Altunel et al. (1999) identified Event 1 in Trench 2 where the F1 and parallel F1-1 faults cut unit a and offset a tuffite layer by c. 78 cm and 20 cm, respectively and are truncated by overlying unit b, indicating a discrete rupture phase. These faults are interpreted as the primary structures of Event 1, with possible coeval movement on the F2 fault suggested by indications of reactivation of Fault 2 during Event 2 and cumulative slip along this same fault. Event 1 predates deposition of unit b and is constrained by a lower bound of ~3500 yr BP derived from the tuffite layer and a charcoal age of 590 ± 50 yr BP derived from overlying deposits. These constraints place Event 1 between ~1550 BCE and 1410 CE. An additional constraint is that Event 1 preceded Event 2 which Altunel et al. (1999) suggest may correlate to the 88 BCE earthquake, which affected Apamea Kibotos. Although Altunel et al. (1999) suggested that Event 1 struck in ~1500 BCE, prior to the foundation of Apamea Kibotos in the 8th century BCE, it is possible that an earthquake in 400 BCE was responsible. Trenches 1 and 2 are both perpendicular to the Dinar fault, which is an active normal fault trending NW–SE. Altunel et al. (1999:297) suggested that Event 1 was caued by a M > 6.8 earthquake.

Figure 5 - Detail of the southeastern wall of trench 2 shown in Fig. 4(b). Soil and limestone blocks were derived from the trench wall while cleaning the surface. - click on image to open in a new tab - Altunel et al (1999)

Figure 4b - Close-up view of the wall of trench 2 showing several normal faults offsetting the tuffite layer. The line on the surface in the middle of the picture is the 1995 surface break (see Fig. 5 for details) - click on image to open in a new tab - Altunel et al (1999)