Phase III Earthquake - Middle Bronze IIB Open this page in a new tab

Lazar et al. (2020) identified extensive archaeoseismic evidence from Phase III (Middle Bronze IIB – ~1700 BCE) at Tel Kabri. The damage included collapsed, tilted, displaced, and folded walls; warped and faulted floors; pockmarked surfaces likely produced by falling debris; in situ smashed pottery; fallen vessels and objects; and thick debris accumulations. A linear feature described as a “trench” was identified as an approximately E–W striking fault scarp aligned with nearby active faults. Debris samples were examined microscopically and chemically. On this basis, Lazar et al. (2020:13) concluded that “the chaotic arrangement of post Phase III floor deposits … together with lack of mud slurry deposits, implies a rapid collapse rather than the slow accumulation of degraded mudbrick material from standing walls or ceilings of an abandoned structure.” They rejected alternative causes such as economic decline, environmental crisis, a pandemic, or violent human action, arguing that seismic activity best explains the destruction. Chemical analysis showed no evidence for fire: clay minerals indicated no exposure above 500 °C, and calcite displayed a ν24 ratio consistent with geogenic rather than pyrogenic origin. Although not all damage could be assigned to a single event, Lazar et al. (2020) concluded that one earthquake likely produced most of the observed destruction. Because the site was abandoned afterward, Lazar et al. (2020:14) described the earthquake as “severe,” suggesting either structural devastation or the drying of local springs as a contributing factor. Phase III was dated to ca. 1900–1700 BCE, with destruction around 1700 BCE. This chronology relied on radiocarbon results from Hoflmayer et al. (2016), ceramic typology, and the high middle chronology of Bietak (2002). The “trench” was cut by an Iron Age pit, providing an terminus ante quem and demonstrating that the feature predates the Iron Age and is not of modern origin.

By Jefferson Williams