Open this page in a new tab

Jazira

Jazira

click on image to explore in a new tab in Google Earth


Names
Transliterated Name Source Name
al-Jazira Modern English / Arabic Transliteration
al-Jazīra Classical Arabic الجزيرة
Jazira Modern English
al-Jazīrah Alternative Arabic Transliteration
Jazīra Scholarly Transliteration
Mesopotamia English / Classical Geography
Mesopotamia Latin
Mesopotamia Greek Μεσοποταμία
Beth Nahrain Syriac ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
Bayn al-Nahrayn Arabic بين النهرين
Upper Mesopotamia Modern English
Introduction
Introduction

Al-Jazira (Arabic: الجزيرة, "the Island") is the historical name for the broad region of Upper Mesopotamia lying between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. Despite its name, it is not an island but a large alluvial and upland region extending across what is now northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and northwestern Iraq. Throughout history, its exact extent varied according to political and administrative boundaries, although it generally included the river valleys of the Khabur and Balikh together with the surrounding steppe and plateau.

Following the Muslim conquest in the seventh century CE, al-Jazira became one of the principal military and administrative districts of the Rashidun and later Umayyad Caliphates. Under the Abbasids, the province continued as an important administrative unit, although its boundaries evolved over time and authority became increasingly fragmented under regional dynasties. During the medieval period, "al-Jazira" could refer either to the former caliphal province or more generally to Upper Mesopotamia, depending on the author and historical context. Under the Ottoman Empire, the name remained in geographical use but no longer corresponded to a single administrative province, with the region instead being divided among several eyalets and later vilayets.

Because medieval chroniclers often used "al-Jazira" as a broad geographical designation rather than a precisely defined administrative district, references to earthquakes affecting the Jazira may describe events occurring anywhere within Upper Mesopotamia. Consequently, the accompanying historical context and the specific places mentioned by individual authors are often more important than the regional name itself when reconstructing earthquake locations.

Aerial Views
Aerial Views

Aerial Views

  • Jazira in Google Earth

Textual Chronology
January 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquakes - Talking Mule Quake

Discussion

Discussion

Textual Seismic Effects
January 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquakes - Talking Mule Quake

Effect                                                      Location Image(s) Description
  • 2000-3000 foot long Earth Fissure
  • Sand Boils
Jazira
  • "9th year of Constantine ...

    [Porrò] On the 8th of February [eiusdem] 3rd indiction, the son Leo was born to emperor Constantine from the daughter of Chagan of Chazaria. That same year there was an earthquake in Syria, an enormous and terrible [calamity]. Many died. A spring [moved ?]. In another place in the mountains, a village moved for about six miles with its walls and homes intact and without any small thing dying. Finally, In Mesopotamia, the earth split two thousand [feet?] and out of the chasm came a different soil which was white and sandy. Out of this chasm emerged a spotless mule speaking in a human voice which predicted an invasion by a foreign army into the land of the Arabs. This came true." – Paul the Deacon

  • "Emperor Constantines 9th year

    ... That year there was an earthquake in Syria, a terrible calamity. Many died. A spring [moved?]. In another place in the mountains, a village moved with its walls and homes intact for 6 Roman miles. Finally in Mesopotamia, the earth split two thousand feet and out of the chasm came a white sandy soil and a spotless mule which spoke in a human voice and prophesied that the Arab lands would be invaded by a foreign army. And this prophecy came true." – Anastasius Bibliothecarius

  • "[A.M. 6241, AD 748/9] In this year Marouam was pursued by the Maurophoroi, who captured him and killed him after waging a very heavy war. They were commanded by Salim, son of Alim, one of the aforementioned fugitives who had sent Aboumouslim on his mission. The rest of them gathered in Samaria and Trachonitis and awarded their leadership by lot to Aboulabas, and next to him to his brother Abdela, and next to the latter to Ise Ibinmouse. II They appointed Abdela, son of Alim and brother of Salim, to be commander in Syria; Salim himself to be commander in Egypt; while Abdela, brother of Aboulabas (from whom he received the nomination to the command) they appointed over Mesopotamia. II Aboulabas himself, who was in supreme authority, established his seat in Persia, the government and all the seized treasure (which Marouam had carried away) having been transferred to him and his Persian allies from Damascus. Marouam's surviving sons and relatives went from Egypt to Africa, whence they crossed the narrow sea that separates Libya from Europe next to the Ocean at a place called Septai and settled until this day in Spain of Europe, where some kinsmen and correligionists of theirs had come to dwell at an earlier time — the latter being descendants of Mauias who had suffered shipwreck there. The devastation in the days of Marouam lasted six years and in the course of it all the prominent cities of Syria lost their walls except Antioch, which he planned to use as a refuge. Innumerable Arabs were also killed by him for he was very cunning in civil matters. He belonged to the heresy of the Epicureans, that is Automatists, an impiety he had imbued from the pagans who dwell at Harran.

    II On 25 January of the same 3rd indiction a son was born to the emperor Constantine by the daughter of the Chagan of Chazaria and he called him Leo. In the same year there was an earthquake and terrible destruction in Syria, as a result of which some cities were entirely destroyed, others partially so, while others slid down entire, with their walls and houses, from positions on mountains to low-lying plains, a distance of six miles or thereabout. Eyewitnesses affirmed that the ground in Mesopotamia was split along two miles and that out of the chasm was thrown up a different soil, very white and sandy, in the midst of which, they said, there came up an animal like a mule, quite spotless, that spoke in a human voice and announced the incursion of a certain nation from the desert against the Arabs, which indeed came to pass.

    The next year, on the feast of holy Pentecost the impious emperor Constantine conferred the imperial crown on his son Leo by the hand of the false patriarch Anastasios who shared his views. II" – Theophanes

  • "69. Thereafter a son was born to the emperor, whom he named Leo. At the same time a severe earthquake occurred in Syria, causing enormous damage. For some cities that were there (were completely destroyed and) the ground round about opened up to a great extent, while others suffered this fate but partially. Others were shifted from their high positions and slipped down entire, with their walls and houses, to the plains below, moving a distance of as much as six miles, more or less, from their original situation. Some affirmed they had seen the ground in Mesopotamia (which is near Syria) crack deeply along (a distance) of two miles, and another ground, sandy and very white, thrown up from below; and that along with the latter was cast up a female mule, which proclaimed in a human voice the destruction of the Arabs. A short time thereafter a tribe appeared from the desert beyond and slew many multitudes (of Arabs) without resistance." – Nikephoros I of Constantinople

  • "That year there was a powerful earthquake in Syria. Some cities were destroyed - others only partly so. In one place, a village moved with its walls and buildings intact. In Mesopotamia, the earth split three thousand feet and a white sandy soil came out of the chasm. Then an incredible thing - an onager emerged speaking of human affairs and predicted a foreign invasion - which happened a short time later." – Georgius Monachus (George the Monk), also known as Georgius Hamartolos (George the Sinner)

  • "In the ninth year of Constanine, Marnamus was killed in the war with the Abbasids. On 25 January, a son Leo was born to Constantine [from his wife] Irena, the daughter of Chazara.

    At the same time, there was a serious earthquake and terrible destruction in Syria. Some cities were destroyed [and] others partly destroyed. In some place[s?], in the mountains, a village[s?] slid down the mountain for a distance of 6 miles with their houses and buildings intact. Further, in Mesopotamia the earth was split for two thousand steps [~feet] and out of that chasm came a different type of white soil from which a emerged a mule who spoke a prophecy in a human voice - that a nation from the desert would invade the Arab lands. The prophecy came true." – George Cedrenus

  • "the land split in Mesopotamia and a mule came out speaking of the affairs of men and predicted invasion by a foreign army." – Michael Glycas

Textual Intensity Estimates
January 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquakes - Talking Mule Quake

  • Fig. 9 Chart to estimate PGA from sand boils from Obermeier (1996) based on Ishihara (1985)
  • Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
The PGA associated with the sand boils is estimated at 0.2–0.5 g using Fig. 9 of Obermeier (1996) (above), which reproduces the liquefaction criteria of Ishihara (1985). This range corresponds to I = 6.7–8.2 using the PGA–intensity relation of Wald et al. (1999). Similarly, the Earthquake Archaeological Effects (EAE) classification of Rodríguez-Pascua et al. (2013:221–224) assigns a minimum intensity of VII (7) to liquefaction features, including sand dike injections, which are closely analogous to the sand boils described here.

Notes and Further Reading
References
Wikipedia pages

Upper Mesopotamia