Events AT4, BT4, and CT4 were identified on the northwest side of Trench T4 at Tell Saidiyeh, a site situated along the Jordan Valley Fault. Unlike the purpose-excavated Trench T3, Trench T4 originated as a cut made during agricultural leveling works and trends northwest–southeast, oblique to the fault trace. The exposure was subsequently widened and cleaned by Ferry et al. (2011). The trench exposes a well-developed fault zone affecting both late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits. Because the trench is oriented approximately 45° to the fault, the deformation zone appears wider than in a perpendicular exposure and provides an unusually detailed record of repeated surface ruptures.
Event AT4 is the oldest event visible in Trench T4. It affects the lowermost Lisan laminae as a fan-shaped splay network. Ferry et al. (2011) also note a nearby seismite feature. Both the splays and the seismite are consistently truncated by a subsequent deposit.
Event BT4 is represented by a single fault splay that cuts through Lisan deposits and was later truncated by the liquefaction feature assigned to Event CT4. This cross-cutting relationship shows that Event BT4 predates Event CT4 and forms part of the older earthquake sequence preserved within the Lisan deposits.
Event CT4 is interpreted as a liquefaction-related earthquake rather than a simple fault rupture. Ferry et al. (2011:55) describe it as the only clear liquefaction event recognized in Trench T4. It is represented by a 0.5-by-1-m-large pocket of homogeneous, fine-grained, red, well-sorted carbonate sand surrounded by distorted detritus and aragonite layers. The pocket also truncates an older fault attributed to Event BT4.
Events AT4, BT4, and CT4 all occurred during deposition of the Lisan units, or shortly afterward while those sediments were still water saturated. Ferry et al. (2011) place all three events near the end of Lisan deposition. Citing Bartov et al. (2002), they estimated that the end of Lisan sedimentation at Tel Saidiyeh occurred shortly before 20 ka B.P. (approximately 18,000 BCE).
- Fig. 3b Location Map of the
Tell Saidiyeh Site from Ferry et al. (2011)
Geomorphology of the Tell Saidiyeh site from a high-resolution total station topographic survey (contour spacing 0.5 m). South of the archaeological tell (located ~100 m to the north; see inset in Fig. 8b), the morphology displays a recent terrace strath (Qto) affected and left-laterally displaced by the fault. The southern edges (dashed lines) of streams serve as piercing points because they are less likely to be eroded than the northern ones in a left-lateral setting. Stream El flows westward along the southern edge of Qto and is displaced by 7 ± 0.5 m across the fault. Stream W2 is a beheaded remnant of El and displays 114 ± 5 m of offset. A minimum emplacement age of 22 ka for W2 yields an average slip rate of 4.9 mm/yr for that period. Solid rectangles represent trenches T3 and T4, which display faulting evidence for the last 17 ka. Blanked areas could not be surveyed because of the presence of agricultural and military facilities.
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Ferry et al. (2011)- Fig. 5E Stratigraphic Correlation
between Ghor Khabed and Tell Saidiyeh Trenches from Ferry et al. (2011)
Correlations of stratigraphic sections of trenches. The geological formations of Lisan and Damya are common basement-bottom units for trenches. Erosion processes (tilde lines) have major effects on soft sediments, and Trench T3 shows a significant hiatus of the Damya formation. The correlation between alluvial and lacustrine deposits and the related radiocarbon dating (see also Table 1 and Fig. 7) illustrate the different recent depositional environments at trench sites.
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Ferry et al. (2011)- Table 1 Radiocarbon Table
from Ferry et al. (2011)
Radiocarbon Dating of Samples Collected in Trenches T1 and T2 (Ghor Kabed Site) and T3 and T4 (Tell Saidiyeh Site)
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Ferry et al. (2011)- Fig. 4a Oblique view of trench
T4 showing Lisan units affected by faulting and liquefaction from Ferry et al. (2011)
Oblique view of trench T4 showing Lisan units affected by faulting and liquefaction in the foreground and sand and silt units in the background
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Ferry et al. (2011)- Fig. 4b Main Shear Zone of trench
T4 from Ferry et al. (2011)
The main shear zone [of Trench T4) is outlined by a 1-cm-thick layer of crushed sand (thick lines) and displays numerous oriented pebbles.
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Ferry et al. (2011)Fig. 5d
Trench T4 is originally a road cut that was noticeably extended and cleaned. It is oriented 45° to the fault, which widens the deformation zone. This exposure provides the bulk of the paleoseismic dataset. See text for details.
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Ferry et al (2011)
