Deformation Layer 10 at Nahal Darga occurs at the base of unit 13 and is dated by Enzel et al. (2000) to ca. 1450-1550 CE (ca. 400-500 yr B.P.). The deformed bed is ~25-50 cm thick and consists of very fine to medium grained sand deposited in a near-shore fan-delta environment. The principal deformation features include ball-and-pillow structures and pseudo nodules, indicating deformation of water-saturated sediment. The structures are interpreted as due to earthquake-induced liquefaction. Dating is based on radiocarbon dating and stratigraphic correlation within the fan-delta sequence; Bayesian modeling was not used in the age determinations. Plausible candidates for Deformed Layer 10 include the 1458 and 1546 CE earthquakes..

Fig. 6A - Ball and pillow structures from deformation 10 (Table 2) that occurred 400–500 yr B.P. - Enzel et al (2000)