Mount Zion - Jerusalem

Introduction

Mount Zion is a hill in Jerusalem located just outside and to the south of the current Ottoman walls of the Old City. The name can be historically confusing as Mount Zion used to be the name for the eastern hill of the Old City with modern day Temple Mount lying on its summit. Excavations in the area of the modern "Mount Zion" have revealed remains as early as Iron Age II (Hillel Geva in Stern et al, 1993).

History of Islamic Structures on Mount Zion and the al-Nabi Da’ud minaret

from Zohar et al. (2015:235-236)

Sacred for Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Mt Zion was visited by many pilgrims and western travellers (Röhricht 1890; Ish-Shalom 1965). Its first association with religious traditions was probably made by the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela (c. 1165-73) in the twelfth century claiming that the complex hosts the graves of several Jewish kings (Asher 1927).⁵ In the thirteenth century, after the Mamluks conquered Jerusalem, religious disputes concerning the ownership of the complex emerged (Praver 1947-48) and lasted, although not continuously, for nearly 300 years. Fabri reported that towards the end of their rule over Palestine, the Mamluks decided to ruin the existing Christian Church and convert the lower vault of the complex into a mosque (Fabri 1480–83, 301–305). The Ottomans, who defeated the Mamluks in 1517 and took over Palestine, continued the Islamic construction in the complex and in 1524 converted also the upper hall into a second mosque. The exact construction date of the al-Nabi Da’ud minaret, however, is not explicitly mentioned in the sources but by virtue of its design it looks typical of Ottoman architecture (Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 659).

In order to prevent Christians from visiting the complex, in the sixteenth century the Ottoman sultan put the care and treatment of the whole complex in the hands of the Dajani family, one of the families in Jerusalem closely associated to him (Layish 1985). They took over complete responsibility of the complex but did not reside within it; they used an external building close to the southern wall of the Old City for their needs (Ben-Arieh 1979). Under their surveillance, only Muslims were allowed to enter. The western travellers Richard Pocoke in 1738 and Frederick Hasselquist in 1751 described the sepulchre as including a mosque and also a minaret (Hasselquist 1766, 123; Pococke 1745, 9). Turner, who visited Jerusalem in 1815, briefly described the complex, but probably from the outside without entering it (Turner 1820, 194) while Bartlett managed to sneak into it in order to visit the sepulchre (Bartlett 1844). None of these or other reports mentions damage to the minaret or repairs that were carried out between 1800 and 1850. An interesting description is provided by Seetzen, who visited the site in 1860. He noted that despite being partly ruined, the mosque of al-Nabi Da’ud is the most prominent mosque outside the walls of Jerusalem (Seetzen 1854– 59). This report is unique, being the only written source from the middle of the nineteenth century implying that perhaps the prominence of the mosque was because of high minaret.

Footnotes

5 The itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela took place sometime between c.1165-73 and included Europe, the Middle East and northern Africa.

Confused Nomenclature

Because the 1st century CE historian Josephus mistakenly identified a structural high sometimes called the western hill southwest of what is now the old city of Jerusalem as the Mount Zion of King David's time, this area in the modern city of Jerusalem is currently called Mount Zion. Nearby, close to the Jaffa Gate, is a structure known as the Tower of David or the Citadel. Neither the western hill (mistakenly called Mount Zion) or the Citadel (mistakenly called the Tower of David) bear any relation to the Mount Zion or the Tower of David from the time of King David.

Jerusalem - Introduction Webpage

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Maps and Aerial Views

Maps

Normal Size

Fig. 1 The Old City of Jerusalem
Figure 1

The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex (outlined in orange and also in the inset). Major structures and minarets within the area include:

Dormition Church

the King David Sepulchre complex

al-Nabi Da’ud minaret

Greek-Orthodox cemetery

Protestant cemetery

Armenian church of the House of Caifas

Zion Gate

David Citadel with the al-Qal’a minaret

Jaffa Gate

‘Hurva’ synagogue

al-Omari minaret

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

al-Jami Omar mosque and minaret

al-Hanaqah mosque and minaret

al-Fakhriyya minaret

Bab al-Silsila minaret

al-Aqsa mosque

al-Ghawanima minaret

Bab al-Asbat minaret

al-Hamra mosque and minaret

al-Maulawiyya mosque and minaret

Damascus Gate

Church of the Ascension

Church of the St Prodromos

Note the classification of minarets into three types: Mamluk, Ottoman, and Mamluk minarets that were probably renovated by the Ottomans (for further discussion see Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 334).

Zohar et al (2015)
and the King David Sepulchre complex from Zohar et al (2015)
Fig. 3 Damage Distributions

Figure 3

Damage distribution and its severity, ranging between ‘Moderate’ and ‘Severe’ (adapted from Zohar et al. 2013), of the May 1834 and January 1837 earthquakes, according to historical reports. Note that the damage that resulted from the 1837 event is more severe in northern than in central Palestine and did not spread south of the Nablus region.

Zohar et al (2015)

for 1834 and 1837 CE Earthquakes from Zohar et al (2015)

Magnified

Fig. 1 The Old City of Jerusalem
Figure 1

The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex (outlined in orange and also in the inset). Major structures and minarets within the area include:

Dormition Church

the King David Sepulchre complex

al-Nabi Da’ud minaret

Greek-Orthodox cemetery

Protestant cemetery

Armenian church of the House of Caifas

Zion Gate

David Citadel with the al-Qal’a minaret

Jaffa Gate

‘Hurva’ synagogue

al-Omari minaret

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

al-Jami Omar mosque and minaret

al-Hanaqah mosque and minaret

al-Fakhriyya minaret

Bab al-Silsila minaret

al-Aqsa mosque

al-Ghawanima minaret

Bab al-Asbat minaret

al-Hamra mosque and minaret

al-Maulawiyya mosque and minaret

Damascus Gate

Church of the Ascension

Church of the St Prodromos

Note the classification of minarets into three types: Mamluk, Ottoman, and Mamluk minarets that were probably renovated by the Ottomans (for further discussion see Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 334).

Zohar et al (2015)
and the King David Sepulchre complex from Zohar et al (2015)
Fig. 3 Damage Distributions

Figure 3

Damage distribution and its severity, ranging between ‘Moderate’ and ‘Severe’ (adapted from Zohar et al. 2013), of the May 1834 and January 1837 earthquakes, according to historical reports. Note that the damage that resulted from the 1837 event is more severe in northern than in central Palestine and did not spread south of the Nablus region.

Zohar et al (2015)

for 1834 and 1837 CE Earthquakes from Zohar et al (2015)

Aerial Views

Mount Zion in Google Earth

Mount Zion

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Mount Zion on govmap.gov.il

Mount Zion

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1834 CE Fellahin Revolt Quake

Zohar et al (2015) compared drawings from 1833 CE and earlier to drawings and photographs from 1838 CE and later to conclude that the Ottoman minaret known as al-Nabi Da'ud on top of King David’s Sepulchre at Mount Zion was rebuilt to a shorter size likely due to damage incurred in the 1834 CE Fellahin Revolt Quake. The contemporaneous eye-witness source Neophytos wrote that a minaret fell in Jerusalem. Minarets are frequently damaged during earthquakes due to their vulnerability to seismic shaking..

1834 CE Fellahin Revolt Quake

Effect	Location	Image	Description
Partial Collapse Displaced masonry blocks	al-Nabi Da'ud Minaret Figure 1 The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex (outlined in orange and also in the inset). Major structures and minarets within the area include: Dormition Church the King David Sepulchre complex al-Nabi Da’ud minaret Greek-Orthodox cemetery Protestant cemetery Armenian church of the House of Caifas Zion Gate David Citadel with the al-Qal’a minaret Jaffa Gate ‘Hurva’ synagogue al-Omari minaret Church of the Holy Sepulchre al-Jami Omar mosque and minaret al-Hanaqah mosque and minaret al-Fakhriyya minaret Bab al-Silsila minaret al-Aqsa mosque al-Ghawanima minaret Bab al-Asbat minaret al-Hamra mosque and minaret al-Maulawiyya mosque and minaret Damascus Gate Church of the Ascension Church of the St Prodromos Note the classification of minarets into three types: Mamluk, Ottoman, and Mamluk minarets that were probably renovated by the Ottomans (for further discussion see Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 334). Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 8a Fig. 8a Painting by David Roberts in 1838 CE (Roberts (1842-49) that shows an apparently ruined al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (pointed to by black arrow) extracted from Zohar et al (2015) Fig. 4C Fig. 4 Views of King David’s sepulchre and visible damage (noted by red arrows): the shaft of the minaret Damaged wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery inner spiral stairs of the minaret. Note the damage to the inner stones Supporting iron anchors on the southeast corner of the complex (black arrows) Ribbed dome on the roof above the Coenaculum (photographs: M.Z.) Zohar et al (2015)	The Ottoman minaret known as al-Nabi Da'ud was likely damaged and later rebuilt to a shorter more seismically resistant size (see Fig. 8a) There is damage to the inner stones of inner spiral stairs of the minaret (see Fig. 4C) These seismic effects are fairly well dated
Displaced masonry blocks	wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery	Fig. 4B Fig. 4 Views of King David’s sepulchre and visible damage (noted by red arrows): the shaft of the minaret Damaged wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery inner spiral stairs of the minaret. Note the damage to the inner stones Supporting iron anchors on the southeast corner of the complex (black arrows) Ribbed dome on the roof above the Coenaculum (photographs: M.Z.) Zohar et al (2015)	Damaged wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery (See Fig. 4B ) This seismic effect is not well dated

1834 CE Fellahin Revolt Quake

Earthquake Archeological Effects chart

Earthquake Archeological Effects (EAE)

Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)

Effect	Location	Image	Description	Intensity
Partial Collapse Displaced masonry blocks	al-Nabi Da'ud Minaret Figure 1 The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex (outlined in orange and also in the inset). Major structures and minarets within the area include: Dormition Church the King David Sepulchre complex al-Nabi Da’ud minaret Greek-Orthodox cemetery Protestant cemetery Armenian church of the House of Caifas Zion Gate David Citadel with the al-Qal’a minaret Jaffa Gate ‘Hurva’ synagogue al-Omari minaret Church of the Holy Sepulchre al-Jami Omar mosque and minaret al-Hanaqah mosque and minaret al-Fakhriyya minaret Bab al-Silsila minaret al-Aqsa mosque al-Ghawanima minaret Bab al-Asbat minaret al-Hamra mosque and minaret al-Maulawiyya mosque and minaret Damascus Gate Church of the Ascension Church of the St Prodromos Note the classification of minarets into three types: Mamluk, Ottoman, and Mamluk minarets that were probably renovated by the Ottomans (for further discussion see Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 334). Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 8a Fig. 8a Painting by David Roberts in 1838 CE (Roberts (1842-49) that shows an apparently ruined al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (pointed to by black arrow) extracted from Zohar et al (2015) Fig. 4C Fig. 4 Views of King David’s sepulchre and visible damage (noted by red arrows): the shaft of the minaret Damaged wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery inner spiral stairs of the minaret. Note the damage to the inner stones Supporting iron anchors on the southeast corner of the complex (black arrows) Ribbed dome on the roof above the Coenaculum (photographs: M.Z.) Zohar et al (2015)	The Ottoman minaret known as al-Nabi Da'ud was likely damaged and later rebuilt to a shorter more seismically resistant size (see Fig. 8a) There is damage to the inner stones of inner spiral stairs of the minaret (see Fig. 4C) These seismic effects are fairly well dated Intensity assessment for partially collapsed minaret is not really appropriate for minarets which are seismically vulnerable structures.	VIII+? VIII+

The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224). This site may have suffered from a topographic effect.

Charts, Plots, Maps, Images, etc.

Maps, Images, Tables, etc. from Zohar et al (2015)

Figure	Source	Image	Description
Figure 1	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 1 The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex (outlined in orange and also in the inset). Major structures and minarets within the area include: Dormition Church the King David Sepulchre complex al-Nabi Da’ud minaret Greek-Orthodox cemetery Protestant cemetery Armenian church of the House of Caifas Zion Gate David Citadel with the al-Qal’a minaret Jaffa Gate ‘Hurva’ synagogue al-Omari minaret Church of the Holy Sepulchre al-Jami Omar mosque and minaret al-Hanaqah mosque and minaret al-Fakhriyya minaret Bab al-Silsila minaret al-Aqsa mosque al-Ghawanima minaret Bab al-Asbat minaret al-Hamra mosque and minaret al-Maulawiyya mosque and minaret Damascus Gate Church of the Ascension Church of the St Prodromos Note the classification of minarets into three types: Mamluk, Ottoman, and Mamluk minarets that were probably renovated by the Ottomans (for further discussion see Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 334). Zohar et al (2015)	The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex
Figure 2	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 2 Photographs showing the height of the al-Nabi Da’ud minaret in various periods after mid-nineteenth century: c. 1870 – Mt Zion in a photograph of Jerusalem from the east, probably taken from the Mt of Olives (Source: Bonfils 1877). Note the low shaft of al-Nabi Da’ud is very similar to its height today between 1898 and 1914 (source: American Colony Photograph Department 1898-1914. Jerusalem (El-Kouds). David’s tomb, exterior, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540 USA: G. Eric and Edith Matson Photograph Collection, Prints & Photographs Division, LC-DIG-matpc-06557), presenting the northern façade of the complex April 2012, taken from the southern promenade of the Old City’s walls. Apparently no dramatic changes were made in the minaret’s structure after mid-nineteenth century (photograph C: M.Z.). Zohar et al (2015)	The Old City of Jerusalem and the King David Sepulchre complex
Figure 3	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 3 Damage distribution and its severity, ranging between ‘Moderate’ and ‘Severe’ (adapted from Zohar et al. 2013), of the May 1834 and January 1837 earthquakes, according to historical reports. Note that the damage that resulted from the 1837 event is more severe in northern than in central Palestine and did not spread south of the Nablus region. Zohar et al (2015)	Damage Distributions for the 1834 and 1837 Quakes
Figure 4	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 4 Views of King David’s sepulchre and visible damage (noted by red arrows): the shaft of the minaret Damaged wall beside the eastern entrance facing the Muslim cemetery inner spiral stairs of the minaret. Note the damage to the inner stones Supporting iron anchors on the southeast corner of the complex (black arrows) Ribbed dome on the roof above the Coenaculum (photographs: M.Z.) Zohar et al (2015)	King David’s sepulchre
Figure 5	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 5 Structure and main parts of the al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (adapted from Alud and Hillenbrand 2000, 659). Vertical denoted arrows represent height measurements of the various parts Eh – entrance Bah – base-arc LRh – lower molding ring URh – upper molding ring Gh – Gallery Th – total See also Table 1 Eastern view of the minaret Northern view of al-Qal’a minaret (no. 8 in Fig. 1) Plinth of al-Nabi Da’ud minaret Plinth of al-Qal’a minaret Note the similarity between the two bases photographs B and C: M.Z. Zohar et al (2015)	al-Nabi Da’ud and al-Qal’a minarets
Figure 6	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 6 Pre-1834 Drawings and maps of Jerusalem. Note the high shaft of al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (magnified and also marked in black arrows) in three of the drawings, and its similarity to the al-Qal’a minaret (red arrows): Carsten Niebuhr, 1776 (Niebuhr 1837) Luigi Mayer, 1803 (Mayer 1804) Auguste Forbin, 1817-18 (Forbin 1827) Frederik Henniker, 1822 (Henniker 1823). The blue arrow denotes an external structure that probably hosted the Dejani family. Zohar et al (2015)	Pre-1834 Drawings and maps of Jerusalem
Figure 7	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 7 al-Nabi Da’ud minaret in drawings from 1833 and similar views for comparison from mid-nineteenth century and 2013: the complex of the David Sepulchre, by George Balmar after a sketch made by Frederick Catherwood in 1833 (Balmar 1835). The minaret appears high above the chapels, much more than it is today Mt Zion in 1833, by Francis Arundale (Arundale 1837). The height of the al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (black arrow) seems similar to that of the al-Qal’a minaret (red arrow) a photograph taken by Felix Bonfils in c. 1870 (Bonfils 1877), approximately at the same spot where Catherwood had made his sketch. This time the minaret is much lower than that sketched by Balmar in section A. Unfortunately, a photograph from a similar spot and angle cannot be taken today due to the establishment of the massive Dormition Church (Fig. 1) Current photograph of Mt Zion taken from the south (photograph: M.Z.). Note the low shaft of al-Nabi Da’ud minaret (black arrow) compared with the al-Qal’a’s minaret (red arrow). Zohar et al (2015)	al-Nabi Da’ud minaret in drawings from 1833 and similar views for comparison from mid-nineteenth century and 2013
Figure 8	Zohar et al (2015)	Fig. 8 The complex in drawings painted in and after 1838: David Roberts, 1838 (Roberts 1842-49). The al-Nabi Da’ud minaret seems to be ruined William Henry Bartlett, 1842 (Bartlett 1844). Note the very low shaft in comparison with the al-Qal’a minaret Bartlett, 1853, during his second visit to Palestine (Bartlett 1855) Pierotti, 1861 (Pierotti 1864) In the drawings of Roberts and Bartlett (images A and B), black and red arrows denote the al-Nabi Da’ud and al-Qal’a minarets, respectively. Zohar et al (2015)	The complex in drawings painted in and after 1838
Table 1	Zohar et al (2015)	Table 1 The height (in metres) of the elements in the al-Nabi Da’ud and the al-Qal’a minarets. Parts taller than 2 m were estimated according to the width of a single cut-stone block times the number of the building rows Zohar et al (2015)	Height of elements in al-Nabi Da’ud and al-Qal’a minarets
Table 2	Zohar et al (2015)	Table 2 Artists that have depicted the minaret of al-Nabi Da’ud Zohar et al (2015)	Artists that have depicted the minaret of al-Nabi Da’ud

References

Articles and Books

Zohar, M., et al. (2015). "WHY IS THE MINARET SO SHORT? EVIDENCE FOR EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE ON MT ZION." Palestine exploration quarterly 147(3): 230-246.

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kmz's

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Jerusalem - Mount Zion