Phase VII Earthquake Open site page in a new tab



Hammond (1975:11–12) describes the Phase VII earthquake as a catastrophic collapse marking the final destruction of the structure. Architectural debris, sealed by silting associated with the subsequent Phase VI, is interpreted as the result of a single terminal event rather than incremental structural failure. The consistent northwest–southeast direction of collapse recorded across the excavated areas supports the interpretation of a coherent, earthquake-driven fall mechanism. At the time of collapse, much of the building remained standing. According to Hammond (1975:11–12), columns were still upright, capitals and cornices remained in place, plaster decoration survived in situ, arches were standing, and portions of the roof may also have remained intact. The Phase VII earthquake thus completed the destruction of a structure that had already been damaged, but not fully demolished, by an earlier seismic event in Phase X, probably in the 4th century CE. The scale and completeness of the collapse point to a second earthquake of greater severity, comparable to the destruction sequence documented at the Main Theater. Although Hammond assigns the Phase VII destruction to one of the mid-8th-century CE earthquakes, this attribution is not entirely secure and rests on a relatively scant ceramic assemblage recovered higher in Phase VI, some of which is described as Byzantine.

By Jefferson Williams