Phase 4 earthquake Open site page in a new tab



Based on soundings in Sectors 2 and 7, Tholbecq et al. (2019) document Phase 4 “destruction of the northern masonry of the orchestra.” They “deduce that this event (earthquake?) occurred shortly after the Late Roman period, or even during this period.” In a later synthesis, Tholbecq (2022) explicitly suggests “an association with the earthquake of 363,” identified as the southern 363 CE Cyril Quake. Further support for a mid-4th-century seismic event derives from nearby excavations west of the Wadi Sabra Theater. Tholbecq et al. (2024:136) report on a structure approximately 45 m west of the theater, interpreted as having originated as a caravanserai, a mansio, or hospitalia before later conversion into a small fort. They state that the fort was “finally destroyed by fire in the mid-4th century, probably following the earthquake of 363, a date confirmed by several converging 14C analyses,” and note that its occupation sequence “echoes the phasing of the 2nd-century AD theater.”

By Jefferson Williams