Holland, ibid. 9 (1977), 121-155

N. Shaheen, PEQ 109 (1977), 107-112

111 (1979), 103- 108

A. Lemaire, Levant 10 (1978), 156-161

id., RB 88 (1981), 236-239

id., BAR !0 (1984), 24-29

id., IEJ28 (1978), 274-276

29 (1979), 244-246

30 (1980), 220-221

32 (1982), 157-158

33 (1983), 129-131; 34 (1984), 57-58

35 (1985), 65-67

301-303

36 (1986), 16-38

id., Excavations at the City of David 1, 1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19), Jerusalem 1984, passim

id., Archaeology in the Land of Israel (eds. H. Shanks and B. Mazar), Washington, D.C. 1984, 149-157

id., Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985, 451-462

id., The Land of Israel: Crossroads of Civilizations (ed. E. Lipinski), Leuven 1985, 113-146

id., P EQ 119 (1987), 9-18

id., AASO R 49 (1989), 97-1 05

G. Brunet, VTSupplement 30 (1979), 73-86

H. Geva, IEJ29 (1979), 84-91

33 (1983), 56-58

A. D. Tushingham, ZDPV95 (1979), 39-55

id., Excavations in Jerusalem 1, Toronto 1985

id., Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985, 440-450

id., Levant 19 (1987), 137-143

id., PEQ 120 (1988), 142-145

D. Bahat,IEJ31 (1981), 235-236

id., The Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem, New York 1990

L. Y. Rahmani, BA 44 (1981), 229-235

V. C. Corbo, II Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme, Jerusalem 1981-1982, passim; M. Ben-Dov, In the Shadow of the Temple: The Discovery of Ancient Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1982, 31-55; J. Naveh,IEJ32 (1982), 195-198

V. Sasson, PEQ 114(1982), 111-117

L. E. Stager,JNES41 (1982), 111- 121

R. Wenning and E. Zenger, Ugarit-Forschungen 14(1982), 279-294

A. Kloner,.~AIAS(l982-1983), 37-40

D. Cole, BAR 9 (1983), 73

A. Kaufman, BAR 9 (1983), 40-59

J. R. Abercrombie, BASOR 254 (1984), 61-62

G. Barkay, Israel Numismatic JournalS (1984-1985), 1-5

H. J. Franken, Newsletter of the Department of Pottery Technology 3 (1985), 24-42

id., Levant !9 (1987), 129-135

21 (1989), 197

id. (with M. L. Steiner), Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967, 2, Oxford 1990

S. Gibson (and G. Edelstein), Levant 17 (1985), 139- 155

id., PEQ 119 (1987), 81-96

H. D. Lance, Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985, 481-483

M. L. Steiner, PEQ 118 (1986), 27-32

H. E. Lagro and D. Noordhuizen, Newsletter of the Department of Pottery Technology 5 (1987), 1-24

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987, passim

R. Reich, IEJ 37 (1987), 158-160

A. J. 'Amr, Levant 20 (1988), !85-196

T. Schneider, IEJ38 (1988), 139-141

E. Mazarand B. Mazar, Excavations on the South of the Temple Mount, Jerusalem (Qedem 29), Jerusalem 1989, passim

A. Maeir, Gottingen Miszellen 114 (1990), 63-69

B. Sass, PEQ 112 (1990), 59-61

J. Nadelman, IEJ 40 (1990), 31-41

D. Gill, Science 254 (1991), 1467-1471

J. Cahill et al., BAR 17 (1991), 64-69.

K. Galling, PJB 32 (1936), 73-101

A. Mazar, IEJ 26 (1976), 1-8

B. Arensburg and Y. Rak, PEQ 117 (1985), 30-34

G. Barkay (with A. Kloner), BAR 12/2 (1986), 22-39, 40-57

id., BAlAS (1985-1986), 37-40

R. Reich, Highlights of Recent Excavations, Jerusalem 1990, 16-17.

P. Thomsen, Die Paliistina-literatur 1-7, Leipzig 1911- 1969, passim

L.A. Mayer and M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 1 (1932), 163-193

M. C. Salzman, 'Atiqot Supplement 4 (1965), 12

8 (1969), 18

9-10 (1973), 32-37

R. P. Goldschmidt-Lehman, Jerusalem Cathedra 2 (1982), 328-351

J. D. Purvis, Jerusalem the Holy City: A Bibliography !-2 (American Theological Library Association Bibliography Series 20), Metuchen, N.J. 1988-1991.

General: For excavations in Jerusalem and remains discovered up until the 1930s, see L.A. Mayer and M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 1 (1932), 163-193, with supplementary information in QDAP 2-14. See also C. Wilson and C. Warren, Recovery of Jerusalem, London 1871

C. Warren, Underground Jerusalem, London 1876

id.-Conder, SWP-Jerusalem

Clermont-Ganneau, ARP 1

L. H. Vincent, Jerusalem Antique, Paris 1912

id.-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle 2-3

id.-Steve, Jerusalem 1-3

J. Simons, Jerusalem in the Old Testament, Leiden 1952

K. M. Kenyon, Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years of History, London 1967

id., Digging up Jerusalem, London 1974

J. Wilkinson, PEQ 106 (1974), 32-51

id., Levant? (1975), 118-136

Jerusalem Revealed (ed. Y. Yadin), Jerusalem 1976

Student Map Manual: Historical Geography of the Bible Land, Jerusalem 1979, sect. 14

E. W. Cohn, New Ideas about Jerusalem's Topography (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Guide Books), Jerusalem 1987

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987, 119-215

N. Avigad, Archeologie, art et histoire de Ia Palestine: Colloque du centenaire de la section des sciences religieuses, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sept.l986, 3 (ed. E.-M. Laperrousaz), Paris 1988, 133-142

M. Broshi, Israel Museum Journa/7 (1988), 13-23

J.D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (American Theological Library Association Bibliography Series 20), Metuchen, N.J. 1988

G. Barouch, 'Atiqot 18 (1989), Supplement, 48-57

E.-M. Laperrousaz, Transeuphratene I (1989), 55-65

MdB 60 (1989), 3-49

N.H. Bailey, PEQ 122 (1990), 34-40

Jerusalem: 5000 Ans d'histoire (Les Dossiers d'Archeologie 165-166), Paris 1991. Unusual finds: N. Avigad, IEJ 24 (1974), 52-58

D.T. Ariel, LA 32 (1982), 273-326

S. Gibson, IEJ 33 (1983), 176-188. City of David: H. Guthe, ZDPV5 (1882), 7-204, 217-277

Clermont-Ganneau, ARP I, 295-297

L. H. Vincent,Jerusalem sous terre, London 1911

R. Weill, La Cite de David 1913-1914, Paris 1920

ibid. 1923- 1924, Paris 1947

R. A. S. Macalister and J. G. Duncan, Excavations on the Hill of Ophel (PEFA 4), London 1926

J. W. Crowfoot and G. M. Fitzgerald, Excavations in the Tyropoeon Valley 1927 (PEFA 5), London 1929

J. W. Crowfoot, PEQ 61 (1929), 9-16,75-77, 150-166

M. Avi-Yonah,IEJ 4 (1954), 239- 248

Y. Shiloh, Excavations at the City of David 1, 1978-1982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19), Jerusalem 1984

D. T. Ariel, Imported Stamped Amphora Handles, Coins, Worked Bone and Ivory and Glass: Excavations at the City of David 1978-1985, 2 (Qedem 30), Jerusalem 1990. Acm: M. Avi-Yonah, IEJ21 (1971), 168-169

E.-M. Laperrousaz, VT38 (1988), 399-406

K. Decoster, ZDPV 105 (1989), 70-84

B. Pixneret a!., ibid., 85-89

G. J. Wightman, BAlAS 9 (1989-1990), 29-40. Southwestern Hill and First WaU: C. R. Conder, PEQ 7 (1875), 7-10, 81-89

F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-1897, London 1898

J. Germer-Durand, Maison de Caiphe, Paris 1914; R. W. Hamilton, PEQ 67 (1935), 141-143

C. N. Johns, QDAP 14 (1950), 121-190

A. D. Tushingham, ZDPV95 (1979), 39-55

id., Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-19671, Toronto 1985

ibid. (Reviews), Biblica 68/3 (1987), 443-446.- IEJ 40 (1990), 229-230

id., Levant 19 (1987), 137-143

id., PEQ 120 (1988), 142-145

H. Geva)EJ31 (1981), 57-65

33 (1983), 55-71

S. Gibson, PEQ 119 (1987), 81-96

N. Avigad, The Herodian Quarter in Jerusalem: Wahl Archaeological Museum, Jerusalem 1989

D. Chen and S. Margalit, ZDPV 105 (1989), 85-95

B. Pixner (eta!.), ibid., 86-95

id., ibid., 96-104

R. Riesner, ibid., 105-109. Second WaU: R. W. Hamilton, QDAP 10 (1944), I-54

K. M. Kenyon, PEQ 96 (1964), 14-16

R. Amiran, IEJ 21 (1971), 166-167

U. Lux, ZDPV 88 (1972), 185-201

J.D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (op. cit.), 52-66

B. E. Schein, BA 44 (1981), 21-26. Temple Mount and its environs: R. Hestrin, Israel Museum News 3/3 (1968), 51-52

R. Grafman, IEJ 20 (1970), 60-66

E.-M. Laperrousaz, Syria 50 (1973), 355-392

V. R. L. Fry, "The Warning Inscriptions from the Herodian Temple" (Ph.D. diss., Southern Baptist Theological Seminary 1974

Ann Arbor 1986); B. Mazar, The Mountain of the Lord, Garden City, N.Y. 1975

id., Biblical Archaeology Today, Jerusalem 1985, 463-468

B. Isaac, IEJ 33 (1983), 86-92

A. S. Kaufman, BAR 9/2 (1983), 40-59

R. Hachlili, Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Land of Israel (Handbuch der Orientalistik VII/I/2/4), Leiden 1988

J.D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (op. cit.), 178-192

R. Reich, IEJ39 (1989), 63-65

K. Ritmeyer and L. Ritmeyer, BAR 15/6 (1989), 23-53

P. Segal, IEJ 39 (1989) 79-84

D. Chen, lOth World Congress of Jewish Studies B/2, Jerusalem 1990, 9-14

K. Koenen, ZDPVI06 (1990), 180-182; L. D. Sporty, BA 53 (1990), 194-204

54 (1991), 28-35

D. M. Jacobson, BAlAS 10 (1990-1991), 36-66. Antonia: L. H. Vincent, RB 42 (1933), 83-113

61 (1954), 87-107

S. Marie-Aline de Sion, La Fortresse Antonia d Jerusalem et Ia question du pre to ire, Paris 1955

P. Benoit, Harvard Theological Review 64 (1971 ), 135-167

E. W. Cohn, PEQ Ill (1979), 41-52

G. J. Wightman, BAlAS 10 (1990-1991), 7-35. Streets: R. W. Hamilton, QDAP I (1932), 105-110

2 (1933), 34-40. Opus reticulatum structure: E. Netzer and S. Ben-Arieh, IEJ 33 (1983), 163-175. JERUSALEM 757 Tbird WaU: C. Schick, PEQ 20 (1888), 115-124

L. H. Vincent, RB 36 (1927), 516-548

37 (1928), 80-100, 321-339

54 (1947), 90-126

E. W. Hamrick, RASOR 183 (1966), 19-26

id., BA 40 (1977), 18-23

id., Levant 13 (1981), 262-266

K. M. Kenyon, PEQ 98 (1966), 87-88

M. Avi-Yonah, IEJ 18 (1968), 98-125; J. B. Hennessy, Levant 2 (1970), 22-27

S. Ben-Arieh and E. Netzer, IEJ 24 (1974), 97-107

P. Benoit, Studio Hierosolymitana I (1976), 111-126

J. Blomme, RB 86 (1979), 244-271

G. Schmitt, ZDPV 97 (1981), 153-170

A. D. Tushingham, Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-19671: Excavations in the Armenian Garden on the Western Hill, Toronto 1985

H. Shanks, BAR 13/3 (1987), 46-57

G. J. Wightman, The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem (BAR/IS 519), Oxford 1989. Water supply: C. Mauss, La Pis cine de Bethesda d Jerusalem, Paris 1888

C. Schicket a!., PEQ 20 (1888), 115-124

C. R. Conder, ibid. 22 (1890), 122-123

L. Cre, ibid. 33 (1901), 163-165

R. de Vaux and J. M. Rousee, RB64(1957), 226-228;J. M. Rousee, ibid. 69(1962), 107-108

L. Vetrali, LA 17 (1967), 149-161; D. Adan, IEJ 29 (1979), 92-100

F. W. Cohn, New Ideas about Jerusalem's Topography (op. cit.), Jerusalem 1987

J. D. Purvis (op. cit.), 43-51. Tombs General: N. Avigad, IEJ I (1950-1951), 96-106

P. Kahane, ibid. 2 (1952), 125-139, 176-182

3 (1953), 48-54

L. Y. Rahmani, BA 44 (1981), 171-177, 229-235

45 (1982), 43-53, 109-119

J. D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (op. cit.), 67-87

'Atiqot 21 (in prep.). "Tomb of Zechariah": H. E. Stutchbury, PEQ 93 (1961), 101-113. Jason's Tomb: A. Ben-Eli, Sefunim I (1966), 40-42. Two-Colmnned Tomb: N. Avigad, PEQ 79 (1947), 119-122

L. Y. Rahmani, 'Atiqot 3 (1961), 96. "Two-Storied Tomb": K. Galling, ZDPV 59 (1936), 111-123. Tomb of the Grapes: L. H. Vincent, RB 8 (1899), 297ff.

R. A. S. Macalister, PEQ 32 (1900), 54ff. "Saubedrin Tombs": J. J. Rothschild, PEQ 84 (1952), 23-28

86 (1954), 16-22 (tomb 14)

L. Y. Rahmani, 'Atiqot 3 (1961), 93ff. Tomb of the Frieze: L. H. Vincent, RB 10 (1901), 448

R. A. S. Macalister, PEQ 34 (1902), 118. "Tomb of Herod's Family": C. Schick, PEQ 24 (1892), 115-120

R. A. S. Macalister, ibid. 33 (1901), 397- 402

Vincent-Steve, Jerusalem, 342-346. Burial cave in the SchneUer Compound: Lutybarski, Ephemeris 2 (1906), 191-199

Frey, Corpus 2, 314f. Burial cave in the Qatamon quarter: H. Haensler, Das Heilige Land 57 (1913), 85-95, 124-144

Frey, Corpus 2, 303f. Tomb in the Kidron Valley: L. A. Mayer, BBSAJ I (1924), 56-60. Burialcaveinthe German Colony: E. L. Sukenik, JPOS8 (1928), 113-121

9 (1929),45-49

G. Avni, ESI9 (1989-1990), 147. Tomb south of Silwan: N. Avigad, IEJ 12 (1962), 1-12. Burial cave in the Talpiot quarter: E. L. Sukenik, AJA 51 (1947), 351-365. Tomb on Jebel Khalet et-Turi: J. T. Milik, LA 7 (1956-1957), 232-262. Tombs at DominusFlevit: B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik, G/i Scavi del Domznus Flevit, Jerusalem 1958

M. AviYonah, IEJ II (1961), 91-94. Tombs on Giv'at ha-Mivtar: N. Haas,IEJ20 (1970), 38-59

J. Naveh, ibid., 33-37

V. Tzaferis, ibid., 18- 32;id., BAR 11 (1985), 44-53

Y. Yadin,IEJ23 (1973), 18-22

V. Moller-Christensen, ibid. 26 (1976), 35- 38

J. Zias and E. Sekelef, ibid. 35 (1985), 22-27. Burial cave with the "Abba" inscription: J. Naveh, IEJ 23 (1973), 82-91

E.-S. Rosenthal, ibid., 72-81; P. Smith, ibid. 27 (1977), 121-124. Burial cave on French Hill: A. Kloner, IEJ 30 (1980), 99-108. TombsonKetefHinnom:H. M. Rosel, Biblische Notizen 35 (1986), 30-36

A. Lemaire, VT38 (1988), 220- 230, n. 15. Tombs on Giv'at Ram (the Botanical Gardens): R. Ruchman, ESI 6 (1987-1988), 60-61. Ossuary of Jehol}anna: D. Barag and D. Flusser, IEJ 36 (1986), 39-44.

General: For excavations in Jerusalem and remains discovered up until the 1930s, see L. A. Mayer and M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 1 (1932), 163-193, with supplementary information in QDAP 2-14. See also Warren-Conder, SWP-Jerusalem

Clermont-Ganneau, ARP I

Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle

R.W. Hamilton, PEQ 84 (1952), 83-90

L. Kadman, The Coins of Ae/ia Capita/ina (Corpus Nummorum Palaestinensium 1), Jerusalem 1956

J. Wilkinson, Levant 7 (1975), 118-136

Jerusalem Revealed (ed. Y. Yadin), Jerusalem 1976

D. T. Ariel, LA 32 (1982), 273-326

J. Briend, MdB 29 (1983), 35-37

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987

M. Broshi, Israel Museum Journal? (1988), 13-23

J.D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (American Theological Library Association Bibliography Series 20), Metuchen, N.J. 1988, 200-218

R. Jacoby, JEJ 39 (1989), 284-286

S. Margalit, Judaica 45 (1989), 45-56

Y. Meshorer, The Coinage of Aelia Capita/ina (Israel Museum Cat. 301), Jerusalem 1989. The sites: S. Merrill, PEQ 18 (1886), 72-73

C. Mauss, La Pis cine de Bethesda dJerusalem, Paris 1888

F. J. Bliss, PEQ 27 (1895), 25

J. Germer-Durand, Maison de Caiphe, Paris 1914

R. A. S. Macalisterand J. G. Duncan, PEFA 4 (1926)

J. W. Crowfoot and G. M. F\tzgerald, ibid. 5 (1929)

R. W. Hamilton, QDAP 1 (1932), 105-110

2(1933), 34-40

10 (1944), 1-54

M. Avi-Yonah, ibid. 8 (1939), 54-57

id.,JEJ18 (1968), 196-197;C. N. Johns, QDAP 14(1950), 121-190

Marie-AlinedeSion, La Fortress AntoniadJerusalemet Ia question du pretoire, Jerusalem 1955

K. M. Kenyon, PEQ 96 (1964), 16-18

98 (1966), 88

id., Digging up Jerusalem, London 1974, 256-264

J. B. Hennessy, Levant 2 (1970), 22-27

P. Benoit, Harvard Theological Review 64 (1971), 135-167

U. Lux, ZDPV 88 (1972), 185-201

P. J. Briand, Sion (Stadium Biblicum Franciscanum Guide Books), Jerusalem 1973

S. Ben-Arieh and E. Netzer, IEJ 24 (1974), 97- 107

M. Gichon and B. H. Isaac, ibid., 117-123

C. Coiiasnon. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, London 1974

G. B. Sarfati, IEJ 25 (1975), 151

Y. Blomme, RB 86 (1979), 244-271

V. C. Corbo, II Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme 1-3, Jerusalem 1981-1982

A. D. Tushingham, Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967 1: Excavations in the Armenian Garden on the Western Hill, Toronto 1985

ibid. (Reviews), Biblica 68/3 (1987), 443-446.- IEJ 40 (1990), 229-230

id., PEQ 120 (1988), 142-145

F. W. Cohn, New Ideas about Jerusalem Topography (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Guide Books), Jerusalem 1987

S. Gibson, PEQ 119 (1987), 81-96

P. T. Crocker, Buried History 24 (1988), 54-59

E.-M. Laperrousaz, Archeologie, art et histoire de Ia Palestine: Colloque du centenaire de Ia section des sciences religieuses, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sept. 1986, Paris 1988, 143-148

M. Magen, BAR 14;3 (1988), 48-56

Weippert 1988 (Ortsregister)

H. Starket a!., ES/7-8 (1988-1989), 90-91

W. B. Sweeney and P. Visona, Revue Numismatique 33 (1991), 263-268

G. J. Wightman, The Damascus Gate, Jerusalem (BAR/IS 519), Oxford 1989

Z. Greenhut, ES/9 (1989-1990), 147

id. (eta!.), Jerusalem Perspective4/4-5 (1991)

A. Kloner and H. Stark, ESI 9 (1989-1990), 145

V. Sussman and H. Stark, ibid., 54-55.

General: For excavations in Jerusalem and remains discovered up until the 1930s, see LA. Mayer and M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 1 (1932), 163-193, with supplementary information in QDAP 2-14. See also C. Wilson and C. Warren, The Recovery of Jerusalem, London 1871

Warren-Conder, SWPJerusalem

F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-1897, London 1898

ClermontGanneau, ARP 1

M. Renard, Das Heilige Land44 (1900), 3-23

Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle

C. N. Johns, QDAP 14 (1950), 121-190

R. W. Hamilton, PEQ 84 (1952), 83-90

J. T. Mi1ik, MUSJ27 (1960- 1961 ), 127-189

A. Ovadiah, Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land (Theophaneia 22), Bonn 1970, 75-98

id. and C. Gomez de Silva, Levant 14 (1982), 134-170

B. Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision (Publications of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum: Smaller Series 2), Jerusalem 1971

id., The Church from the Gentiles in Palestine, Jerusalem 1971

K. M. Kenyon, Digging up Jerusalem, London 1974, 265-280

Y. Tsafrir, Real/exikon zur byzantinischen Kunst, Stuttgart 1975, 525-615

J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades, Jerusalem 1977

Student Map Manual: Historical Geography of the Bible Lands,Jerusalem 1979, sect. 14-3

D. T.Ariel, LA 32(1982), 273-326

D. Chen, PEQ 114(1982), 43-45

A. D. Tushingham, Excavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967 1, Toronto 1985

H. Busse and G. Kretschmar, Jerusalemer Heiligtumstraditionen in altkirchlicher undfriihislamischer Zeit, Wiesbaden 1987

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987, 217-261

M. Broshi, Israel Museum Journal 7 (1988), 13-23

J. D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (American Theological Library Association Bibliography Series 20), Metuchen, N.J. 1988, 219-281, 303-367. City of David: R. A. S. Macalister and J. G. Duncan, P EFA 4 (1926)

J. W. Crowfoot and G. M. Fitzgerald, ibid. 5 (1929)

J. W. Crowfoot, PEQ 61 (1929), 9-16

75-77

Y. Shiloh, Excavations at the City of David I 1978-/982: Interim Report of the First Five Seasons (Qedem 19), Jerusalem 1984

J. Magness, "A Typology of the Late Roman and Byzantine Pottery of Jerusalem" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania 1989

Ann Arbor 1990). Southwestern Hill: F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-1897, London 1898; J. Germer-Durand, Maison de Caiphe, Paris 1914

C. N. Johns, QDAP 14 (1950), 121-190

A. D. Tushingham, PEQ 100 (1968), 109-111

id., ZDPV95 (1979), 39-55

N. Avigad,IEJ27 (1977), 145-151; M. Broshi, ibid., 232-235

D. Chen, ZDPV 95 (1979), 178-181

J. Magness, "A Typology of the Late Roman and Byzantine Pottery of Jerusalem" (Ph.D. diss., Univ. ofPennsylvania 1989

Ann Arbor 1990). Streets: R. W. Hamilton, QDAP I (1932), 105-110

2 (1933), 34-40

C. N. Johns, ibid. I (1932), 97-100. The Cardo: BAR 2/4 (1976), 19-21

3/2 (1977), 4-5

3/4 (1977), 10-12, 58

8/4 (1982), 7

N. Avigad, ESII (1982), 55-56

id., IEJ32 (1982), 158-159

id., Discovering Jerusalem, Nashville 1983, 213-229

D. Chen, PEQ 114 (1982), 43-45

J. Feldman, CNI Special Issue (June 1985), 26-27

E. Niv Krendel, BAlAS 1985- 1986, 48-52

R. Reich, 17th International Byzantine Congress: Abstracts of Short Papers, Washington, D.C. 1986, 287-288

id., IEJ 37 (1987), 158-167. Finds outside the Old City (including the tombs): R. W. Hamilton, QDAP IO (1944), I-54

V. C. Corbo, Ricerche Archeo/ogiche a/ Monte degli Ulivi, Jerusalem 1965

J. B. Hennessy, Levant 2 (1970), 22-27; B. Bagatti, The Church from the Circumcision, Jerusalem 1971

id. et al., New Discoveries at the Tomb of Virgin Mary in Gethsemane, Jerusalem 1975

S. Ben-Arieh and E. Netzer, IEJ 24 (1974), 97-107; V. Tzaferis, ibid., 84-96. Churches General: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle

M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 2 (1933), 162-178

J. T. Milik, RB 67 (1960), 354-367, 550-586

id., MUSJ 37 (1960-1961), 127-189

A. Ovadiah, Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land (Theophaneia 22), Bonn 1970, 75-98

id. and C. Gomez de Silva, Supp/ementum to id. 1-3 ibid. (Levant 13 [1981], 221-225

14 [1982], 134-143

16 [1984], 136- 138)

Y. Tsafrir, Reallexilwn zur byzantinischen Kunst 3, Stuttgart 1975, 587-615

J.D. Purvis, JeruJERUSALEM 785 salem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (op. cit.), 303-367

G. R. Stone, Buried History 24 (1988), 84-97; P. Walker, Holy City, Holy Places?: Christian Attitudes to Jerusalem and the Holy Land in the Fourth Century (Oxford Christian Studies), Oxford 1990

MdB 68 (1991). Church ofthe Holy Sepulcher: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 40-300

W. Harvey, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, London 1935

E. B. Smith, The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas (Princeton Monographs in Art and Archaeology 25), Princeton 1950, 16-29

V. Corbo, LA 12 (1962), 221-304

14 (1964), 293-338

15 (1965), 316-318

19 (1969), 65-144

38 (1988), 391-422

id., II Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme 1-3, Jerusalem 1981-1982

A. Ovadiah, Corpus of the Byzantine Churches in the Holy Land (op. cit.), 75-77

Supplementum 2, 134-138

M. T. Petrozzi, Dal Calvaria a! S. Sepolcro (Quaderni de La Terra Santa), Jerusalem 1972

D. Barag and J. Wilkinson, Levant 6 (1974), 179-187

C. Coiiasnon, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, London 1974

id., Atti del IX Congresso lnternazionale di Archeologia Cristiano[[ 1975, Vatican City 1978, 163-166

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 587-600

M. Broshi, IJNA 6 (1977), 349

S. de Sandoli, Calvary and the Holy Sepulchre: Historical Outline (The Holy Places of Palestine), Jerusalem 1984

S. Eisenstadt, BAR 13/2 (1987), 46-49

G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 2 (1987), 187-207

G.-W. Nebe, Zeitschrift fur die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 78 (1987), 153-161

J. D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (op. cit.), 320-334

G. R. Stone, Buried History 24 (1988), 84-97

Y. Boiret, MdB 61 (1989), 41-43; N. Kenaan Kedar, ibid., 37-40

M. Biddle and B. Kjolbye-Biddle, PEQ 122 (1990), 152

A. Recio Veganzones, Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land: New Discoveries (V. C. Corbo Fest.), Jerusalem 1990, 571-589

Walker(op. cit.), 235-281

D. Pringle, BAlAS IO (1990-1991), 108-110

J. M. O'Connor, Les Dossiers d'Archiologie, 165-166 (1991), 78-87

J. Patrich, Ancient Churches Revealed, Jerusalem (in prep.). Nea Church: N. Avigad,IEJ20 (1970), 137-138

27 (1977), 145-151

32 (1982), 158-159

id., Antike Welt 10/3 (1979), 31-35

id., Discovering Jerusalem, Nashville 1983, 229-246

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum I, 221-222

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 602

M. Ben-Dov, BAR 3j4 (1977), 32-37

4/1 (1978), 48-49

id., CN/26 (1977), 86-89

Buried History 14/3 (1978), 8-14

R. Reich, 17th International Byzantine Congress: Abstracts of Short Papers, Washington, D.C. 1986, 287-288

K. Bieberstein, ZDPV 105 (1989), 110-122. Church of Holy Zion: M. Renard, Das Heilige Land 44 (1900), 3-23

Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 421-490

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 89-90

id. Supplementum 2, 142

J. Briand, Sian (Cahiers de La Terre Sainte), Jerusalem 1973

Y. Tsafrir(op. cit.), 602

A. Le Borgne, MdB 55 (1988), 57

J.D. Purvis (op. cit.), 340-344

B. Pixner, BAR 16/3 (1990), 16-35, 60

Walker (op. cit.), 282-308. Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu: J. Germer-Durand, Maison de Caiphe, Paris 1914

id., RB II (1914), 222-246

Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 506-515

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum I, 225-226; M. B. Schlink, The Holy Land Today, rev. ed., Darmstadt 1975. Church in the Armenian Garden: K. M. Kenyon, Digging up Jerusalem, London 1974, 273-274

A. D. Tushingham, Excavations in Jerusalem, 1961-1967, Ioc. cit. Mount of Olives General: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 87-89

A. Storme, LeMont des Oliviers, 2nd ed. (Lieux Saints de Palestine), Jerusalem 1984

M. Kuchler and C. Ohlinger, Jerusalem: Texte, BUder, Steine (Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus 6), Freiburg 1988

MdB 55 (1988)

J.D. Purvis (op. cit.), 345-353

Walker (op. cit.), 199- 234. Church ofEleona: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 337-360, 374-419

L. H. Vincent, RB 64 (1957), 48-71

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 82-83

Supplementum 2, 139

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 606

M. Berder, MdB 55 (1988), 19-20. Church of Dominus F1evit: B. Bagatti, LA 6 (1956), 240-270

J. T. Milik, RB 67 (1960), 552-554; A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 83-84

Supplementum 2, 224-225

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 607-610

A. Storme, Le Mont des Oliviers, 2nd ed. (Lieux Saints de Palestine), Jerusalem 1984, 127-148. Church of the Ascension: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 360-419

V. Corbo, LA 10 (1960), 205-248; A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 85-87

Supplementum 2, 140-141

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 606-607

A. Storme (op. cit.), 72-101

M. Berder, MdB 55 (1988), 17-19, 36-37

Walker (op. cit.), 202-217. Church ofGethsemane: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 301-327

P. G. Orfali, Gethsemani, Paris 1924; A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 84-85

ibid., Supplementum 2, 139-140

B. Bagatti, LA 22 (1972), 236-290

23 (1973), 318-321

id., New Discoveries at the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Gethsemane (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Minor 17), Jerusalem 1975

A. Storme, Gethsemane, 2nd. ed. (The Holy Places of Palestine), Jerusalem 1972

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 611

C. Katsimbinis, LA 26 (1976), 77-280

M. Breder, MdB 55 (1988), 22-31

J. D. Purvis, (op. cit.), 345-348

Walker (op. cit.), 229-234. Greek Church (Gethsemane): A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum I, 221. Church of the Tomb of the Virgin Mary: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 808-810

825-831

C. N. Johns, QDAP 8 (1938), 117-136

C. Katsimbinis, LA 26 (1976), 277-280

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 96-97; Supplementum 2, 142-143. Church opposite the Bene Hezir Tomb: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum 3, 136. Siloam Church: F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, Excavations at Jerusalem 1894-1897, London 1898, 178-21 0; A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 90-94

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 602. Qa~r 'Ali: Y. Hirschfeld, LA 40 (1990), 287-294. Church on Ketef Hinnom: A. Ovadiah (op cit.), Supplementum I, 222-223. Church of St. Mary (ofthe Probatica): C. Mauss, La Piscine de Bethesda d Jerusalem, Paris 1888

VincentAbel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 669-742

J. M. Rousee, Atti del VI Congresso Internationale di Archeologia Cristiana, Vatican City 1965, 169-176

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum I, 223-224

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 611

J. D. Purvis (op. cit.), 355-358. St. Stephen's Church: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 743-804

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 77-78

Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 611-613

J. D. Purvis (op. cit.), 365-367. Church of St. John the Baptist: Vincent-Abel, Jerusalem Nouvelle, 642-668

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 78-79. Church outside the Third Wall: D. C. Baramki, QDAP 6 (1938), 56-58

A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 79-80

id. Supplementum 2, 138. l,lanania Hill: Deir Abu Tor: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 80-81. Church on Giv'at Ram: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), 81-82

id., Supplementum 2, 139. Monastery of the Cross: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum 3, 137

A. Economopoulos, Actes du Xe Congres International d'Archeologie Chretienne 2, Thessalonica 1984, 377-390

V. Tzaferis, The Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1987

id., Ancient Churches Revealed, Jerusalem (in prep.)

I. H. Dalmais, MdB 66 (1990), 45-47. Mosaics: C. Schick and F. J. Bliss, PEQ 26 (1894), 257-261

M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 2 (1933), 171-172; Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 613-614. Orpheus mosaic: L. H. Vincent, RB IO (1901), 436-448

M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP 2 (1933), 172-173; Y. Tsafrir (op. cit.), 613-614. Via Do1orosa: A. Ovadiah (op. cit.), Supplementum 3, 138. Mount of Olives mosaic: A. Ovadiah (loc. cit.).

For excavations in Jerusalem, see L. A. Mayer and M. Avi-Yonah, QDAP I, with supplementary information in QDAP 2-14 and later in 'Atiqot, ADAJ, and the annual archaeological reports in RB. Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader remains discovered up untill926 were primarily published in VincentAbel, Jerusalem Nouvelle. See also C. M. de Vogiie, Les Eglises de Ia Terre Sainte, Paris 1860

G. LeStrange, Palestine under the Moslems, London 1890 (index)

Clermont-Ganneau, ARP, 116-126

R. Hartmann, Palastina unter den Arabern 632-1516, Leipzig 1915

M. van Berchem, Materiaux pour un Corpus lnscriptionum Arabicum 1- 3, Cairo 1922-1923

E. Enlart, Les Monuments des Croises dans le royaume de Jerusalem 1-2 (Bibliotheque Archi:ologique et Historique 7-8), Paris 1925-1928

L.A. Mayer, ZDPV 53 (1930), 222-229

K. A. C. Creswell, Early Muslim Architecture 1, Oxford 1932

id., A Short Account of Early Muslim Architecture (Revised and supplemented by J. W. Allan, Aldershot 1989)

W. Harvey, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, London 1935

S. D. Goitein, JAOS 70 (1950), 104-108

id., Studies in Islamic History and Institutions, Leiden 1966, 135-148

id., Jerusalem Cathedra 2 (1982), 168-196

D. Chitty, The Christian Eastn.s. 2/1 (1952), 22-32

V. C. Corbo, Ricerche Archeologiche a/ Monte degli Ulivi, Jerusalem 1965

id., II Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Collectio Maior 29), Jerusalem 1981

E. Kiihnel,Islamic Art and Architecture, London 1966, 15-16, 185-186

T. S. R. Boase, Castles and Churches of the Crusading Kingdom, Oxford 1967, 1-24

J. Prawer, Arie/19 (1967), 60-66

id., The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, London 1972, 416-468

id., Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel (eds. H. Shanks and B. Mazar), Washington, D.C. 1981, 115-126

A. L. Tibawi, The Islamic Quarterly 12 (1968), 185-218

N. Avigad, IEJ20 (1970), 137-138

id., Discovering Jerusalem, Nashville 1983, 247-257; M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land, Jerusalem 1970, 35-73

J. B. Hennessy, Levant 2 (1970), 22-27

0. Grabar, The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3, Leiden 1971, 173-175

D. Bahat (with G. Solar), RB 78 (1971), 598-599

85 (1978), 72-84

(with R. Reich), 93 (1986), 111-114

id.,JEJ22 (1972), 171

id., Carta's Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1973, 26-36

id., BAR 6/2 (1980), 46-49

id., Archeologie, art et histoire de Ia Palestine: Colloque du centenaire de la section des sciences religieuses, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Sept. 1986 (ed. E.-M. Laperrousaz), Paris 1988, 197-203

id. (and A. Maier), ESI9 (1989- 1990), 55-56

id., Les Dossiers d'Archeologie 165-166 (1991), 88-99

H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, Oxford 1972

M. Piccirillo, LA 22 (1972), 291-314

N. Kenaan, IEJ23 (1973), 167-175, 221-229

C. Coiiasnon, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem (Schweich Lectures 1972), London 1974

H. Lazarus-Yafeh, Jerusalem(eds. M. OsterreicherandA. Sinai), New York 1974,211-225;A. Prodromo, LA 24(1974), 202- 226

B. Bagatti eta!., New Discoveries at the Tomb of the Virgin Mary in Gethsemane, Jerusalem 1975; Jerusalem Revealed ( ed. Y. Yadin), Jerusalem 1975

L.Y. Rahmani,IEJ26 (1976), 120-129

M. Broshi and Y. Tsafrir, IEJ27 (1977), 28-37;J. Folda, A History of the Crusades4(ed. K. Setton), Madison 1977,251- 280

id., Levant 10 (1978), 139-155

id., Crusader Art in the Twelfth Century (BAR/IS 152), Oxford 1982; B. Kiihnel, Gesta 16/2 (1977), 41-50

Y. Tsafrir, IEJ27 (1977), 152-161

40(1990), 280-286;J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrims before the Crusades, Warminster 1977

J.D. Brady, The American Numismatic Society Museum Notes 23 (1978), 133-147

H. Buschhausen, Die siiditalieneische Bauplastik im Kijnigreich Jerusalem von Konig Wilhelm II bis Kaiser Friedrich II (Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, Denkschriften 108), Vienna 1978

D. Barag, IEJ29 (1979), 197-217; id., Israel Numismatic Journa/!0 (1988-1989), 40-48

Z. Jacoby, Gesta 18/2 (1979), 3-14

id., IEJ 30 (1980), 202-204

id., Zeitschrift fiir Kunstgeschichte 45 (1982), 325-394

48 (1985), 441-450

E. Otto, Jerusalem: Die Geschichte der Heiligen Stadt von den Anfangen bis zu Kreuzfahrerzeit (Urban Taschenbiicher 308), Stuttgart 1980, 198-226

A. Ovadiah, Actes du 15e Congres International d'Etudes Byzantines II, Athens 1981, 585-596

M. Rosen-Ayalon, Recent Archaeology in the Land of Israel (eds. H. Shanks and B. Mazar), Washington, D.C. 1981, 111-113

id., Jerusalem: City of the Ages (ed. A. L. Eckardt), Lenham 1987, 81-91

id., Archeologie, art et histoire de Ia Palestine (op. cit.), 205-215

id., The Early Islamic Monuments of al-Haram al-Sharif: An Iconographic Study (Qedem 28), Jerusalem 1989; ibid. (Reviews), BAIAS9 (1989-1990), 56-58.~ RB 97 (1990) 619-620. ~AJA 95 (1991), 188-189. ~ PEQ 123 (1991), 133-135

id., IEJ 40 (1990), 305-314

id., Les Dossiers d'Archeologie 165-166 (1991), 100-111

M. Ben-Dov, The Dig at the Temple Mount, Jerusalem 1982, 343-354

M. Gil, JNES 41 (1982), 261-278

B. Z. Kedar, Jerusalem Cathedra2 (1982), 318-327

D. Pringle, The Ecclesiastical Architecture of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1982

id., RB 89 (1982), 92-98

id., World Archaeology 18 (1987), 341-362

id., Levant 21 (1989), 197-201

id., BAlAS 10 (1990-1991), 105-113

H. Geva, IEJ 33 (1983), 55-71

D. M. Jacobson, PEQ 115 (1983), 145-147

119 (1987), 39-43

Outremer: Studies in the History of the Crusading Kingdom of Jerusalem (eds. B. Z. Kedar eta!.), Jerusalem 1983

ibid. (Review), ZDPV 104 (1988), 188-189

E. Eisenberg, ESI 3 (1984), 47

A. Engle, 1000 Years of G/assmaking in Ancient Jerusalem (Readings in Glass History 18), Jerusalem 1984, 88-95

A. D. Tushingham, Ex· cavations in Jerusalem 1961-1967 1: Excavations in the Armenian Garden on the Western Hill, Toronto 1985, 105-107

K. Bieberstein, ZDPV 103 (1987), 178-184

104 (1988), 152-161

M. H. Burgoyne, Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study, Buckhurst Hill1987

ibid. (Review), ADAJ 31 (1987), 541- 542

W. H. Mare, The Archaeology of the Jerusalem Area, Grand Rapids 1987, 263-292

G. Kiihnel, Wall Painting in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (Frankfurter Forschungen zur Kunst 14), Berlin 1988

E.-M. Laperrousaz, Archeologie, art et histoire de Ia Palestine (op. cit.), 143-148

J.D. Purvis, Jerusalem, The Holy City: A Bibliography (American Theologi~al Library Association Bibliography Series 20), Metuchen, N.J. 1988,282-292, 368-387

G. W. Wightman, The Damascus Gate (BAR/IS 519), Oxford 1989; ibid. (Review), BAIAS9 (1989-1990), 61-62

Y. Boiret, MdB61 (1989), 41-43

E. Grabiner, ibid., 27-30; N. Kenaan Kedar, ibid., 37-40

J. Richard, ibid., 13-17

A. Chambon, ESI 9 (1989-1990), 144-147; G. Fehervitri, BAlAS 9 (1989-1990), 66-67

A.M. Maeir, IEJ 40 (1990), 68-70

B. Pixner, BAR 16/3 (1990), 16-35, 60

J. Magness, BA 54 (1991), 208-217

The Horns of Hattin (ed. B. Z. Kedar), Jerusalem (in prep.).

1. F. de Saulcy, 1853-1865: Old City and environs Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: Temple Mount and "Solomon's Stables." Tombs: "Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter" and "Tombs of the Kings"-the Tomb of Queen Helene of Adiabene. (partial list)

2. M. de Vogiie, 1853-1862: Old City Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: Temple Mount and Russian Hospice. (partial list)

3. E. Pierotti, 1854-1869: Old City Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: Temple Mount, "Solomon's Stables," Russian Hospice, marketplaces in the center of the Old City, Latin Patriarchate, Kishleh area, and Christ Church. (partial list)

4. C. Mauss and the White Fathers, 1863-1876, 1888-1900: St. Anne's Church, Old City Bethesda Pool (Probatica) and adjoining construction remains, Second Temple period

water installations and construction remains, Roman period

Church of St. Mary (of the Probatica), Byzantine period

chapel, Crusader period (for later excavations, see no. 41).

5. C. Wilson, 1863-1868: Old City and environs Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: discovery of Wilson's Arch; exploration of roofed underground passages west of Wilson's Arch, Second Temple to medieval periods

survey of Jerusalem's water-supply systems, Second Temple to Ottoman periods and survey (with C. Warren) of cisterns on Temple Mount

examination of Third Wall and Church of the Holy Sepulcher. Tombs: Garden Tomb. (partial list)

6. C. Warren, 1867-1870: Old City and environs Excavations, documentation, and exploration of ancient construction remains: discovery of Warren's Shaft and investigation of Gihon Spring, Siloam Tunnel, and Siloam Pool in City of David

exploration (with C. R. Conder) of Temple Mount walls

discovery of western pier of Robinson's Arch, sections of a street and underlying drainage channel

exploration (with C. Wilson) of Wilson's Arch and structures to its west, including the Freemasons' Hall, Second Temple to medieval periods

survey of cisterns and "Solomon's Stables" on the Temple Mount; Pool of Israel, Struthion Pool, Hasmonean aqueduct northwest of the Temple Mount, and the "low-level aqueduct" on Mount Zion

discovery of the Ophel Wall, Byzantine period, and of Damascus Gate, Gennath Gate, and Goliath's Tower, Roman to medieval periods. (partial list)

7. C. Clermont-Ganneau, 1870-1874, 1881-1883: Old City and environs Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: part of the fortifications in the City of David, Dome of the Rock, Golden Gate, Russian Hospice, and area of the Antonia fortress

discovery of the inscription forbidding gentiles entry to the Temple precinct, Second Temple period

remains ofByzantineperiod church at the Fourth Station on Via Dolorosa

Mount Zion. Tombs: survey of First Temple period tombs in Silwan village, including "Tomb of the Royal Steward"

clearing of "Tombs of the Kings" and "Absalom's Tomb," Second Temple period. (partial list)

8. H. Maudslay, 1871-1875: Mount Zion City wall and tower at southwestern corner of the line of the First Wall, Second Temple period.

9. C. Schick, 1872-1901: Old City and environs Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: Temple Mount, "Solomon's Stables" and Golden Gate, Bethesda Pool, Convent of the Flagellation, Muristan, Russian Hospice, Citadel ("Tower of David") and vicinity, Siloam Pool, Siloam Inscription. Tombs: Garden Tomb, "Herod's Family Tomb." (partial list)

10. H. Guthe, 1881-1885: Old City and environs Investigation of the Siloam Tunnel and discovery of part of the fortifications in the City of David, Second Temple period(?)

documentation of ancient construction remains, north of "Tower of David." (partial list)

11. M. J. Lagrange and the White Fathers, 1881-1894: St. Etienne's Monastery north of Old City Tombs, end of First Temple period

remains of monastery and church of St. Stephen, Byzantine period

chapel and adjoining buildings, Crusader period.

12. J. Germer-Durand and the Assumptionist Fathers, 1882-1912: St. Peter in Gallicantu, Mount Zion Rock-cuttings and water installations, Second Temple period

monastery, church, and street, Byzantine period.

13. Franciscan Fathers, 1884-1889, 1901-1903: Convent of the Flagellation, Old City Rock-cuttings and pavement, Roman period.

14. S. Merrill, 1885-1902: Old City and environs Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: north and east of the Citadel ("Tower of David"), Third Wall, aqueduct to Jaffa Gate, Byzantine and medieval periods. (partial list)

15. J. E. Hanauer, 1891-1907: Old City Documentation and exploration of ancient construction remains: "Solomon's Stables," area of Antonia fortress, Russian Hospice. (partial list)

16. F. J. Bliss, 1894: "Armenian mosaic" north of Old City Remains of chapel, Byzantine period.

17. F. J. Bliss and A. C. Dickie, 1894-1897: Mount Zion and southern Tyropoeon Valley Fortifications, including sections of city wall, towers, gates-"Essenes' Gate" and dam of the First Wall, Second Temple period

Siloam Pool and paved street, Second Temple period

fortifications, including sections of city wall, towers, and gate, Byzantine period (for later excavations, see no. 101)

Siloam Church, buildings and streets, Byzantine period

buildings and enclosure wall, medieval period.

18. L. H. Vincent, 1900-1932: Old City and environs Systematic detailed research and publication (with F. M. Abel and A. M. Steve) of ancient construction remains, Bronze Age to medieval periods

exploration (with M. Parker) of watersupply systems in Gihon Spring and Siloam Tunnel and discovery of part of the fortifications in City of David

investigation (with Marie-Aline de Sion) of ancient construction remains in Sisters of Zion Convent: Struthion Pool, Lithostrotos pavement and Ecce Homo Arch, Second Temple and Roman periods

excavations and investigation of Eleona Church, Church of the Ascension, and Dominus Flevit Church on Mount of Olives, Byzantine and Crusader periods

publication of the Orpheus mosaic. (partial list)

19. R. A. S. Macalister, 1900-1908: around Old City Survey and investigation of the city's necropolises, Second Temple period: Tomb of the Grapes, Tomb of the Frieze, "Herod's Family Tomb." (partial list)

20. G. Orfali, 1909, 1919-1920: Church of Gethsemane, Kidron Valley Remains of church, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

21. M. Parker and L. H. Vincent, 1909-1911: City of David Discovery of part of the fortifications and exploration of water-supply systems: Warren's Shaft, Gihon Spring, and Siloam Tunnel.

22. R. Weill, 1913-1914, 1923-1924: City of David Rock-cut caves erroneously identified as "Tombs of the House of David," First Temple period; part of the fortifications, system of retaining walls, Second Temple period (for later excavations, see no. 98)

discovery of Theodotos inscription, Second Temple period.

23. R. A. S. Macalister and J. G. Duncan, 1923-1925: City of David Fortification system, including city wall, two towers, and a stepped stone structure erroneously interpreted as part of Jebusite fortifications (for later excavations dating these remains to the Second Temple period, see nos. 45 and 98)

buildings and streets, Byzantine period.

24. N. Slouschz, 1924: Kidron Valley Clearing and exploration of "Absalom's Tomb" and "Tomb of Zechariah."

25. E. L. Snkenik, 1924-1946: around Old City Exploration and publication of burial caves, including Nicanor's Tomb, Second Temple period

~ discovery of "Uzziah king of Judah" inscription. (partial list)

26. E. L. Sukenik and L. A. Mayer, 1925-1927, 1940: north of Old City Sections of city wall and towers along line of Third Wall, end of Second Temple period

section of city wall along northern line of Old City wall, Byzantine period

remains of buildings, Byzantine period.

27. J. W. Crowfoot and G. M. Fitzgerald, 1925-1927: City of David and Tyropoeon Valley "Valley Gate," First Temple period(?) and mainly Second Temple period

buildings and streets, Byzantine period.

28. R. W. Hamilton, 1931: Ha-Gai (Valley) Street, Old City Pavement of Secondary (eastern) Cardo, Roman and Byzantine periods.

29. D. C. Baramki, 1932: Karm esh-Sheikh (Rockefeller Museum), north of Old City Dozens of tombs, Late Roman and Byzantine periods.

30. W. Harvey, 1933-1934: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Old City Examination and exploration of ancient remains, Byzantine and Crusader periods to modern times.

31. C. N. Johns, 1934-1947: Citadel ("Tower of David"), Old City Sections of city walls and towers at the northwestern corner of the line of the First Wall, Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian periods)

remains of buildings from Tentb Legion camp, Roman period

sections of city walls, tower, and buildings, Byzantine period

round corner tower and buildings, Early Arab period

survey of remains of present-day Citadel, medieval to Ottoman periods (for later excavations, see nos. 53, 88, and I 05).

32. K. Galling, 1936-1937, around Old City Survey and publication of Second Temple period burial caves, including "Two-Storied Tomb." (partial list)

33. C. N. Johns, 1937: Church of St. Mary's Tomb, Kidron Valley Exploration of remains of church, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

34. R. W. Hamilton, 1937-1938: Damascus Gate and northern wall of Old City Structure of the Roman Damascus Gate

sections of city wall, Late Roman and Byzantine periods (for later excavations, see nos. 45 and 100).

35. N. Avigad, 1945-1947: Kidron Valley, Silwan village, and north of Old City Exploration of burial caves and monuments: "Tomb of Pharaoh's Daughter" and "Tomb of the Royal Steward," First Temple period

"Absalom's Tomb" and "Cave of Jehoshaphat," Tomb of Bene I:Iezir, "Tomb of Zechariah," Nicanor's Tomb, Cave of Umm el-'Amed, and TwoColumned Tomb, Second Temple period. (partial list)

36. Y. Pinkerfeld, 1949: "David's Tomb," Mount Zion Survey and exploration of remains, Roman and Byzantine periods.

37. M. Avi-Yonah, 1949, 1968: Sheikh Badr (Giv'at Ram), West Jerusalem Pottery workshop, Second Temple period

pottery workshop of the Tenth Legion, Roman period; monastery and church of St. George, Byzantine period.

38. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik, 1953-1955: Dominus Flevit Church, Mount of Olives Remains of church and adjoining buildings, Byzantine period. Tombs: burial caves, Second Temple and Byzantine periods.

39. R. Amiran, 1953-1960: West Jerusalem Publication of Late Bronze Age burial caves in Na]:lalat A]:lim neighborhood and late First Temple period tombs in Mamilla area

survey and excavation of tumuli in Qiryat Mena]:lem neighborhood, end of First Temple period.

40. S. J. Saller and A. Lemaire, 1954: Mount of Olives Cemetery, Middle and Late Bronze ages.

41. M. J. Pierre and J. M. Rousee, 1956- : St. Anne's Church, Old City Continued excavations of remains of Bethesda Pool (Probatica), Second Temple period

buildings, Roman period, and remains of Church of St. Mary (of the Probatica), Byzantine period (for earlier excavations, see no. 4).

42. L. Y. Rahmani, 1956: Northwest Jerusalem Exploration and publication of burial caves in area of Sanhedria neighborhood, Second Temple period

excavation of Tomb of Jason in Rehavia neighborhood, Hasmonean period.

43. V. Corbo, 1959: Church of the Ascension, Mount of Olives Exploration of remains of church, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

44. V. Corbo, C. Coiiasnon, A. Economopoulos, et al., 1960-1969: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Old City Survey and exploration of church complex

discovery of remains of quarries, end of First Temple period

temenos, Roman period

Constantinian church, medieval, mainly Crusader church.

45. K. M. Kenyon, 1961-1967: City of David, Old City, north of Old City, and Mount Zion

Excavations in several areas:

Bronze Age and First Temple period: Corner of tower, Middle Bronze Age (18th century BCE); system of retaining walls, "Millo" and remains of buildings, Late Bronze Age and First Temple period

city wall and buildings inside and outside the wall, end of First Temple period (site A-I-III and trench I, eastern slope of City of David)

tower on line of Ophel Wall (site S), end of First Temple period

city wall at issue of Tyropoeon Valley (site F), end of First Temple period(?); remains in Armenian Garden (site L, with A. D. Tushingham) and in Muristan (site C), end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries seE). Tombs: Mount of Olives, Middle Bronze Age I. Second Temple period: Line of First Wall built in Persian period, addition of two towers, Hasmonean period (site A-I-III at top of eastern slope of City of David-for earlier excavations, see no. 23

for later excavations, see no. 98)

investigation of system of dams and gate along line of First Wall at issue ofTyropoeon Valley (site F), Hasmonean period

street and buildings in Tyropoeon Valley (site N)

fortifications along line of First Wall and podium of Herod's palace in Armenian Garden (site L)

investigations (with E. W. Hamrick) along line of Third Wall (site T)- excavators mistakenly believed this was not the Second Temple period Third Wall (for earlier excavations, see no. 26

for later excavations, see nos. 71 and 123). Roman period: Excavation (with J. B. Hennessy) of facade of Damascus Gate-excavators erroneously dated its beginnings to the Second Temple period (for earlier excavations, see no. 34

for later excavations, see no. 100)

remains of quarries in southern Ophel and City of David. Byzantine period: Several building phases and remains of church in Armenian Garden (site L

for later excavations, see no. 62). Early Arab and medieval periods: Excavations (with R. de Vaux) of remains of monumental structure on the Ophel, erroneously dated to Byzantine period (for later excavations, see no. 51); outer gate complex of the Damascus Gate, Crusader period.

46. N. Avigad, 1967: Mount Scopus Nazirite family tomb, Second Temple period.

47. V. Tzaferis, 1967: Giv'at Sha'ul, West Jerusalem Fort, Hasmonean and Byzantine periods.

48. D. Ussishkin, 1968-1971: Silwan Village Survey and publication of dozens of burial caves, 9th-7th centuries BCE.

49. M. H. Burgoyne, 1968-1975, Temple Mount and Muslim Quarter, Old City Survey and publication of buildings, Mameluke period.

50. M. Ben-Dov, 1968-1985: Old City Exposure of western wall of Temple Mount enclosure, Herodian period

exploration of networks of vaulted tunnels near Wilson's Arch, Second Temple to medieval periods (for later excavations, see no. 114).

51. B. Mazar, 1968-1978: Ophel and near southwestern corner of Temple Mount First Temple period: Royal building-"house of Millo" (9th-8th centuries BeE

for later excavations, see no. 115) and tombs, First Temple period. Second Temple period: Buildings and water installations, Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods; exposure of southern wall and southwestern corner of Temple Mount enclosure, with networks of streets, public squares, stairways to Huldah Gates, system of piers supporting stairway of Robinson's Arch, and various buildings, Herodian period. Roman period: Buildings. Byzantine period: Ophel Wall and its towers, various buildings, public building (hospice), bathhouse. Early Arab period: Four Umayyad palaces (7th-8th centuries CE) and buildings from Fatimid period (10th-11th centuries).

52. A. Ovadiah and E. Netzer, 1968: Jewish Quarter, Old City Exploration and survey of complex of Church of St. Mary of the Germans, Crusader period.

53. R. Amiran and A. Eitan, 1968-1969: Citadel ("Tower of David"), Old City Exposure of inner face of northwestern corner on line of First Wall, with inner tower, Hasmonean period, thickened in Herodian period

buildings, Hasmonean period

and podium of Herod's palace

thickening of city wall and buildings, Byzantine period (for earlier excavations, see no. 31; for later excavations, see nos. 88 and 105).

54. V. Tzaferis, 1968: Giv'at ha-Mivtar, North Jerusalem Burial caves with ossuary inscribed "Simon the Temple Builder" and remains of crucified man, Second Temple period.

55. N. Avigad, 1969-1982: Jewish Quarter, Old City Excavations in several areas: First Temple period: Fortifications along line of First Wall: "Broad Wall" (area A), gate or tower (area W), city wall and tower (area X-2), and buildings in various areas, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE). Second Temple period: Fortifications along line of First Wall: tower (area W), complex of fortifications-gate(?) identified with Gennath Gate (area X-2)

buildings, Hasmonean period (areas E, J)

street (areas E, J) and buildings, Herodian period: the PalatialMansion (area P), other buildings (areas F, M), and the Burnt House with evidence of the city's destruction in 70 CE (area B). Roman period: Few finds and mainly Tenth Legion roof tiles. Byzantine period: Cardo (area X), church, complex of buildings and cistern ofNea Church (areas D, T), bathhouse (area C), buildings in most excavated areas. JERUSALEM 803 Early Arab period: City wall and gate (area T

lOth-lith centuries CE). Crusader period: Public building (area T), vaulted marketplace (area X). Ayyubid period: Gate or tower (area T

for later excavations, see no. 79).

56. A. Mazar, 1969: South of Jerusalem Survey of aqueducts from Solomon's Pools to Jerusalem, Second Temple period and Roman to Ottoman periods.

57. J. Margovski, 1969: Jewish Quarter, Old City Trial excavations: remains from Second Temple to medieval periods.

58. J. Margovski, 1969-1971: Mount Zion Buildings and street, Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian periods)

public and other buildings, Byzantine period

Sulfur Tower (Burj Kibrit), medieval period

"low-level aqueduct," Second Temple to Ottoman periods.

59. 0. Negbi, 1969: French Hill, North Jerusalem Fort, end of First Temple and Persian periods.

60. E. D. Oren, 1970: French Hill, North Jerusalem Fortified farmhouse, Byzantine period.

61. E. D. Oren, 1970: Valley of the Cross and Keren ha-Yesod Street, West Jerusalem Watchtowers, Crusader and Mameluke periods.

62. D. Bahat and M. Broshi, 1970-1971: Armenian Garden, Old City Fortifications along line of First Wall and podium of Herod's palace, Second Temple period; palace complex, Crusader period (for earlier excavations, see no. 45).

63. Z. Yeivin, 1970: Temple Mount, Old City Wall, Second Temple period

64. U. Lux, 1970-1971: Church of the Redeemer, Old City Construction remains, Byzantine and medieval periods.

65. V. Tzaferis, 1970: Giv'at ha-Mivtar, North Jerusalem Burial cave with inscription "I am Abba son of the priest," Second Temple period.

66. D. Bahat and M. Ben-Ari, 1971-1972: northwestern corner of Old City wall City wall, Goliath's Tower, and moat, Crusader period.

67. M. Broshi, 1971-1972: Armenian monastery (House of Caiaphas), Mount Zion Buildings, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE)

buildings, Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian periods)

remains of complex of Church of Holy Zion and street, Byzantine period

buildings, Early Arab period

enclosure wall of complex of Church of St. Mary of Mount Zion, Crusader period.

68. G. Barkay, A. Mazar, and A. Kloner, 1971-1972: north of Old City Survey and publication of burial caves, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE).

69. A. Kloner, 1971: Giv'at ha-Mivtar, North Jerusalem Burial cave with ossuary inscribed "of the house of David," Second Temple period.

70. B. Bagatti, 1972: Church of St. Mary's Tomb, Kidron Valley Exploration of remains of church, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

71. S. Ben-Arieh and E. Netzer, 1972-1974: north of Old City Section of city wall and towers along line of Third Wall, end of Second Temple period

monastery complex, Byzantine period (for later excavations, see no. 123).

72. P. Benoit, 1972: Convent of the Sisters of Zion, Old City Exploration of ancient construction remains, Roman period.

73. H. J. H. Vriezen, 1972-1974: Church of the Redeemer, Old City Construction remains, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

74. M. Ben-Dov, 1975-1977, 1981: Mount Zion Buildings and water installations, Second Temple period

Secondary (eastern) Cardo, corner of Nea Church and adjoining buildings, Byzantine period

wall, towers, and gate along line of southern wall of Old City, medieval period.

75. M. Broshi, 1973-1978: west of Old City Structure and burial caves, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE)

fortifications along line of First Wall: tower from 2nd century BCE

city wall and four towers, Hasmonean period; thickening of towers, outer city wall, and gate entrance, Herodian period

section of city wall, Byzantine period

city wall and towers, Ayyubid period.

76. C. Katsimbinis, 1973-1974: Church of St. Mary's Tomb, Kidron Valley Exploration of remains of monastery and church, Crusader period.

77. Cyprianos, 1973: Church of Gethsemane, Kidron Valley Exploration of remains of church, Byzantine and Crusader periods.

78. A. Kloner, 1973: Sultan's Pool, Valley of Hinnom Remains of the pool, Crusader and Ottoman periods.

79. M. Broshi, 1974: Mount Zion Buildings, Second Temple period

buildings, Byzantine period

gate or tower, Ayyubid period (for earlier excavations, see no. 55).

80. M. Broshi and Y. Tsafrir, 1974: Zion Gate, southern wall of Old City Gate or tower, Ayyubid period (for later excavations, see no. 116).

81. S. Margalit, 1974: Beth ha-Bad Street, Old City Pavement of Cardo, Roman and Byzantine periods.

82. A. Kloner, 1974: Mount of Olives Tomb with paintings, Byzantine period,

83. M. Broshi, 1975-1976: Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Old City Remains of quarries, end of First Temple period

walls of Hadrianic temenos platform, Roman period

foundations of Constantinian basilica, Byzantine period.

84. G. Barkay, 1975-1989: Ketef Hinnom, southwest of Old City Burial caves, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE)

cremation burials, Roman period; monastery and church of St. George, tombs, Byzantine period.

85. Y. Gat, 1975: southern Tyropoeon Valley Construction remains, Second Temple period.

86. A. Kloner, 1975: French Hill, North Jerusalem Burial cave, Early Hasmonean period.

87. A. Kloner and D. Davis, 1975-1978: west of Old City Burial caves, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE)

tombs, Second Temple period; "low-level aqueduct," Second Temple to Ottoman periods.

88. H. Geva, 1976-1980: Citadel ("Tower of David"), Old City Southern tower at northwestern cornerofline of First Wall, including building phases from Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian periods)

construction remains of Tenth Legion camp, Roman period

sections of city wall, tower, and buildings, Byzantine period

round corner tower and buildings, Early Arab period

fortifications and buildings, medieval and Ottoman periods(for earlier excavations, see nos. 31 and 53

for later excavations, see no. 105).

89. Y. Gat, 1976: Mount Scopus Tomb with sarcophagi, Second Temple period.

90. A. Kloner, 1976: northern wall of Old City City wall, Byzantine period.

91. A. Kloner, 1976: West Jerusalem Elaborate tomb complex, Second Temple period.

92. A. Kloner, 1976-1977: Ha-Gai Street, Old City Wali--Oity wall(?), end of First Temple or Second Temple period.

93. D. Adan, 1977: Kidron Valley Pool-"Solomon's Pool," Second Temple period.

94. 0. Hess and E. Eisenberg, 1977: Ha-Gai Street, Old City Pavement of Secondary (eastern) Cardo, Byzantine period.

95. S. Margalit, D. Chen, and G. Solar, 1977: Christians' Street, Old City Pavement of street, Byzantine period.

96. E. Netzer and S. Ben-Arieh, 1977: north of Old City Round opus reticulatum structure-"Herod's monument," Second Temple period.

97. A. Mazar, 1978-1979: Giloh neighborhood, South Jerusalem Building surrounded by wall and tower, Iron Age I

watchtower, Iron Age II (see Giloh).

98. Y. Shiloh, 1978-1984: City of David

Excavation in several areas:

Chalcolithic period: Finds.

Bronze Age: Buildings, Early Bronze Age

city wall, Middle Bronze Age (18th century BCE), continuous layers of building on eastern slope of City of David (area E), Middle and Late Bronze ages.

First Temple period: Stepped stone structure on eastern slope of City ofDavid (area G

I Oth century BCE)

city wall, end of First Temple period (area E

8th-6th centuries BCE)

dwellings: House of Ahiel, House of the Bullae, Burnt Room, end of First Temple period (area G

8th-6th centuries BCE)

clearing of Warren's Shaft, exploration of Siloam channel, First Temple period (area B); system of dams at issue of Tyropoeon Valley, First Temple period (area A). Second Temple period: Sections of city wall and tower on line of First Wali,Persian and Hasmonean periods

earth glacis, Hasmonean period (area G

for earlier excavations, see nos. 23 and 45); section of city wall and blocked gateway along line of First Wall (area D), Hasmonean period; construction remains in dam ofTyropoeon Valley (area A)

system of terraces on eastern slope of City of David, outside line of city wall (areas D and E), Hellenistic and Hasmonean periods (for earlier excavations, see no. 22)

construction remains in Tyropoeon Valley (area H), Hasmonean period.

Byzantine period: Construction remains (area H) and partially rock-cut structure (area K).

99. D. Tarler, A. De Groot, and G. Solar, 1979: northern wall of Old City City wall, Byzantine period

city wall and moat, Crusader period.

100. M. Magen, 1979-1984: Damascus Gate, northern wall of Old City Complex of Damascus Gate and pavement of square inside it-Roman-Hadrianic periods (for earlier excavations, see nos. 34 and 45).

101. B. Pixner, D. Chen, and S. Margalit, 1979-1986: Mount Zion Exploration of city wall, gate, and tower at southwestern corner ofline of First Wall, Second Temple and Byzantine periods (for earlier excavations, see no. 17).

102. M. Magen, 1980: Ha-Gai Street, Old City Pavement of Secondary (eastern) Cardo, Roman and Byzantine periods.

103. M. Magen, 1980-1981: Lions' (St. Stephen's) Gate Street, Old City Pavement of street, Second Temple and Roman periods.

104. G. Edelstein, 1980, 1987 (with Z. Greenhut): Manal,tat hill, West Jerusalem Settlement, Middle Bronze Age II and end of First Temple period (see Nal;lal Rephaim).

105. G. Solar and R. Sivan, 1980-1988: Citadel ("Tower of David"), Old City Fortifications and construction remains, end of First Temple period (8th-6th centuries BCE); exposure of outer face of northwestern corner on line of First Wall, with early "middle tower," "southern tower," and sections of city wall between them, Second Temple period (Hasmonean and Herodian periods)

stepped installation-pool?, Hasmonean period

city wall, Byzantine period (for earlier excavations, see nos. 31, 53, and 88).

106. G. Edelstein, 1982-1987: 'En Ya'el, West Jerusalem Farmhouse, Roman period (see Nal;lal Rephaim).

107. E. Eisenberg, 1982-1990 (1985 season with G. Edelstein): Nal,tal Rephaim, West Jerusalem Settlement, Middle Bronze Age I and II (see Nal;lal Rephaim).

108. S. Margalit and B. Pixner, 1982-1985: Mount Zion Water installations, Second Temple period

street, Byzantine period.

109. E. Eisenberg, 1983: Mount Zion Sections of walls associated with Church of Holy Zion, Byzantine period

Church of St. Mary of Mount Zion, Crusader period.

110. H. Goldfuss, 1983: western wall of Old City Section of city wall, Byzantine(?) and medieval periods.

111. S. Gibson, 1983: western wall of Old City Drainage channel, Herodian period.

112. G. Mazor, 1983: northern wall of Old City Section of city wall, Crusader period.

113. D. Bahat, 1985: Dung Gate, Old City Buildings and street, Mameluke and Ottoman periods.

114. D. Bahat, 1985-1990: west of Temple Mount, Old City Renewed exploration of tunnel northwest of Temple Mount, Hasmonean period

exposure of city wall and tower at north end of western Temple Mount wall and nearby quarries and street, Herodian period (for earlier excavations, see no. 50).

115. E. Mazar and B. Mazar, 1986-1987: Ophel Complex of royal buildings, including gate-Water Gate(?), fortifications, and storehouses, First Temple period (9th-6th centuries BeE

for earlier excavations, see no. 51).

116. A. Maeir, 1987: Zion Gate, southern wall of Old City Gate or tower, Ayyubid period (for earlier excavations, see no. 80).

117. A. Chambon, 1987: Notre Dame, north of Old City Bathhouse, Byzantine period.

118. G. Avni and Z. Greenhut, 1989: Kidron Valley Elaborate burial caves, Second Temple period.

119. D. Bahat and A. Maeir, 1989: Russian Compound, north of Old City Building-Hospital of the Order of St. Lazarus, Crusader period.

120. V. Sussman, 1989: Mount Scopus Burial cave, Second Temple period.

121. A. Maeir, 1989: Valley of Hinnom, west of Old City Corner of building, Second Temple period

complex of buildings, street, and aqueduct, Byzantine and Early Arab periods.

122. R. Abu Ria and L. Gershuny, 1990: Street of the Chain, Old City Pavement of Decumanus, Roman and Byzantine periods.

123. V. Tzaferis, A. Onn, N. Feig, and E. Sukron, 1990: north of Old City Section of Third Wall, end of Second Temple period

monasteries with systems of rooms, chapels, and tombs, Byzantine and Early Arab periods.

124. R. Reich, 1990: Valley of Hinnom, west of Old City Burial caves, end of First Temple (8th-6th centuries BCE) and Second Temple periods

burial chapel, Byzantine period.

125. Z. Greenhut, 1990: south of Old City Burial cave, with ossuary inscribed "Jehoseph son of Caiaphas," Second Temple period.

126. D. Amit and S. Wolff, 1990-1992: north of Old City Armenian monastery with system of rooms and tombs, Byzantine and Early Arab periods.

The History of Jerusalem: Crusaders and Ayyubids (1099–1250) (eds. J. Prawer & H. Ben-Shammai), Jerusalem 1991 (Heb.)

Jerusalem: 5000 Years of History (Les Dossiers d’Archéologie Special Issue), Dijon 1992

J. J. Price, Jerusalem Under Siege: The Collapse of the Jewish State, 66–70 C.E. (Brill’s Series in Jewish Studies 3), Leiden 1992

J. Magness, Jerusalem Ceramic Chronology circa 200–800 CE (JSOT–ASOR Monograph Series 9), Sheffield 1993

G. J. Wightman, The Walls of Jerusalem from the Canaanites to the Mamluks (Mediterranean Archaeology Suppl. 4

eds. I. Eshel & K. Prag), Sydney 1993; ibid. (Reviews) BA 57 (1994), 236–238. — 58 (1995), 58–59. — BAR 21/6 (1995), 6. — RB 102 (1995), 433–437. — JAOS 116 (1996), 142–143. — PEQ 130 (1998), 51–62

Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeology in the Holy City 1968–1974 (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 1994

ibid. (Reviews) BASOR 298 (1995), 89–90. — PEQ 128 (1996), 175–176. — JNES 57 (1998), 221–223. — Syria 75 (1998), 308–310

ibid., repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000

K. Bieberstein & H. Blödhorn, Jerusalem: Grundzüge der Baugeschichte vom Chalkolithikum bis zur Frühzeit der Osmanischen Herrschaft, 1–3 (Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients B: Geisteswissenschften 100/1–3), Wiesbaden 1994

ibid. (Reviews) Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 38 (1995), 206–208. — ZDPV 112 (1996), 66–69

id., ibid., Eng. ed.: The Archaeological Sites and Architectural Monuments of Jerusalem (ed. R. Schick

in prep.)

A. Contessa, Gerusalemme nell’Arte ebraica e cristiana (Liturgia e vita), Magnano 1994

Die Reise nach Jerusalem–Eine kulturhistorische Exkursion in die Stadt der Städte: 3000 Jahre Davidsstadt (Eine Ausstellung, 22.11.1995–29.2.1996; eds. H. Budde & N. Andreas), Berlin 1995

J. Mesonero Trancón, Jerusalem Romana y Cristiana, Madrid 1995

A. J. Wharton, Refiguring the Post Classical City: Dura Europos, Jerash, Jerusalem and Ravenna, Cambridge 1995

ibid. (Review) AJA 102 (1998), 817–819

New Studies on Jerusalem: Proceedings of Conferences (eds. A. Faust & E. Baruch), 1–8, Ramat Gan 1995–2002 & ff. (Eng. abstracts)

A. G. Auld, Jerusalem I: From the Bronze Age to the Maccabees (Cities of the Biblical World), Cambridge 1996

ibid. (Reviews) BAR 24/4 (1998), 56–57. — PEQ 130 (1998), 68. — RB 105 (1998), 299–306

The Centrality of Jerusalem: Historical Perspectives: Papers Presented at the Symposium, Ramat Gan, 1993 (eds. M. Poorthuis & C. Safrai), Kampen 1996

Jeruzalem als Heilige Stadt: religiuze voorstelling en geloofspraktijk (eds. K. D. Jenner & G. A. Wiegers), Kampen 1996

M. Naor, City of Hope: Jerusalem from Biblical to Modern Times, Jerusalem 1996

C. Arnould, Les arcs romains de Jerusalem: architecture, décor et urbanisme (Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus 35), Fribourg 1997

ibid. (Review) AJA 103 (1999), 719–720; Jerozolima w Kulturze Europejskiej (eds. P. Paszkewicz & T. Zadrozny), Warszawa 1997

Jerusalem in the Mind of the Western World, 1800–1948 (With Eyes Toward Zion 5

eds. Y. Ben-Arieh & M. Davis), London 1997

The Real and Ideal Jerusalem in Jewish, Christian and Islamic Art (B. Narkiss Fest.

Jerusalem Art 23–24

ed. B. Kühnel), Jerusalem 1998

Y. Shavit, Jerusalem: A Biography, Tel Aviv 1998 (Heb.)

Egeria’s Travels, 3rd ed. (tr. & ed. J. Wilkinson), Warminster 1999

ibid. (Review) RB 110 (2003), 257–264

The History of Jerusalem: The Roman and Byzantine Periods (70–638 CE) (eds. Y. Tsafrir & S. Safrai), Jerusalem 1999 (Heb.)

Jerusalem: A Walk through Time (Yad Ben Zvi’s Walking-Tour Guide

ed. E. Meiron), 1: From Ancient Times to the End of the Middle Ages, Jerusalem 1999

R. Reich et al., The Jerusalem Archaeological Park, Jerusalem 1999

Zion, City of Our God (eds. R. S. Hess & G. J. Wenham), Grand Rapids, MI 1999; ibid. (Review) JNES 62 (2003), 127–129

Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (ed. L. I . Levine), New York 1999

R. Rubin, Image and Reality: Jerusalem in Maps and Views (Israel Studies in Historical Geography), Jerusalem 1999

The History of Jerusalem: The Biblical Period (eds. S. Ah ̣ituv & A. Mazar), Jerusalem 2000 (Heb.)

Jerusalem and Eretz Israel (A. Kindler Fest.

eds. J. Schwartz et al.), Ramat Gan 2000

A. Kloner, Survey of Jerusalem: The Southern Sector (Archaeological Survey of Israel), Jerusalem 2000

id., Survey of Jerusalem: The Northeastern Sector (Archaeological Survey of Jerusalem), Jerusalem 2001

id., Survey of Jerusalem: The Northwestern Sector, Introduction and Indices (Archaeological Survey of Jerusalem), Jerusalem 2003

J. J. Moscrop, Measuring Jerusalem: The Palestine Exploration Fund and British Interests in the Holy Land, London 2000

A. V . Murray, The Crusador Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Dynastic History 1099–1125 (Linacre Unit for Prosopographical Research Occasional Publications 4), Oxford 2000

C. Osman, Jerusalem Caught in Time, New York 2000

Jerusalem, House of Prayer for All Peoples in the Three Monotheistic Religions: Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on the Interpretation of the Scriptures, Jerusalem, 17–18.2.1997 (SBF Analecta 52

ed. A. Niccacci), Jerusalem 2001

A. J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under the Frankish Rule, London 2001

K. J. Asali, Jerusalem in History: 3000 BC to Present (The Kegan Paul Library of Archaeology and History), London 2002

M. Ben-Dov, Historical Atlas of Jerusalem, New York 2002

ibid. (Review) BASOR 330 (2003), 94–96

Jerusalem Pilgrims Before the Crusades, 2nd ed. (Middle East Studies and the Holy Land

tr. & ed. J. Wilkinson), Warminster 2002

ibid. (Reviews) Journal of Jewish Studies 54 (2003), 169–170. — RB 110 (2003), 257–264

L. I. Levine, Jerusalem: Portrait of the City in the Second Temple Period (538 B.C.E.–70 C.E.), Philadelphia 2002

S. Gibson, Jerusalem in Original Photographs, 1850–1920: Photographs from the Archives of the Palestine Exploration Fund, London 2003; ibid. (Reviews) NEA 65 (2002–2004), 287–288. — BAR 30/3 (2004), 40–47. — JAOS 124 (2004), 409; Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period (Society of Biblical Literature Symposium Series 18

eds. A. G. Vaughn & A. E. Killebrew), Atlanta, GA 2003

ibid. (Reviews) UF 35 (2003), 842– 843. — BASOR 337 (2005), 98–99

Jerusalem in Ancient History and Tradition (JSOT Suppl. Series 381; Copenhagen International Seminar 13

ed. T. L. Thompson), Sheffield 2003

E. Lev, Medicinal Substances in Jerusalem from Early Times to the Present Day (BAR/IS), Oxford 2003

E. H. Cline, Jerusalem Besieged From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel, Ann Arbor, MI 2004

J. W. H. Drijvers, Cyril of Jerusalem: Bishop and City (Vigiliae Christianae Suppl. 72), Leiden 2004

O. Lipschits, Jerusalem Between Destruction and Restoration: Judah Under Babylonian Rule, Jerusalem 2004 (Heb.)

L. & Kathleen Ritmeyer, Jerusalem in the Year 30 A.D., Jerusalem 2004

id., Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah, Jerusalem 2005

O. Lipschitz, The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: The History of Judah Under Babylonian Rule, Winona Lake, IN 2005

S. Schein, Gateway to the Heavenly City: Crusader Jerusalem and the Catholic West (1099–1187), Aldershot 2005

D. Ussishkin, Solomon’s Jerusalem, Tel Aviv (in press).

A. Bar-Am, Beyond the Walls: Churches of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1996

Z. Safrai, The Missing Century: Palestine in the 5th Century—Growth and Decline (Palestine Antiqua N.S. 9), Leuven 1998

The Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Hebrew University Armenian Studies 4

eds. R. R. Ervine et al.), Leuven 2002

The History of Jerusalem: The Early Muslim Period, 638–1099 (eds. J. Prawer & H. Ben-Shammai), Jerusalem 1996

Bayt al-Maqdis, 2: Jerusalem and Early Islam (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9/2

ed. J. Johns), Oxford 1999.

B. Poree, Autour de la Première Croisade: Actes du Colloque de la Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Clermont-Ferrand, Juin 1995 (ed. M. Balard), Paris 1996, 487– 515

Knights of the Holy Land: The Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (Israel Museum, Catalogue 422

ed. S. Rozenberg), Jerusalem 1999

A. J. Boas, The Rural Landscape of Ancient Israel (BAR/IS 1121

eds. A. M. Maeir et al.), Oxford 2003, 137–148

H. E. Mayer, ZDPV 119 (2003), 183–190

Saladin und die Kreuzfahrer (Publikationen der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen 17

Schriftenreihe des Landesmuseums für Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg, 37

eds. A. Wieczorek et al.), Mainz am Rhein 2005

R. Reich et al., The Jerusalem Archaeological Park, Jerusalem 1999

R. Reich & Y. Billig, Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 340–352

id., IEJ 50 (2000), 175–184

id., BAR 28/5 (2002), 40–47

id., ‘Atiqot 44 (2003), 243–247

Y. Baruch & R. Reich, New Studies on Jerusalem 8 (2002), 15*–916*

9 (2003).

A. Hurowitz, I Have Built You an Exalted House: Temple Building in the Bible in Light of Mesopotamian and Northwest Semitic Writings (JSOT Suppl. Series 115), Sheffield 1992

ibid. (Reviews) Aula Orientalis 13 (1995), 144–146. — JAOS 115 (1995), 119–120

L. P. Ritmeyer, The Architectural Development of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Ph.D. diss.), Manchester 1992

id., The Temple and the Rock, Harrogate 1996; id. (& K. Ritmeyer), From Sinai to Jerusalem: The Wanderings of the Holy Ark, Jerusalem 2000

S. S. Tuell, The Law of the Temple in Ezekiel 40–48 (Harvard Semitic Monographs 49), Atlanta, GA 1992

ibid. (Review) IEJ 46 (1996), 143–144

J. Voss, Die Menora: Gestalt und Funktion des Leuchters im Tempel zu Jeruslem (Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis 128), Freiburg 1993

R. Backhouse, The Kregel Pictorial Guide to the Temple (ed. T. Dowley), Grand Rapids, MI 1996

S. Gibson, Below the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: A Sourcebook on the Cisterns, Subterranean Chambers and Conduits of the Haram al-Sharif (BAR/IS 637), Oxford 1996

ibid. (Reviews) BAIAS 16 (1998), 97–104. — PEQ 130 (1998), 76

E. Testa, Le mitiche rocce della salvezza e Gerusalemme (SBF Collectio Minor 35), Jerusalem 1997

J. Adna, Jerusalemer Tempel und Tempelmarkt im 1. Jahrhundet n. Chr. (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 25), Wiesbaden 1999

ibid. (Review) BAIAS 18 (2000), 106–109

W. Zwickel, Der Salomonische Tempel (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt 83), Mainz am Rhein 1999

ibid. (Reviews) NEA 63 (2000), 59. — UF 32 (2000), 785–786. — ZDPV 116 (2000), 184. — PEQ 133 (2001), 211

E. L. Martin, The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot, Portland, OR 2000

G. Avni & J. Seligman, The Temple Mount 1917–2001: Documentation, Research and Inspection of Antiquities, Jerusalem 2001

P. R. Bedford, Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah (Suppl. to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 65), Leiden 2001

ibid. (Reviews) Bibliotheca Orientalis 59 (2002), 388–392. — Transeuphratène 25 (2003), 181–183

J. Hahn, Zerstörung des Jerusalemer Tempels: Geschehen, Wahrnehmung, Bewältigung (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 147), Tübingen 2002

ibid. (Review) Bibliotheca Orientalis 62 (2005), 116–117

E. Mazar, The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations, Jerusalem 2002

id. (et al.), Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968– 1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar, Final Reports, 2: The Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods (Qedem 43), Jerusalem 2003

ibid. (Reviews) BASOR 337 (2005), 104–106. — Levant 37 (2005), 240–241

R. Gonen, Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim, and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, Jersey City, NJ 2003

A. Roitman, Envisioning the Temple: Scrolls, Stones, and Symbols (Israel Museum, Catalogue 483), Jerusalem 2003

S. Goldhill, The Temple of Jerusalem (Wonders of the World), London 2004

A. S. Kaufman, The Temple Mount: Where is the Holy of Holies? (The Temple of Jerusalem 3), Jerusalem 2004; ibid. (Reviews) BAIAS 22 (2004), 59–60. — BAR 31/5 (2005), 62–64

O. Keel & E. A. Knauf, Salomons Tempel, Fribourg 2004

I. Ariel & C. Richman, Carta’s Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, Jerusalem 2005

D. Edelman, The Origins of the Second Temple: Persian Imperial Policy and the Rebuilding of Jerusalem (Bible World), New York 2005

Y. Z . Eliav, God’s Mountain: The Temple Mount in Time, Place and Memory, Baltimore, MD 2005

Le Temple de Salomon (MdB), Fribourg 2005.

J. Johns, Bayt al-Maqdis: ‘Abd al-Malik’s Jerusalem (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9/1), Oxford 1992

ibid. (Reviews) LA 44 (1994), 730. — PEQ 128 (1996), 183

id., Bayt al-Maqdis: Jerusalem and Early Islam (Oxford Studies in Islamic Art 9/2), Oxford 1999

S. Gibson, Below the Temple Mount in Jerusalem: A Sourcebook on the Cisterns, Subterranean Chambers and Conduits of the Haram al-Sharif (BAR/IS 637), Oxford 1996

ibid. (Reviews) BAIAS 16 (1998), 97–104. — PEQ 130 (1998), 76

O. Grabar, The Shape of the Holy: Early Islamic Jerusalem, Princeton, NJ 1996

ibid. (Reviews) Bibliotheca Orientalis 56 (1999), 212–214. — AJA 104 (2000), 154–156. — JAOS 120 (2000), 108–110

S. Nuseibeh & O. Grabar, The Dome of the Rock, London 1996

A. El‘ad, Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship: Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimages (Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts 8), Leiden 1999

G. Avni & J. Seligman, The Temple Mount 1917–2001: Documentation, Research and Inspection of Antiquities, Jerusalem 2001

A. Kaplony

Y. Baruch & R. Reich, ESI 112 (2000), 80*–81*

R. Reich & Y. Billig, ESI 16 (1995), 108

18 (1996), 88–90

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 340–352

E. Mazar, The Complete Guide to the Temple Mount Excavations, Jerusalem 2002

Y. Baruch, ESI 114 (2002), pp. 75*–76*.

R. Reich & E. Shukron, ESI 18 (1998), 87

19 (1999), 59*–60*

J. Taylor, RB 106 (1999), 549–562.

J. Seligman & A. Re’em, ESI 112 (2000), 79*

R. Abu Raya, ESI 16 (1997), 102–103

R. Abu Riya, ESI 10 (1991), 134–135

L. Gershuny, ibid., 135–136

E. Kogan-Zehavi, ibid. 16 (1997), 92–95.

Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982, 1: Architecture and Stratigraphy, Areas A, W and X–2, Final Report (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000

ibid. (Reviews) BAR 29/1 (2003), 64–66. — AJA 108 (2004), 645–646

H. Geva et al., Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 2: The Finds from Areas A, W, and X–2, Final Report, Jerusalem 2003

ibid. (Review) AJA 108 (2004), 645–646

id., Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem, Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982, 3: Architecture and Stratigraphy, Area E, and Other Finds, Final Report, Jerusalem 2006.

F. Diez, ESI 15 (1995), 77

18 (1996), 93

19 (1997), 63*–64*

109 (1999), 79* (with I. Prieto)

110 (1999), 61*–62* (with I. Prieto & J. Compos)

112 (2000), 84*

115 (2003), 54*.

R. Reich (et al.), ESI 10 (1991), 24–26

12 (1993), 59–61

14 (1994), 92–96

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 1994, 111–118

id., BAR 22/2 (1996), 26–35, 60

id. & E. Shukron, JSRS 10 (2001), xx–xxi

id., The Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Hebrew University Armenian Studies 4

eds. R. R. Ervine et al.), Leuven 2002, 195–203

Z. Abells & A. Arbit, Jerusalem’s Water Supply from the 18th Century BCE to the Present, Jerusalem 1993

A. M. Maeir, ESI 12 (1993), 61–63

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 1994, 299–305

id. (& Y. Strauss), Anatolian Studies 45 (1995), 237–241; id. (& M. J. Ponting), New Studies on Jerusalem 2 (1996), 45*–51*

id., Iranica Antiqua 35 (2000), 159–183; L. Davenport, Holy Land 14 (1994), 97–98

M. Stone, Sion 71 (1997), 340–349

Y. Nagar (et al.), International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9 (1998), 29–38

id., American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111 (2000), 135–139

id., ‘Atiqot 43 (2002), 141–148

E. Assaf & Y. Billig, ESI 19 (1999), 63*–64*

R. Abu Raya & Y. Billig, ESI 115 (2003), 49*–50*

G. Avni et al., ESI 113 (2001), 76*–79*

Y. Baruch et al., JSRS 12 (2003), xvi–xvii

id., New Studies on Jerusalem 10 (2004), 54*–55*.

S. Gibson & J. E. Taylor, Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: The Archaeology and Early History of Traditional Golgotha (PEF Monographs: Series Minor 1), London 1994

ibid (Reviews) LA 44 (1994), 725–729. — BAIAS 14 (1994–1995), 64–66. — IJNA 24/1 (1995), 81–82. — PEQ 127 (1995), 173. — BAR 22/4 (1996), 16–17

M. Biddle, The Tomb of Christ: History, Structural Archaeology and Photogrammetry, Stroud, Gloucestershire 1999

ibid. (Reviews) RB 106 (1999), 441–446. — MdB 125 (2000), 59. — PEQ 134 (2002), 173–176. — JRA 15 (2002), 688–690

id. (et al.), La chiesa del Santo Sepolcro a Gerusalemme, Milano 2000

id. (et al.), The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, New York 2000

C. Joffe, Armenian Mosaics in the Holy Sepulchre Church (Calendar), 2000

J. Krüger, Die Grabeskirche zu Jerusalem: Geschichte-Gestalt-Bedeutung, Regensburg 2000

ibid. (Review) Antike Welt 32 (2000), 676–677

J. Seligman & G. Avni, ESI 111 (2000), 69*–70*

G. Avni (& J. Seligman), One Land—Many Cultures, Jerusalem 2003, 153–162

V. Clark, Holy Fire: The Battle for Christ’s Tomb, London 2005

J. Krüger, Saladin und die Kreuzfahrer (Publikationen der Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen 17

Schriftenreihe des Landesmuseums für Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg, 37

eds. A. Wieczorek et al.), Mainz am Rhein 2005, 31–36

C. Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600, Oxford 2005.

J. Seligman, ESI 109 (1999), 76*–77*

id., ‘Atiqot 43 (2002), 73–85

S. Weksler-Bdolah, New Studies on Jerusalem 6 (2000), 14*–915*.

K. J. H. Vriezen et al., Die Ausgrabungen unter der Erlöserkirche im Muristan, Jerusalem (1970–1974) (Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 19), Wiesbaden 1994

ibid. (Reviews) BASOR 298 (1995), 87–89. — Al-‘Usur al Wusta: The Bulletin of the Middle East Medievalists 8/2 (1996), 29–31, 46. — RB 104 (1997), 307–309. — Bibliotheca Orientalis 56 (1999), 466–467. — PEQ 133 (2001), 71.

D. Barag, IEJ 53 (2003), 78–110

É. Puech, MdB 157 (2004), 55.

B. Zissu (& A. Ganor), ESI 19 (1999), 61*–62*

114 (2002), 79*

A. Re’em, ‘Atiqot 42 (2001), 319–320

id. (& R. Abu Riya), ESI 115 (2003), 54*–55*.

G. Avni & Z. Greenhut et al., The Akeldama Tombs: Three Burial Caves in the Kidron Valley, Jerusalem (IAA Reports 1), Jerusalem 1996

G. Avni (& Z. Greenhut), ESI 10 (1991), 136– 140

id., Early Christianity in Context: Monuments and Documents (E. Testa Fest.

SBF Collection Maior 38

eds. F. Manns & E. Alliata), Jerusalem 1993, 265–276

id. (& Z. Greenhut), Archéo 9 (1994), 54–102; id., Archéologie Nouvelle 2 (1994), 41–46

id. (& Z. Greenhut), BAR 20/6 (1994), 36–46

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 206–218

L. & K. Ritmeyer, BAIAS 12 (1992–1993), 87

id., BAR 20/6 (1994), 22–35, 76–78

J. Poulin, MdB 84 (1993), 42

S. R. Wolff, AJA 97 (1993), 151–152

H. Shanks, BAR 21/1 (1995), 59–61

G. Foerster, 125 Jahre Sarkophag-Corpus: Akten des Symposiums, Marburg, 4–7.10.1995, Mainz am Rhein 1998, 295–310

From Temples and Tombs: Exhibition Catalogue, Columbus Museum of Art, 19.9.1997–4.1.1998, Columbus, OH 1998

B. Zissu, ESI 18 (1998), 91

A. Kloner, BAR 25/5 (1999), 22–29, 76

S. Fine, BAR 27/5 (2001), 39–44, 57.

Z. Greenhut & G. Solimany, ESI 14 (1995), 97–98

Y. Billig, ESI 15 (1996), 80–81

id., Cathedra 98 (2000), 172

M. Benovitz, ibid. 104 (2002), 178.

B. Zissu (& H. Moyal), ESI 18 (1998), 94–95

id., BAR 25/2 (1999), 50–55, 62.

B. Zissu (& H. Moyal), ESI 18 (1998), 94–95

id., BAR 25/2 (1999), 50–55, 62

B. Zissu et al., ESI 111 (2000), 70*–72*.

M. Wilson Jones, Principles of Roman Architecture, New Haven, CT 2000, 79–82, 112

D. Barag, IEJ 53 (2003), 78–110

É. Puech (& J. Zias), RB 110 (2003), 321–335

id., MdB 157 (2004), 55.

R. Reich (et al.), ESI 10 (1991), 24–26

12 (1993), 59–61

14 (1994), 92–96

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 1994, 111–118

id., BAR 22/2 (1996), 26–35, 60

id. & E. Shukron, JSRS 10 (2001), xx–xxi

id., The Armenians in Jerusalem and the Holy Land (Hebrew University Armenian Studies 4

eds. R. R. Ervine et al.), Leuven 2002, 195–203

Y. Nagar (et al.), International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9 (1998), 29–38

A. Cabezón, LA 52 (2002), 297–306

W. J. Heard, Jr., ABD, 5, New York 1992, 13–15

R. Abu Raya, ESI 16 (1997), 109–110; 111 (2000), 68*

id. (& B. Zissu), ‘Atiqot 49 (2005), 33–37

G. Foerster, 125 Jahre Sarkophag-Corpus: Akten des Symposiums, Marburg, 4–7.10.1995, Mainz am Rhein 1998, 295–310

A. Kloner, Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 306–310

J. Seligman (& R. Abu Raya), ‘Atiqot 40 (2000), 123–138

42 (2001), 221–236

id. (& A. Re’em), ESI 112 (2000), 79*

E. Alliata & R. Pierri, LA 52 (2002), 307–320

R. Reich & R. Abu Raya, Beer-Sheva 15 (2002), 341–343.

A. Kloner (& H. Stark), BAIAS 11 (1991–1992), 7–17

id., BAR 25/5 (1999), 22–29, 76

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 235–243

V. Sussman, ‘Atiqot 21 (1992), 89–96

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 1994, 226–230

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 226–230

J. Zias, ibid., 97–103

S. Weksler-Bdolah, ESI 13 (1993), 72–74

id., ‘Atiqot 35 (1998), 161–163

M. Mathea-Förtsch, Judaea and the Greco-Roman World in the Time of Herod in the Light of Archaeological Evidence, Göttingen 1996, 177–196

R. Arieli, ibid. 35 (1998), 37–42

R. Abu Raya & B. Zissu, ESI 19 (1999), 58*–59*

id., ‘Atiqot 40 (2000), 157

D. Amit et al., ESI 111 (2000), 65*–66*

G. Edelstein & J. Zias, ‘Atiqot 40 (2000), 158

F. Vitto, ibid., 65–121

B. Zissu & A. Re’em, ESI 114 (2002), 74*–75*.

S. Bonato-Baccari, Latomus 61 (2002), 67–87.

Z. Greenhut, ‘Atiqot 29 (1996), 109

id., ESI 15 (1996), 72–74

B. Zissu & A. Kloner, JSRS 9 (2000), xiv–xv

A. Kloner & B. Sissu, What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem, Leuven 2002, 125–149.

S. Wolff, ‘Atiqot 29 (1996), 23–28

Y. Rapuano & A. Onn, ‘Atiqot 47 (2004), 119–129

D. A. Sklar-Parnes et al., New Studies on Jerusalem 10 (2004), 35*–41*

A. Kloner & B. Sissu, What Athens Has to Do with Jerusalem, Leuven 2002, 125–149

É. Puech & J. Zias, RB 114 (2004), 563–578.

Z. Greenhut, ESI 10 (1991), 140–141

id., Jerusalem Perspective 4 (1991), 6–12

id., ‘Atiqot 21 (1992), 63–71

id., BAR 18/5 (1992), 28–36, 76

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 219–222

P. Crocker, BH 28 (1992), 67–70

D. Flusser, ‘Atiqot 21 (1992), 81–87; R. Reich, ibid., 72–77

id., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 223–225

J. Zias, ibid., 78–80

É. Puech, MdB 80 (1993), 42–43

W. Horburg, PEQ 126 (1994), 32–48

A. Kloner, ‘Atiqot 29 (1996), 15–22

H. Misgav, ibid., 110*

A. Re’em, ESI 112 (2000), 85*

S. Fine, BAR 27/5 (2001), 39–44, 57.

D. Amit et al., Ancient Jerusalem Revealed, repr. & exp. ed. (ed. H. Geva), Jerusalem 2000, 353–358

id., ESI 111 (2000), 65*–66*.

D. Amit et al. ESI 112 (2000), 75*–79*

id., One Land—Many Cultures, Jerusalem 2003, 139–148

L. Di Segni, ibid., 149–151

G. Mazor, ESI 3 (1984), 56–57

R. Kletter, ibid. 15 (1996), 70–71

id. & A. J. Boas, ‘Atiqot 43 (2002), 185–205

N. May, ESI 19 (1999), 56*–58*

107 (1999), 56*–58*.

Y. Rapuano, ESI 109 (1999), 74*–75*

id. & E. Shabo, ibid. 20 (2000), 96*–98*.

A. Onn & Y. Rapuano, ESI 14 (1995), 88–90

S. R. Wolff, ibid. 16 (1997), 97

A. J. Boaz & Y. Arbel, ibid. 109 (1999), 73*.

Y. Hirschfeld, The Judean Desert Monasteries in the Byzantine Period, New Haven, CT 1992

E. KoganZehavi, ESI 13 (1993), 85–89

id., ‘Atiqot 35 (1998), 135–149

40 (2000), 162–165

G. Bijovsky, ibid., 166–167

Y. Gorin-Rosen, ibid., 165–166

A. Kloner, Survey of Jerusalem: The Southern Sector (Archaeological Survey of Israel), Jerusalem 2000

D. Weiss, ESI 111 (2000), 105*.

Z. Abells & A. Arbit, Jerusalem’s Water Supply from the 18th Century BCE to the Present, Jerusalem 1993.