Demirkopru Trenches and Tell Sıçantarla

Introduction

Altunel et al. (2009) undertook a combined archaeoseismic and paleoseismic study across the Hacipasa Fault in the southern part of the Amik Basin which resulted in an estimated left-lateral slip rate for the fault and detection of seismic events in the paleoseismic trenches. The features they examined are briefly discussed below:

Two trenches were dug north and south of the Asi River next to the Demirkopru village. The trenches, which perpendicularly intersected the Hacipasa fault, showed evidence for several seismic events which are discussed in the Chronology section and in the Master Seismic events Table.

They examined an ancient stone road next to Demirkopru village which they estimated was offset 25 ± 3.5 m due to seismic activity on the intersecting Hacipasa Fault over ~4000 years. They estimated a slip rate of 6.25 ± 0.88 mm/yr.

They examined a buried ancient (Roman) wall in Tell Sicantarla which they estimated was offset 9.0 ± 0.5 m due to seismic activity on the intersecting Hacipasa Fault over ~1500 years. They estimated a slip rate of 6.00 ± 0.33 mm/yr.

They examined Tell Sicantarla itself which they estimated was offset 42.4 ± 1.5 m due to seismic activity on the intersecting Hacipasa Fault over ~7200 years. They estimated a slip rate of 6.06 ± 0.25 mm/yr.

They combined the slip rate estimates of the displaced archaeological features (ancient stone road, buried ancient wall in Tell Sicantarla, and Tell Sicantarla itself) to produce a left-lateral slip rate estimate of 6.07 mm/yr.

Maps, Aerial Views, Tables, Trench Logs, GPR and Magnetic Surveys, and Photos

Maps

Broad Scale Tectonic, Fault, and Seismicity Maps

Normal Size

Fig. 1 Simplified tectonic
Fig. 1

Simplified tectonic setting of the eastern Mediterranean and surroundings, complied from Hall et al. (2005) and Reilinger et al. (2006).

KOTJ: Karlıova Triple Junction

MTJ: Kahramanmaraş (or Türkoğlu) Triple Junction

ATJ: Amik Triple Junction

DSF: Dead Sea Fault

EAF: East Anatolian Fault

NAF: North Anatolian Fault

Sin: Sinai Block

ST: Strabo Trench

PT: Pliny Trench

Anb: Antalya Basin

Cb: Cilicia Basin

Mb: Mesaoria Basin

Lb: Latakia Basin

Cyb: Cyprus Basin

TR: Tartus Ridge

HF: Hatay Fault

MK: Misis-Kyrenia Fault Zone

Ab: Adana Basin

Ib: Iskenderun Basin

KOF: Karataş-Osmaniye Fault

PF: Paphos Fault

white arrows and their corresponding numbers indicate the plate velocities relative to the Eurasian Plate, as derived from the GPS data

black lines indicate major faults, and the arrows along the faults indicate offset direction

Hatched black lines with triangles indicate subduction zones

Hatched white rectangle shows location of inset map. B. The detailed bathymetry in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (after Hall et al., 2005)

Black rectangle shows study area

Tari et al. (2013)
setting of the eastern Mediterranean and surroundings from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 2 Major active faults
Fig. 2

A digital elevation model for the study area and its surroundings, showing the major active faults and the morphotectonic units.
- MTJ: Kahramanmaraş or Türkoğlu Triple Junction
- ATJ: Amik Triple Junction
Tari et al. (2013)
and the morphotectonic units from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 19 GPS velocity
Fig. 19

The GPS velocity field relative to fixed Arabian Plate (GPS data from Alchalbi et al., 2010; Meghraoui et al., 2011; Reilinger et al., 2006). The abbreviations indicate GPS observation campaigns by Reilinger et al. (2006) and Alchalbi et al. (2010). The fault slip rates (mm/y) were deduced from Mahmoud et al. (2012). The top numbers in each rectangle give strike-slip rates, positive being left-lateral. The other numbers in each rectangle give fault-normal slip rates, positive equalling closing.
- CAF– Cyprus-Antakya Fault
- ATJ: Amik Triple Junction
- DSF: Dead Sea Fault
Tari et al. (2013)
field relative to fixed Arabian Plate from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 1 East Anatolian Fault
Fig. 1
East Anatolian fault between Karlıova and Gulf of İskenderun; Major fault zones in the vicinity plotted in black (simplified from Emre et al. 2018). Inset map shows the active tectonic framework of the Eastern Mediterranean region (from Emre et al. 2018). Dashed polygon indicates the study area. Abbreviations:

NAFZ North Anatolian fault zone

EAFZ East Anatolian fault zone

NS Northern strand

SS Southern strand

PE Pontic Escarpment

LC Lesser Caucasus

GC Great Caucasus

WAEP West Anatolian Extensional Provence

CAP Central Anatolian Provence

WAEP Eastern Anatolian Compressional Provence

DSFZ Dead Sea fault zone

HA Hellenic arc

PFFZ Palmyra fold and fault zone

CA Cyprian arc

SATZ Southeast Anatolian thrust zone

SMFS Sürgü–Misis fault system

MKF Misis–Kyrenia fault

MF Malatya fault

SF Sarız fault

EF Ecemiş fault

DF Deliler fault

Karlıova fault segment

Ilıca fault segment

Palu fault segment

Pütürge fault segment

Erkenek fault segment

Pazarcık fault segment

Amanos fault segment

Sürgü fault segment

Çardak fault segment

Savrun fault segment

Çokak fault segment

Toprakkale fault segment

Karataş fault segment

Yumurtalık fault segment

Düziçi–Osmaniye fault zone;

Misis fault segment

Engizek fault zone

Maraş fault zone

Duman et al. (2020)
Map from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 2 Historical and
Fig. 2

Distribution of both historical (a) and instrumental (b) earthquakes along the western segments of Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system around the Gulf of İskenderun (simplified from Duman and Emre, 2013). Thick red and black lines indicate the SMF system (north strand) and south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone, respectively. The locations of historical earthquakes are from Tan et al. (2008), Ambraseys (1988), Ambraseys and Jackson (1998) and Başarır Baştürk et al. (2017). The instrumental data are from Kalafat et al. (2011), Aktar et al. (2000), Ergin et al. (2004) and Kadirioğlu et al. (2018). The focal mechanisms are from Kılıç et al. (2017). The letter inside boxes refers to the source for the historical earthquakes as given by Tan et al. (2008).

ST Shebalin and Tatevossian (1997)

KU Kondorskaya and Ulomov (1999)

EG Guidoboni et al. (1994)

EG2 Guidoboni and Comastri (2005)

AM Ambraseys (1988)

AJ Ambraseys and Jackson (1998)

MFS Misis fault segment

KFS Karataş fault segment

YFS Yumurtalık fault segment

DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone

AFS Amanos fault segment

YEFS Yesemek fault segment

AFFS Afrin fault segment

NFZ Narlı fault zone

MFZ Maraş fault zone

EFZ Engizek fault zone

ÇOFS Çokak fault segment

SAFS Savrun fault segment

TFS Toprakkale fault segment

ÇFS Çardak fault segment

SFS, Sürgü fault segment

Duman et al. (2020)
Instrumental earthquakes along the western Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 3 Geologic map of

Fig. 3

The geologic map of the Antakya Graben

Tari et al. (2013)

the Antakya Graben from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 4 Generalized columnar

Fig. 4

A generalized columnar stratigraphic section through the Antakya Graben

Tari et al. (2013)

stratigraphic section through the Antakya Graben from Tari et al. (2013)

Magnified

Fig. 1 Simplified tectonic
Fig. 1
Simplified tectonic setting of the eastern Mediterranean and surroundings, complied from Hall et al. (2005) and Reilinger et al. (2006).

KOTJ: Karlıova Triple Junction

MTJ: Kahramanmaraş (or Türkoğlu) Triple Junction

ATJ: Amik Triple Junction

DSF: Dead Sea Fault

EAF: East Anatolian Fault

NAF: North Anatolian Fault

Sin: Sinai Block

ST: Strabo Trench

PT: Pliny Trench

Anb: Antalya Basin

Cb: Cilicia Basin

Mb: Mesaoria Basin

Lb: Latakia Basin

Cyb: Cyprus Basin

TR: Tartus Ridge

HF: Hatay Fault

MK: Misis-Kyrenia Fault Zone

Ab: Adana Basin

Ib: Iskenderun Basin

KOF: Karataş-Osmaniye Fault

PF: Paphos Fault

white arrows and their corresponding numbers indicate the plate velocities relative to the Eurasian Plate, as derived from the GPS data

black lines indicate major faults, and the arrows along the faults indicate offset direction

Hatched black lines with triangles indicate subduction zones

Hatched white rectangle shows location of inset map. B. The detailed bathymetry in the eastern Mediterranean Sea (after Hall et al., 2005)

Black rectangle shows study area

Tari et al. (2013)
setting of the eastern Mediterranean and surroundings from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 2 Major active faults
Fig. 2

A digital elevation model for the study area and its surroundings, showing the major active faults and the morphotectonic units.
- MTJ: Kahramanmaraş or Türkoğlu Triple Junction
- ATJ: Amik Triple Junction
Tari et al. (2013)
and the morphotectonic units from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 19 GPS velocity
Fig. 19

The GPS velocity field relative to fixed Arabian Plate (GPS data from Alchalbi et al., 2010; Meghraoui et al., 2011; Reilinger et al., 2006). The abbreviations indicate GPS observation campaigns by Reilinger et al. (2006) and Alchalbi et al. (2010). The fault slip rates (mm/y) were deduced from Mahmoud et al. (2012). The top numbers in each rectangle give strike-slip rates, positive being left-lateral. The other numbers in each rectangle give fault-normal slip rates, positive equalling closing.
- CAF– Cyprus-Antakya Fault
- ATJ: Amik Triple Junction
- DSF: Dead Sea Fault
Tari et al. (2013)
field relative to fixed Arabian Plate from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 1 East Anatolian Fault
Fig. 1
East Anatolian fault between Karlıova and Gulf of İskenderun; Major fault zones in the vicinity plotted in black (simplified from Emre et al. 2018). Inset map shows the active tectonic framework of the Eastern Mediterranean region (from Emre et al. 2018). Dashed polygon indicates the study area. Abbreviations:

NAFZ North Anatolian fault zone

EAFZ East Anatolian fault zone

NS Northern strand

SS Southern strand

PE Pontic Escarpment

LC Lesser Caucasus

GC Great Caucasus

WAEP West Anatolian Extensional Provence

CAP Central Anatolian Provence

WAEP Eastern Anatolian Compressional Provence

DSFZ Dead Sea fault zone

HA Hellenic arc

PFFZ Palmyra fold and fault zone

CA Cyprian arc

SATZ Southeast Anatolian thrust zone

SMFS Sürgü–Misis fault system

MKF Misis–Kyrenia fault

MF Malatya fault

SF Sarız fault

EF Ecemiş fault

DF Deliler fault

Karlıova fault segment

Ilıca fault segment

Palu fault segment

Pütürge fault segment

Erkenek fault segment

Pazarcık fault segment

Amanos fault segment

Sürgü fault segment

Çardak fault segment

Savrun fault segment

Çokak fault segment

Toprakkale fault segment

Karataş fault segment

Yumurtalık fault segment

Düziçi–Osmaniye fault zone;

Misis fault segment

Engizek fault zone

Maraş fault zone

Duman et al. (2020)
Map from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 2 Historical and
Fig. 2

Distribution of both historical (a) and instrumental (b) earthquakes along the western segments of Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system around the Gulf of İskenderun (simplified from Duman and Emre, 2013). Thick red and black lines indicate the SMF system (north strand) and south strand of the East Anatolian fault zone, respectively. The locations of historical earthquakes are from Tan et al. (2008), Ambraseys (1988), Ambraseys and Jackson (1998) and Başarır Baştürk et al. (2017). The instrumental data are from Kalafat et al. (2011), Aktar et al. (2000), Ergin et al. (2004) and Kadirioğlu et al. (2018). The focal mechanisms are from Kılıç et al. (2017). The letter inside boxes refers to the source for the historical earthquakes as given by Tan et al. (2008).

ST Shebalin and Tatevossian (1997)

KU Kondorskaya and Ulomov (1999)

EG Guidoboni et al. (1994)

EG2 Guidoboni and Comastri (2005)

AM Ambraseys (1988)

AJ Ambraseys and Jackson (1998)

MFS Misis fault segment

KFS Karataş fault segment

YFS Yumurtalık fault segment

DİFZ Düziçi–İskenderun fault zone

AFS Amanos fault segment

YEFS Yesemek fault segment

AFFS Afrin fault segment

NFZ Narlı fault zone

MFZ Maraş fault zone

EFZ Engizek fault zone

ÇOFS Çokak fault segment

SAFS Savrun fault segment

TFS Toprakkale fault segment

ÇFS Çardak fault segment

SFS, Sürgü fault segment

Duman et al. (2020)
Instrumental earthquakes along the western Sürgü–Misis fault (SMF) system from Duman et al. (2020)
Fig. 3 Geologic map of

Fig. 3

The geologic map of the Antakya Graben

Tari et al. (2013)

the Antakya Graben from Tari et al. (2013)
Fig. 4 Generalized columnar

Fig. 4

A generalized columnar stratigraphic section through the Antakya Graben

Tari et al. (2013)

stratigraphic section through the Antakya Graben from Tari et al. (2013)

Localized Maps

Normal Size

Fig. 1 Active Faults and
Fig. 1
1. The Dead Sea Fault Zone between the Red Sea to the south and East Anatolian Fault to the north
2. Main active faults in the Amik Basin area (from Karabacak 2007) and locations of ancient settlements (Tells) as depicted from the Antioch Museum of Archeology. The 1822 and 1872 earthquake epicentres (black stars) are from Ambraseys (1989). The ancient road between Antakya and Aleppo is indicated by dashed green line (Roat 1991).
Altunel et al. (2009)
Ancient Settlements in the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 2a Fault map and

Fig. 2a

The northernmost section of the DSF (From Karabacak 2007) and the locations of Sıçantarla site (ST) and ancient bridge (road). Numbers with m (e.g. 100 m) indicates amount of left-lateral displacement on stream beds.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Location Map of Northernmost DST from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 10a Roman roads

Fig. 10a

Map of Roman roads around the Amik Basin

(redrawn from Buschmann & Högemann 1989)

Altunel et al. (2009)

around the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 10 b and c

Fig. 10 b and c

(b) Map of Assyrian trade roads around the Amik Basin (redrawn from Roat 1991)

(c) Hittite writings on a stone near the offset ancient road (see Fig. 3b for location)

Altunel et al. (2009)

Assyrian trade roads around the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Map of the Plain of Antioch

The Plain of Antioch and its Environs

Key Map Scale 1:400,000

Braidwood (1937)

and its environs from Braidwood (1937)
Map of the Plain of Antioch

Legend for Map of The Plain of Antioch and its Environs

Key Map Scale 1:400,000

Braidwood (1937)

and its environs (legend) from Braidwood (1937)

Magnified

Fig. 1 Active Faults and
Fig. 1
1. The Dead Sea Fault Zone between the Red Sea to the south and East Anatolian Fault to the north
2. Main active faults in the Amik Basin area (from Karabacak 2007) and locations of ancient settlements (Tells) as depicted from the Antioch Museum of Archeology. The 1822 and 1872 earthquake epicentres (black stars) are from Ambraseys (1989). The ancient road between Antakya and Aleppo is indicated by dashed green line (Roat 1991).
Altunel et al. (2009)
Ancient Settlements in the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 2a Fault map and

Fig. 2a

The northernmost section of the DSF (From Karabacak 2007) and the locations of Sıçantarla site (ST) and ancient bridge (road). Numbers with m (e.g. 100 m) indicates amount of left-lateral displacement on stream beds.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Location Map of Northernmost DST from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 10a Roman roads

Fig. 10a

Map of Roman roads around the Amik Basin

(redrawn from Buschmann & Högemann 1989)

Altunel et al. (2009)

around the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 10 b and c

Fig. 10 b and c

(b) Map of Assyrian trade roads around the Amik Basin (redrawn from Roat 1991)

(c) Hittite writings on a stone near the offset ancient road (see Fig. 3b for location)

Altunel et al. (2009)

Assyrian trade roads around the Amik Basin from Altunel et al. (2009)
Map of the Plain of Antioch

The Plain of Antioch and its Environs

Key Map Scale 1:400,000

Braidwood (1937)

and its environs from Braidwood (1937)

Aerial Views

Demirkopru village in Google Earth

Demirkopru village

click on image to explore this site in a new tab in Google Earth
Possible location of Tell Sicantarla

Possible location of Tell Sicantarla in Google Earth

click on image to explore this site in a new tab in Google Earth

in Google Earth

Tables

Summary of offset archaeological features

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Table 2

Summary of offset archaeological features at different locations along the northern DSF.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Demirkopru Trench Logs

Location Map

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 3a

Google view of the ancient bridge site and locations of trenches. East—west road is the modern road, it was built on the ancient road in western side of the bridge (yellow dashed lines) but it is located further south of the ancient road in the eastern side. Blue dashed lines indicate the visible part of the ancient road, green dashed lines indicate buried part of the ancient road revealed by GPR. Note that the eastern exit of the bridge does not match with the continuation of the ancient road.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Trench 1

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 9a

Log of Trench 1 (southern wall).

A buried fault in the base of trench 1
A close up view of the southern wall showing sand boil (sb) and a fault trace (red arrows). Note that the eastern side of erupted sand is limited by the fault.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Trench 2

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 9c

Log of Trench 2 (southern wall). E indicates event rupture.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Offset Road at Demirkopru

Location Map

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 3b

Plan of the bridge and ancient road as surveyed by total station. Arrows indicate locations of GPR profiles on the road and fault. Dashed red line indicates the location of the fault in both figures. Small rectangular indicated by arrow shows location of the Hittite stone in Fig. 10(c). Yellow dots alongside the revealed part of the road are the projection of sides of high contrast reflectors in GPR profiles.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Road Perpendicular GPR Profile (Fig. 5a)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 5a

Processed GPR profiles across the possible extent of the ancient road and probable fault. Profiles were taken with 500 MHz shielded antenna and processed with ReflexW.

A 19-m-long profile across the ancient road (see Fig. 3c for the location)
Close up view between 9 and 19 m
Interpretation of the close up part (9–19 m). High contrast reflectors represent the ancient road in cross-section (compare with Fig. 4b)

Altunel et al. (2009)

Fault Perpendicular GPR Profile (Fig. 5b)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 5b

Processed GPR profiles across the possible extent of the ancient road and probable fault. Profiles were taken with 500 MHz shielded antenna and processed with ReflexW.

A 46-m-long profile across the fault (see Fig. 3b for the location)
Close up view between 14 and 28 m
Interpretation of the close up part (14–28 m). Vertical discontinuities in a 3-m-wide zone are interpreted as subparallel faults.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Hittite writings on stone near offset road (Fig. 10c)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 10c

Hittite writings on a stone near the offset ancient road (see Fig. 3b for location).

Altunel et al. (2009)

Tell Sıçantarla

Maps and Plans

Location Map (wide view)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 2a

The northernmost section of the DSF (From Karabacak 2007) and the locations of Sıçantarla site (ST) and ancient bridge (road). Numbers with m (e.g. 100 m) indicates amount of left-lateral displacement on stream beds.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Microtopographic Map (showing locations of geophysical surveys)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 6c

3-D microtopographic model of the Sıçantarla Tell showing a N—S-trending scarp facing west in the northern part of the Tell and east in the southern part. Note that the plan view of tell is not circular.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Geophysical Surveys

Detailed Plan (showing locations of GPR and Magnetic Surveys)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 7a

A detailed plan of the tell showing locations of GPR and magnetic surveys. Yellow dashed line is the limit of magnetic survey. Rectangular with dashed line indicates location of GPR survey. Dashed red line is the location of the fault.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Magnetometry map

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 7b

Magnetometry map showing anomalies offset by 42.4 ± 1.5 m on the northern edge and ~10.3 m near the southern edge (see black arrows). The empty section in the centre (in white) corresponds to the shed (concrete building) visible in Figs 6(b)) and 7(a).

Altunel et al. (2009)

Location Map for GPR Survey

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 8a

Locations of GPR profiles (with 250 MHz shielded antenna) on the tell. Profiles numbered with 1–9 are parallel to the fault and I—III are across the fault.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Fault Parallel GPR Profiles 1-9

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 8b

Processed (with ReflexW) profiles, note that about 80 cm wide high contrast reflectors (pale brown) exist in all profiles at a depth of about 80–90 cm. These high contrast reflectors are interpreted as a near surface wall which shows ∼9 m left-lateral displacement. Red arrows indicate location of the fault.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Fault Perpendicular GPR Profiles I-III

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 8c

Processed GPR profiles across the fault.

A 52-m-long GPR profile (profile I in Fig. 8a) across the fault
close up view between 10 and 25 m
interpretation of the close up part of the profile Red vertical lines are subparallel faults, brown filled boxes probably reflect pieces of walls

Altunel et al. (2009)

Interpreted Limestone Block from GPR Profile (Fault Parallel Profile 1)

from Altunel et al. (2009)

Fig. 8d

Excerpt of GPR profile wall 1 showing the conspicuous signature of a buried limestone block. Interpretation sketch shows the origin of bounding half hyperbolae.

Altunel et al. (2009)

Photos

Fig. 6b general view

Fig. 6b

A general view of the Sıçantarla Tell. View towards northwest.

Altunel et al. (2009)

of the Sıçantarla Tell from Altunel et al. (2009)
Fig. 8e Field photos

Fig. 8e

Field photographs of limestone blocks cropping out at the surface of the tell and at the site of GPR profiles. An excavated block (lower right-hand side) shows features typical of a main door hinge of Roman epoch (Yener 2004, personal communication).

Altunel et al. (2009)

of limestone blocks on surface of tell at site of GPR profiles from Altunel et al. (2009)

Event E3 earthquake (?) from Demirkopru Trench 1 - 1641-1432 BCE ?

Altunel et al. (2009) uncovered a sand boil at the bottom of Trench 1 which may have been due to seismic activity. Radiocarbon sample D-8 obtained from within the sand boil produced a lab date of 3268 ± 52 BP and resulted in a 2σ calibrated age range of 1641-1432 BCE. However, they noted that the sample appeared to be reworked as its age suggested a lower sedimentation rate for a location in the flood plain of an actively meandering river.

Event E2 earthquake from Demirkopru Trench 2 - Before 1424 CE

Altunel et al. (2009) dated Event E2 in Demirkopru Trench 2 to before 1424 CE primarily based on two radiocarbon samples which were found immediately above the E2 event horizon and about 25 cm below the E1 horizon. This seems to have led to the conclusion that Event E2 struck soon before 1424 CE. Altunel et al. (2009) suggested that the most likely candidate for Event E2 was the 1408 Shugr-Bekas Earthquake.

Event E1 earthquake from Demirkopru Trench 1 - 1801-1940 CE

Altunel et al. (2009) dated Event E1 in Demirkopru Trench 1 to between 1801 and 1940 CE based on two radiocarbon samples immediately above and immediately below the Event E1 horizon. They suggested that Event E1 was a result of the 1872 CE Amik Golu Earthquake although they noted that the 1822 CE Aleppo Quake was also a possibility. Altunel et al. (2009) suggested that Event E1 in Demirkopru Trench 2 correlated to the same Trench 1 E1 seismic event, however they were unable to obtain radiocarbon samples above the Trench 2 E1 horizon which resulted in a radiocarbon date that is no more accurate than after 1470 CE.

Master Seismic Events Table

References

Articles and Books

Altunel, E., et al. (2009). "Archaeological sites (Tell and Road) offset by the Dead Sea Fault in the Amik Basin, Southern Turkey ." Geophysical Journal International 179(3): 1313-1329. - open access

Duman, T. Y., Elmacı, H., Özalp, S., Kürçer, A., Kara, M., Özdemir, E., Yavuzoğlu, A., & Uygun Güldoğan, Ç. (2020). Paleoseismology of the western Sürgü–Misis fault system: east Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 2(3), 411-437.

Tari, U., et al. (2013). "Geology and morphology of the Antakya Graben between the Amik Triple Junction and the Cyprus Arc." 2064. - open access

Excavation Reports and Archaeological Surveys

Braidwood, R. J. (1937) Mounds in the plain of Antioch: an archeological survey , University of Chicago. Oriental Institute publications. - open access from the University of Chicago

Notes

Altunel et al. (2009)