Phase III Earthquake - Middle Bronze IIB
Lazar et al. (2020) identified extensive
archaeoseismic evidence from Phase III
(Middle Bronze IIB – ~1700 BCE) at Tel Kabri.
The damage included collapsed, tilted,
displaced, and folded walls; warped and faulted
floors; pockmarked surfaces likely produced by
falling debris;
in situ smashed pottery; fallen vessels and
objects; and thick debris accumulations.
A linear feature described as a “trench” was
identified as an approximately
E–W striking
fault scarp
aligned with nearby
active faults.
Debris samples were examined microscopically
and chemically. On this basis,
Lazar et al. (2020:13) concluded that
“the chaotic arrangement of post Phase III
floor deposits … together with lack of
mud slurry deposits, implies a rapid
collapse rather than the slow accumulation of
degraded
mudbrick
material from standing walls or ceilings of
an abandoned structure.”
They rejected alternative causes such as
economic decline, environmental crisis, a
pandemic, or violent human action,
arguing that seismic activity best explains
the destruction. Chemical analysis showed no
evidence for fire: clay minerals indicated no
exposure above 500 °C, and
calcite
displayed a
ν2/ν4 ratio
consistent with geogenic rather than
pyrogenic origin.
Although not all damage could be assigned to
a single event,
Lazar et al. (2020) concluded that one
earthquake likely produced most of the
observed destruction. Because the site was
abandoned afterward,
Lazar et al. (2020:14) described the
earthquake as “severe,” suggesting either
structural devastation or the drying of local
springs as a contributing factor.
Phase III was dated to ca. 1900–1700 BCE,
with destruction around 1700 BCE. This
chronology relied on
radiocarbon results from
Hoflmayer et al. (2016),
ceramic typology, and the
high middle chronology of
Bietak (2002). The “trench” was cut by
an Iron Age pit, providing an terminus ante quem
and demonstrating that the feature predates
the
Iron Age and is not of modern origin.