4th Earthquake
Groot et al. (2006:183)
reported discovery of a nearly complete Umayyad lamp in
Square 4 of Area B (Barracks – B.6.038), located in the Post-Stratum gap above and later than the third-earthquake layer.
Above the lamp was a 0.7 m-thick tumble deposit containing
some roof beams and many wall blocks
. They observed that
the basalt roof beams found embedded in the lowest tumble
level (B.6.032) suggest initial massive destruction rather
than gradual decay over time
.
The upper tumble layer included wall blocks and yielded one
Late Islamic (1174–1918 CE) and one Ayyubid/Mamluk (1174–1516 CE)
sherd, implying that considerable time may have passed between
the likely seismically induced roof collapse and the later wall
collapse, which was not clearly seismic. This leaves open the
possibility that one of the mid-8th-century CE earthquakes or a
later shock damaged el-Lejjun.
de Vries et al. (2006:196)
suggested that Umayyad abandonment of the northwest tower
was probably triggered by further major collapse
. In the
North Gate, de Vries et al. (2006:207) documented
full-scale destruction in layers above third-earthquake debris
and post-earthquake occupation layers
containing Late Byzantine
and Umayyad sherds. Subsoil/tumble in C.9.008 (north room),
C.9.009 (south room), and C.9.005 (stairwell)
bear ample witness to the destruction of the rooms, perhaps in
the Umayyad period
.
Although Late Byzantine sherds occurred in post-Stratum layers
of the North Gate, if the third earthquake corresponds to the
Inscription at Aeropolis Quake (before 597 CE), an approximate
and conservative
terminus post quem
of ~600 CE can be inferred. While the
terminus ante quem
is the end of the Post-Stratum III gap (1918 CE), the earthquake
most likely occurred much earlier.