Sürgü–Misis Trenches
General Vicinity of Surgu-Misis Fault Systemclick on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
- Fig. 1 East Anatolian Fault
Map from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 1
East Anatolian fault between Karlıova and Gulf of İskenderun; Major fault zones in the vicinity plotted in black (simplified from Emre et al. 2018). Inset map shows the active tectonic framework of the Eastern Mediterranean region (from Emre et al. 2018). Dashed polygon indicates the study area. Abbreviations:
- NAFZ North Anatolian fault zone
- EAFZ East Anatolian fault zone
- NS Northern strand
- SS Southern strand
- PE Pontic Escarpment
- LC Lesser Caucasus
- GC Great Caucasus
- WAEP West Anatolian Extensional Provence
- CAP Central Anatolian Provence
- WAEP Eastern Anatolian Compressional Provence
- DSFZ Dead Sea fault zone
- HA Hellenic arc
- PFFZ Palmyra fold and fault zone
- CA Cyprian arc
- SATZ Southeast Anatolian thrust zone
- SMFS Sürgü–Misis fault system
- MKF Misis–Kyrenia fault
- MF Malatya fault
- SF Sarız fault
- EF Ecemiş fault
- DF Deliler fault
- Karlıova fault segment
- Ilıca fault segment
- Palu fault segment
- Pütürge fault segment
- Erkenek fault segment
- Pazarcık fault segment
- Amanos fault segment
- Sürgü fault segment
- Çardak fault segment
- Savrun fault segment
- Çokak fault segment
- Toprakkale fault segment
- Karataş fault segment
- Yumurtalık fault segment
- Düziçi–Osmaniye fault zone;
- Misis fault segment
- Engizek fault zone
- Maraş fault zone
- Fig. 2 Historical and
Instrumental earthquakes along the western Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 2
Distribution of both historical (a) and instrumental (b) earthquakes along the western segments of Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system around the Gulf of İskenderun (simplified from Duman and Emre, 2013). Thick red and black lines indicate the SMF system (north strand) and south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone, respectively. The locations of historical earthquakes are from Tan et al. (2008), Ambraseys (1988), Ambraseys and Jackson (1998) and Başarır Baştürk et al. (2017). The instrumental data are from Kalafat et al. (2011), Aktar et al. (2000), Ergin et al. (2004) and Kadirioğlu et al. (2018). The focal mechanisms are from Kılıç et al. (2017). The letter inside boxes refers to the source for the historical earthquakes as given by Tan et al. (2008).
- ST Shebalin and Tatevossian (1997)
- KU Kondorskaya and Ulomov (1999)
- EG Guidoboni et al. (1994)
- EG2 Guidoboni and Comastri (2005)
- AM Ambraseys (1988)
- AJ Ambraseys and Jackson (1998)
- MFS Misis fault segment
- KFS Karataş fault segment
- YFS Yumurtalık fault segment
- DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
- AFS Amanos fault segment
- YEFS Yesemek fault segment
- AFFS Afrin fault segment
- NFZ Narlı fault zone
- MFZ Maraş fault zone
- EFZ Engizek fault zone
- ÇOFS Çokak fault segment
- SAFS Savrun fault segment
- TFS Toprakkale fault segment
- ÇFS Çardak fault segment
- SFS, Sürgü fault segment
Duman et al. (2020)
- Fig. 1 East Anatolian Fault
Map from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 1
East Anatolian fault between Karlıova and Gulf of İskenderun; Major fault zones in the vicinity plotted in black (simplified from Emre et al. 2018). Inset map shows the active tectonic framework of the Eastern Mediterranean region (from Emre et al. 2018). Dashed polygon indicates the study area. Abbreviations:
- NAFZ North Anatolian fault zone
- EAFZ East Anatolian fault zone
- NS Northern strand
- SS Southern strand
- PE Pontic Escarpment
- LC Lesser Caucasus
- GC Great Caucasus
- WAEP West Anatolian Extensional Provence
- CAP Central Anatolian Provence
- WAEP Eastern Anatolian Compressional Provence
- DSFZ Dead Sea fault zone
- HA Hellenic arc
- PFFZ Palmyra fold and fault zone
- CA Cyprian arc
- SATZ Southeast Anatolian thrust zone
- SMFS Sürgü–Misis fault system
- MKF Misis–Kyrenia fault
- MF Malatya fault
- SF Sarız fault
- EF Ecemiş fault
- DF Deliler fault
- Karlıova fault segment
- Ilıca fault segment
- Palu fault segment
- Pütürge fault segment
- Erkenek fault segment
- Pazarcık fault segment
- Amanos fault segment
- Sürgü fault segment
- Çardak fault segment
- Savrun fault segment
- Çokak fault segment
- Toprakkale fault segment
- Karataş fault segment
- Yumurtalık fault segment
- Düziçi–Osmaniye fault zone;
- Misis fault segment
- Engizek fault zone
- Maraş fault zone
- Fig. 2 Historical and
Instrumental earthquakes along the western Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 2
Distribution of both historical (a) and instrumental (b) earthquakes along the western segments of Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system around the Gulf of İskenderun (simplified from Duman and Emre, 2013). Thick red and black lines indicate the SMF system (north strand) and south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone, respectively. The locations of historical earthquakes are from Tan et al. (2008), Ambraseys (1988), Ambraseys and Jackson (1998) and Başarır Baştürk et al. (2017). The instrumental data are from Kalafat et al. (2011), Aktar et al. (2000), Ergin et al. (2004) and Kadirioğlu et al. (2018). The focal mechanisms are from Kılıç et al. (2017). The letter inside boxes refers to the source for the historical earthquakes as given by Tan et al. (2008).
- ST Shebalin and Tatevossian (1997)
- KU Kondorskaya and Ulomov (1999)
- EG Guidoboni et al. (1994)
- EG2 Guidoboni and Comastri (2005)
- AM Ambraseys (1988)
- AJ Ambraseys and Jackson (1998)
- MFS Misis fault segment
- KFS Karataş fault segment
- YFS Yumurtalık fault segment
- DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
- AFS Amanos fault segment
- YEFS Yesemek fault segment
- AFFS Afrin fault segment
- NFZ Narlı fault zone
- MFZ Maraş fault zone
- EFZ Engizek fault zone
- ÇOFS Çokak fault segment
- SAFS Savrun fault segment
- TFS Toprakkale fault segment
- ÇFS Çardak fault segment
- SFS, Sürgü fault segment
Duman et al. (2020)
- General Vicinity of Surgu-Misis
Fault System in Google Earth
General Vicinity of Surgu-Misis Fault System
click on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Table 11Summary of age constraints for inferred events from the seven trenches on the SMF system
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Table 1General characteristics of fault segments where paleoseismological investigations were completed (from Duman and Emre 2013)
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Table 2Properties of the trenches excavated during this study. Coordinates are in UTM, WGS84 datum. Abbreviations: W, width; D, depth; L, length
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 3Locations of paleoseismic trench sites on four segments of the Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system. Faults are simplified from Duman and Emre (2013).
- Thick red and blue lines indicate north strand, which is referred to as the SMF system
- The red lines are the western segments of the SMF system, on which we completed paleoseismological investigations at seven trench sites
- Thick purple lines show the south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone
- T1 to T7 numbered trench sites
- MFS Misis fault segment
- KFS Karataş fault segment
- YFS Yumurtalık fault segment
- DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
- AFS Amanos fault segment
- YEFS Yesemek fault segment
- AFFS Afrin fault segment
- NFZ Narlı fault zone
- MFZ Maraş fault zone
- EFZ Engizek fault zone
- ÇOFS Çokak fault segment
- SAFS Savrun fault segment
- TFS Toprakkale fault segment
- ÇFS Çardak fault segment
- SFS Sürgü fault segment
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 5Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Haylazlı Trench, T1, excavated on the western section of the Karataş fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures and OSL sample locations. The inset figure is an enlargement of the fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 5Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Haylazlı Trench, T1, excavated on the western section of the Karataş fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures and OSL sample locations. The inset figure is an enlargement of the fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 5Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Haylazlı Trench, T1, excavated on the western section of the Karataş fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures and OSL sample locations. The inset figure is an enlargement of the fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4aProminent pressure ridge on the Karataş fault segment southwest Narlıören
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 6Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Narlıören Trench, T2, excavated on the eastern section of the Karataş fault segment, demonstrating stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C and OSL sample locations. Inset photos are detail of the fault zone and OSL sample location, which location are shown on the trench photo mosaic. Note that section from 6 to 26 m of the trench wall is omitted from log for presentation purposes
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4bSag pond formed on the Yumurtalık fault north of İncirli
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 7Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Karatepe trench, T3, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment. The trench log illustrates the stratigraphy, 14C and OSL sample locations and dates, and inferred events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 7Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Karatepe trench, T3, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment. The trench log illustrates the stratigraphy, 14C and OSL sample locations and dates, and inferred events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 7Photomosaic and log of the east wall of Karatepe trench, T3, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment. The trench log illustrates the stratigraphy, 14C and OSL sample locations and dates, and inferred events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4cLarge trough along the Toprakkale fault segment northeast of Toprakkale
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 9Photomosaic and log of the southwest wall of Toprakkale trench, T5, excavated on the western part of the Toprakkale fault segment, showing stratigraphy and events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 9Photomosaic and log of the southwest wall of Toprakkale trench, T5, excavated on the western part of the Toprakkale fault segment, showing stratigraphy and events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 9Photomosaic and log of the southwest wall of Toprakkale trench, T5, excavated on the western part of the Toprakkale fault segment, showing stratigraphy and events
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4dFault scarp in Quaternary alluvial fan deposits south of Elbeyli on the Düziçi fault segment
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4eHolocene fault scarp east of Çona on the Osmaniye fault segment
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 11Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Çona trench, T7. The trench was excavated on the Osmaniye segment of the Düziçiİskenderun fault zone. The logs show stratigraphy, event horizons and 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 11Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Çona trench, T7. The trench was excavated on the Osmaniye segment of the Düziçiİskenderun fault zone. The logs show stratigraphy, event horizons and 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 11Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Çona trench, T7. The trench was excavated on the Osmaniye segment of the Düziçiİskenderun fault zone. The logs show stratigraphy, event horizons and 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 3Locations of paleoseismic trench sites on four segments of the Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system. Faults are simplified from Duman and Emre (2013).
- Thick red and blue lines indicate north strand, which is referred to as the SMF system
- The red lines are the western segments of the SMF system, on which we completed paleoseismological investigations at seven trench sites
- Thick purple lines show the south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone
- T1 to T7 numbered trench sites
- MFS Misis fault segment
- KFS Karataş fault segment
- YFS Yumurtalık fault segment
- DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
- AFS Amanos fault segment
- YEFS Yesemek fault segment
- AFFS Afrin fault segment
- NFZ Narlı fault zone
- MFZ Maraş fault zone
- EFZ Engizek fault zone
- ÇOFS Çokak fault segment
- SAFS Savrun fault segment
- TFS Toprakkale fault segment
- ÇFS Çardak fault segment
- SFS Sürgü fault segment
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 8Photomosaic and log of the west wall of Yenikoy trench, T4, excavated on the western section of the Yumurtalık fault segment, showing stratigraphy, events, measurements of the ruptures, 14C sample locations
Duman et al. (2020)
Duman et al. (2020) report that Event E2 in the Yenikoy Trench (T4) dates to between 255-295 and 395-540 CE (2σ Calibrated Age) and indicate that this Event could be related to an earthquake in 242 CE. Ambraseys (2009) lists an earthquake in 240–241 CE in the vicinity of Aphrodisias while Guidoboni et al. (1994) list an earthquake in 241 CE, possibly in Aphrodisias. Event E2 in the Yenikoy Trench (T4) was dated from one radiocarbon sample in Unit C immediately above the E2 event horizon (AD 255–295 or 320–415) and one radiocarbon sample in Unit B3 some distance below the E2 event horizon (AD 395 to 540). The proximity of the Unit C sample immediately above the event E2 horizon led Duman et al. (2020) to suggest that
it is possible that E2 correlates to the historical AD 242 event, the largest earthquake in the region during the historical period. Duman et al. (2020) report that the geometry of the faulting is
consistent with a strike-slip fault that has a considerable vertical component of motion.
Duman et al. (2020) suggested that the same seismic event may have shown up in other trenches in less tightly dated time windows. All possible correlating events in all the Sürgü–Misis Trenches are summarized in the Table below:
| Event | Trench Name | Trench Number | Date Range | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E2 | Haylazli | 1 | E2 is younger than 9900 BP | 242 AD ? |
| E2 | Narlioren | 2 | between 3rd and 7th centuries CE | possibly 242 AD event |
| E3 | Karatepe | 3 | Between AD 665–765 and BC 830–790 | possibly 242 AD event |
| E2 | Yenikoy | 4 | Between LT AD 255–295 and LT AD 395 to 540 | possibly 242 AD event |
| E3 | Cona | 7 | Between AD 425–595 and BC 13,430–13,250 | possibly 242 AD event |
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 3Locations of paleoseismic trench sites on four segments of the Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system. Faults are simplified from Duman and Emre (2013).
- Thick red and blue lines indicate north strand, which is referred to as the SMF system
- The red lines are the western segments of the SMF system, on which we completed paleoseismological investigations at seven trench sites
- Thick purple lines show the south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone
- T1 to T7 numbered trench sites
- MFS Misis fault segment
- KFS Karataş fault segment
- YFS Yumurtalık fault segment
- DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
- AFS Amanos fault segment
- YEFS Yesemek fault segment
- AFFS Afrin fault segment
- NFZ Narlı fault zone
- MFZ Maraş fault zone
- EFZ Engizek fault zone
- ÇOFS Çokak fault segment
- SAFS Savrun fault segment
- TFS Toprakkale fault segment
- ÇFS Çardak fault segment
- SFS Sürgü fault segment
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 4dFault scarp in Quaternary alluvial fan deposits south of Elbeyli on the Düziçi fault segment
Yellow arrows and red rectangles show fault and trench, respectively.
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
- from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 10Photomosaic and log of the south wall of Elbeyli trench T6, showing stratigraphy, fault splays, 14C sample locations, and inferred event horizons. This trench was excavated on the northern section of the Düziçi segment of the Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone
Duman et al. (2020)
Duman et al. (2020) report that Event E3 in the Elbeyli Trench (T6) approximately dates to between 1035 and 1215 CE (2σ Calibrated Age) and indicate that this Event could be related the 1114/5 Mamistra and Marash Quakes. Event E3 was dated via radiocarbon inside a wedge or fissure fill that formed between fault splays F3 and F5. Duman et al. (2020) report that
two samples of this fissure fill material were dated and yielded ages of AD 775 to 975, and AD 1035–1215. They assumed
that the ~ 250–year difference in the age of material within the wedge reflects different ages of organic materials that had been reworked prior to deposition in the wedge. They inferred
the timing of the last event (E3) based on the [supposedly minimally reworked] AD 1035–1215 age of the wedge, or fissure fill. Motion on the fault splays was described as normal dip slip. They do not report seeing this event in any of the other Sürgü–Misis Trenches.
Figure 21Idealized models for the major characteristics in cross-sectional view of the three types of flower structures present in the divergent-wrench fault zone.
- Negative
- Positive
- Hybrid
Huang and Liu (2017)
Flower structures are typical features of wrench fault zones.Identification is
based on differences in their internal structural architecture.Negative and Positive Flower Structures are widely known in Paleoseismology. Huang and Liu (2017) proposed a model of a 3rd type of flower structure - the Hybrid Flower Structure. All 3 types of flower structures are summarized below:
- Negative flower structures
- consists of a shallow synform bounded by upward spreading strands of a wrench fault with mostly normal separations
- occur in divergent-wrench fault zones where blocks move parallel to each other (i.e., pure strike-slip faults) and move with a component of divergence (i.e., divergent or transtensional wrench faults), especially easily occur in the regions of releasing bends and step overs along these wrench faults
- their presence indicates the combined effects of extensional and strike-slip motion.
- Positive flower structures
- consists of a shallow antiform displaced by upward diverging strands of a wrench fault with mostly reverse separations
- only occur in fault restraining bends and step overs where blocks move parallel to each other (i.e., pure strike-slip faults) and move with a component of convergence (i.e., convergent or transpressional wrench faults)
- Hybrid flower structures
- characterized by both antiforms and normal separations
- only occur in fault restraining bends and step overs
- can be considered as product of a kind of structural deformation typical of divergent-wrench zones
- is the result of the combined effects of extensional, compressional, and strike-slip strains under a locally appropriate compressional environment.
- The strain situation in it represents the transition stage that in between positive and negative flower structures.
- Kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the hybrid flower structures indicate the salient features of structural deformation in restraining bends and step overs along divergent-wrench faults, including the coexistence of three kinds of strains (i.e., compression, extension, and strike-slip) and synchronous presence of compressional (i.e., typical fault-bend fold) and extensional (normal faults) deformation in the same place.