Mount Nebo
Mount Nebo and environs in Google Earthclick on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
| Transliterated Name | Source | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Mount Nebo | English | |
| Jabal Nibu | Arabic | جَبَل نِيْبُو |
| Har Nevo | Hebrew | הַר נְבוֹ |
| Pisgah | Hebrew Bible | פִּסְגָּה |
| Fasga | Arabic | فاسعا |
| Jabal Siyāgha | Arabic | جابال سيياعها |
| Rās as-Siyāgha | Arabic | راس اسءسيياعها |
| Rujm Siyāgha | Arabic | روجم سيياعها |
| Jabal Nabo | local bedouin | جابال نابو |
| Jabal Musa | local bedouin | جابال موسا |
Mount Nebo is famous as the location where in the 34th chapter of Deuteronomy Moses climbed its peak to view the promised land before passing away. Only ~ 7km. from Madaba, it provides a commanding view of the Dead Sea, Judah, and Samaria. The ridge of Mt. Nebo has been inhabited since remote antiquity, as the dolmens, menhirs, flints, tombs, and fortresses from different epochs testify (Michelle Piccirillo in Meyers et al, 1997). Several churches and a monastery were built there in the Byzantine era.
Mount Nebo rises from the Transjordanian plateau 7 km (4 mi.) west of the town of Medeba (Madaba). It is bounded on the east by the Wadi 'Afrit (which extends into the Wadi el-Judeideh, the Wadi el-Keneiseh, and the Wadi el-Hery farther south) and on the north by the Wadi Abu en-Naml, which extends into the Wadi 'Uyun Musa to the west. Mount Nebo's highest crest reaches an altitude of 800 m above sea level. The other peaks are slightly lower. Of these, the two most historically important are the western peak of Siyagha and the southern peak of el-Mukhayyat. Nebo provides a unique natural balcony fora spectacular view of the Jordan Valley and the mountains of Judea and Samaria. The ridge of Mount Nebo was inhabited in remote antiquity, as dolmens, menhirs, flints, circles, tombs, and fortresses of different epochs testify. However, its real fame is derived from the events described in the Book of Deuteronomy 34:1-7: the final vision and death of Moses.
The Bible also associates the following events with Mount Nebo or its immediate vicinity: the passage and camp of the Israelites (Num. 21:20 ff., 33:47 ff.); the story of Balak and Balaam (Num. 23:13-26); and the concealment of the tabernacle, the ark, and the altar of incense in a cave (2 Mace. 2:4-8). From these geographical texts, it is known that Mount Nebo, part of the Abarim mountain range, was located east of the Jordan River, opposite Jericho. It was also known as Pisgah:
And Moses went up from the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo, to the top of Pisgah, which is opposite Jericho. And the Lord showed him all the land .... So Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the Lord, and he was buried in the valley in the land of Moab opposite Beth-Peor, but no man knows the place of his burial to this day (Dt. 34: 1-7)In the Bible, as in the stela of Mesha, king of Moab, Nebo is listed among the cities in the land of Moab, in the territory of Medeba (Num. 32:3, 32:38; 33:47; 1 Chr. 5:8; Is. 15:2; Jer. 48:1, 48:22; 1 Mace. 9:37). King Mesha conquered the town, killed the inhabitants, and "took from thence the vessels of Yahweh and dragged them before Chemosh" (lines 14-18). Mount Nebo, as a sanctuary dedicated to Moses, was known by scholars and visited by Byzantine pilgrims. In the fourth century CE, Eusebius, in the Onomasticon, wrote:
Nabau, which in Hebrew is called Nebo, is a mountain beyond the Jordan, in front of Jericho in the land of Moab, where Moses died. Until this day it is indicated at the sixth milestone of the city o fEsbous [which lies to the east.The Roman pilgrim Egeria (late fourth century CE) and the bishop of Maiumas in Gaza, Peter the Iberian (fifth century CE), relate in great detail their visits to the Memorial Church of Moses on Mount Nebo in Arabia. Egeria, after having crossed the Jordan on her way from Jerusalem, had stayed at Livias and then took the road to Esbous. At the sixth mile, she took a turn to the Springs of Moses and from there climbed to the summit of Mount Nebo. The bishop took the same road in search of a cure for his afflictions. After bathing in the hot Springs of Moses, with little benefit because the springs were not very hot, the party continued on its way to the hot springs of Baaru, where the waters were much hotter and more curative. The journey offered Bishop Peter and his companion the opportunity to stop at the sanctuary of Moses, where he had visited as a youth, before his conversion to Christianity (Life 82-85).
The pilgrim Theodosius (early sixth century) relates that not far from the city of Livias, east of the Jordan River, pilgrims could visit "the water made to flow from the rock, the place of Moses' death, and the hot springs of Moses where lepers come to be cured." The pilgrim of Piacenza (late sixth century) adds: "From the Jordan to the place where Moses died, it is eight miles." The survival of the name of Nebo in the region was discovered in 1838 by E. Robinson and E. Smith. It was only in 1864 that the French explorer Le Due de Luynes visited and described the important ruins covering the spur of Siyagha 9 km (5.5 mi.) west ofMedeba, overlooking the Jordan Valley. As a result of diligent research among the Bedouins in the area, it became known that the mountain was also called Jebel Nebo and Jebel Musa because of its proximity to Wadi 'Uyun Musa, on the northern slope of the mountain. The discovery in Arezzo (Italy) of Egeria's memoirs, published by F. Gamurrini of the University of Rome in 1886, and the subsequent discovery of the Syriac biography of Peter the Iberian in 1895, were decisive in the historical identification of the Memorial of Moses visited by pilgrims with the ruins on Siyagha, the western spur of the mountain. Archaeological survey and excavations have shown that an Iron Age fortress was located on the southern spur of el-Mukhayyat, and that the site was inhabited almost continuously until the Umayyad period. This justifies the historical identification proposed by scholars of the town of Nebo with the ruins of el-Mukhayyat.
H. B. Tristram, in 1872, was the first to visit the ruins of el-Mukhayyat, although the name had already been recorded in 1863 by F. de Saulcy. Members of the American Palestine Exploration Society visited Mount Nebo in 1873, led by E. Z. Steever, and in 1875, led by S. Merrill. In 1881, Mount Nebo was surveyed by the British Palestine Exploration Fund, under the direction of C. R. Conder. The flora and fauna of the mountain were studied in 1886 by G. E. Post. In 1891, G. Schumacher attempted to identify the ruined buildings on Siyagha. In 1901, A. Musil paid a number of visits to Siyagha and surveyed the ruins at el-Mukhayyat. He was the first to propose the identification of the place with the town ofNebo. The Dominican Fathers P. Janssen and R. Savignac visited the ruins of el-Mukhayyatin in 1907. There, in 1913, the mosaic floor of the Church of Saints and Martyrs Lot and Procopius was identified. It was published in 1914 by F. M. Abel. N. Glueck visited el-Mukhayyat in 1934.
The decision of S. J. Saller of the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum to excavate the ruins of the Memorial of Moses prompted the superiors of the Custody of the Holy Land to purchase the spurs of Siyagha and elMukhayyat. In 1933, the Franciscan archaeologists began their exploration of the site. Three long campaigns at Siyagha-directed by Saller in 1933, 1935, and 1937-resulted in the discovery of the basilica and of a large monastery that had developed around the sanctuary in the Byzantine period. Three churches were also excavated at Khirbet el-Mukhayyat. In 1962, J. Ripamonti of the University of Caracas undertook a systematic study of the necropolis at el-Mukhayyat and excavated a small monastery (el-Keneiseh) and an Iron Age tower east ofthe ruins. Pottery found in the tombs and subsequently studied by Saller furnished excellent points of reference for developing a chronological sequence of habitation at the Mukhayyat Monastery on Siyagha hill: fragments of a Samaritan inscription. site. In 1963, the modern restoration of the Memorial of Moses was assigned to V. Corbo, who began with the mosaic floors inside the basilica. In 1976, the project was assigned to M. Piccirillo, who was later joined by E. Alliata. Work continues on the restoration of the main historic monument and one the exploration of the mountain's other antiquities.
- Mount Nebo and environs in Google Earth
Mount Nebo and environs in Google Earth
click on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
- Plan of church and monastery complex
on Siyaga Hill from Stern et. al. (1993 v.3)
Siyagha hill: plan of the church and monastery complex.
Stern et. al. (1993 v.3)
- Plan of church and
monastery complex on Siyaga Hill from Stern et. al. (1993 v.3)
Siyagha hill: plan of the church and monastery complex.
Stern et. al. (1993 v.3)
- from Piccirillo (1982)
| Phase | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| I | 2nd-3rd cent. CE | On the highest spot of the mountain, towards the 2nd to 3rd century AD, a three-apsidal monument, the cella trichora (possibly a mausoleum) was built, which was used for funeral purposes, if not originally, at least at a later time, perhaps after its violent destruction. |
| II | Christian monks re-adapted the cella trichora into a church with adjoining synthronon in the central apse,
while re-using the two lateral apses as sacristies. It was in this church that the monks showed the `Memorial of Moses' to Egeria. |
|
| IIA | On the northern slope of the mountain was added later on a diaconicon-baptistry. In August 531 there took place the restoration and beautification of the diaconicon, the mosaic floor of which was laid by Soelos, Kaiomos and Elias. | |
| III | From the middle of the 6th century to the first years of the 7th, the sanctuary underwent complete reconstruction. |
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LA 53 (2003), 520–521.
Alliata, Eugenio. "La ceramica dello scavo." Studium Biblicum Franciscanum (SBF)ILiber Annuus 34 (1984): 316-317.
Alliata, Eugenio. "La ceramica dello scavo della cappella del Prete Giovanni a Khirbet el-Mukhayyat." SBFi'Liber Annuus 38 (1988): 317-
360.
Alliata, Eugenio. "Nuovo settore del monastero al Mont e Nebo-Siyagha." In Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land, New Discoveries:
Essays in Honour of Virgilio C. Corbo, edited by Giovanni Claudio
Bottini et al., pp. 427-466. Studium Biblicum Franciscanum (SBF),
Collectio Maior, 36, Jerusalem, 1990.
Bagatti, Bellarmino. "Nuova ceramica del Monte Nebo (Siyagha)."
SBFI Liber Annuus 35 (1985): 249-278.
Corbo, Virgilio. "Nuovi scavi archeologici nella cappella del battistero
della basilica del Neb o (Siyagha)." SBFI Liber Annuus 17 (1967):
241-258.
Corbo, Virgilio. "Scavi archeologici sotto i mosaici della basilica del
Mont e Nebo (Siyagha)." SBFI Liber Annuus 20 (1970): 273-298.
Knauf, E. Axel. "Bemerkungen zur friihen Geschichte der arabischen
Ortographie." Orientalia 53 (1984): 456-458.
Luynes, Du e de. Voyage d'exploration a la Mer Morte, a Petra et sur la
rive gauche dujourdain, vol. I. Paris, 1874, p. 148ft'.
Milani, C. Itinerarium Antonini Placentini. Milan, 1977-
Milik, J. T. "Nouvelles inscriptions semitiques et grecques du pays de
Moab. " SBFI Liber Annuus 9 (1959): 330-358.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Campagna archeologica a Khirbet el Mukhayyet
(Citti dei Nebo), agosto-settembre 1973." SBF/Liber Annuus 23
(1973): 322-358.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Campagna archeologica nella basilica di Mos e
Profeta sul Mont e Nebo-Siyagha. " SBF/Liber Annuus 26 (1976):
281-318.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Forty Years of Archaeological Work at Moun t
Nebo-Siyagha in Lat e Roman-Byzantine Jordan." In Studies in the
History and Archaeology of Jordan, vol. 1, edited by Adnan Hadidi,
pp. 291-300. Amman, 1982.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Una chiesa nell'wadi 'Ayoun Mousa ai piedi del
Monte Nebo. " SBF/Liber Annuus 34 (1984): 307-318.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Th e Jerusalem-Esbus Road and Its Sanctuaries in
Transjordan." In Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan,
vol. 3, edited by Adnan Hadidi, pp . 165-172. Amman, 1987.
Piccirillo, Michele. "La cappella del Prete Giovanni di Khirbet el-Mukhayyat (Villaggio di Nebo). " SBF/Liber Annuus 38 (1988): 297-315.
Piccirillo, Michele, and Eugenio Alliata. "La chiesa del monastero di
Kaianos alle 'Ayoun Mous a sul Mont e Nebo. " In Quaeritur inventus
colitur: Miscellanea in onore di padre Umberto Maria Fasola, vol. 40,
p p . 561-586. Studi di Antichita Cristiana, 40. Th e Vatican, 1989.
Piccirillo, Michele. Chiese e mosaici di Madaba. SBF, Collectio Maior,
34. Jerusalem, 1989. See pages 147-225.
Piccirillo, Michele, and Eugenio Alliata. "L'eremitaggio di Procapis e
l'ambiente funerario di Robebos al Mont e Nebo-Siyagha. " In Christian Archaeology in the Holy Land, New Discoveries: Essays in Honour
of Virgilio C. Corbo, edited by Giovanni Claudio Bottini et al., pp .
391-426. SBF, Collectio Maior, 36. Jerusalem, 1990.
Piccirillo, Michele. Mount Nebo. SBF Guides, 2. 2d ed. Jerusalem, 1990.
Piccirillo, Michele. "Le due inscrizioni della cappella della Theotokos
nel Wadi 'Ayn al-Kanisah-Monte Nebo. " Studium Biblicum Franciscanum)Liber Annuus 44 (1994): 521-538.
Puech, fimile. "L'inscription christo-palestinienne d"Ayoun Mous a
(Mount Nebo). " SBF/Liber Annuus 34 (1984): 319-328.
Robinson, Edward, and Eli Smidi. Biblical Researches in Palestine,
Mount Sinai, and Arabia Petraea. Boston, 1941, vol. 2, p. 307.
Sailer, Sylvester J. The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo. 2 vols. SBF,
Collectio Maior, 1, Jerusalem, 1941.
Sailer, Sylvester J., and Bellarmino Bagatti. The Town of Nebo (Khirbet
el-Mekhayyat) with a Brief Survey of Other Ancient Christian Monuments in Transjordan. SBF, Collectio Maior, 7. Jerusalem, 1949.
Sailer, Sylvester J. "Iron Age Tomb s at Nebo , Jordan. " SBF/Liber Annuus 16 (1966): 165-298.
Sailer, Sylvester J. "Hellenistic to Arabic Remains at Nebo , Jordan. "
SBF/Liber Annuus 17 (1967): 5-64.
Schneider, Hilary. The Memorial of Moses on Mount Nebo, vol. 3, The
Pottery. SBF, Collectio Maior, 1. Jerusalem, 1950.
Stockman, Eugene. "Stone Age Culture in the Neb o Region, Jordan. "
SBF/Liber Annuus 17 (1967): 122-128.
Yonick, Stephen. "Th e Samaritan Inscription from Siyagha: A Reconstruction and Restudy. " SBF/Liber Annuus 17 (1967): 162-221.
In his entry for the 659/660 CE Jordan Valley Quake(s), Ambraseys (2009:222) notes that
Indeed, Russell remarks that it is impossible to ascertain the effects of this and the AD 632 (634) earthquake on the Mt Nebo monastery owing to the manner in which the excavations were conducted.Russell (1985:45) correlates archeoseismic destruction at Mount Nebo to the 551 CE Beirut Quake.
July 9, 551 CERussell (1985:49) correlates archeoseismic destruction at Mount Nebo to one of the 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquakes.
This earthquake also appears to have been responsible for the destruction and subsequent abandonment of the Town of Nebo ( Saller and Bagatti 1949: 217, n. 2).
January 748 CERussell (1985:54) supplied the following notes.
The final destruction of the basilica at Mt. Nebo also appears to correlate with this earthquake (Schneider 1950: 2-3),
At Mt. Nebo (Sailer 1941: 45-46) and Aereopolis (Zayadine 1971) in the region of ancient Moab, recovery after the 551 earthquake apparently did not occur until the end of the century. Related to this delayed recovery is the possibility that an influx of southeastern populations from decaying urban centers like Petra subsequent to the 551 earthquake was responsible for the intensified building during the late 6th and early 7th centuries in both Moab (Sailer 1941: 248) and the Negev (Kraemer 1958: 23. 28-29; Colt 1962: 21-22).