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Marash, currently known as Kahramanmaraş, has a long history of occupation dating to at least the early Iron Age (late 11th century BCE) when it was the capital city of the Syro-Hittite state Gurgum. In 711 BCE, Gurgum was annexed by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and in Roman and Byzantine times, Marash was known as Germanicia Caesarea, presumably to honor famed Roman General Germanicus. After the 7th century Arab invasion, the entire Christian population was deported and resettled in Ramla in Palestine. By the 11th century CE, the city became an important stronghold for exiled Armenians and in the ensuing centuries, the city was variously ruled by Seljuk Turks, the Crusader Principality of Antioch, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, the Danishmends, and the Mamluks prior to being annexed into the Ottoman Empire in 1515 CE. The city was said to have been almost entirely destroyed during the 29 November 1114 CE Marash Quake and again suffered extensive damage during the 2023 Turkey-Syria Quakes.

Discussion

Effect	Location	Image(s)	Description
collapsed walls foundaton damage subsidence fatalities due to collapsed walls	Marash		"They say that this quake destroyed the city of Marash, which I think is about sixty miles north of Antioch. The houses and walls were completely demolished and the people living there, alas! were all killed." - Fulcher of Chartres "certain people who had escaped by God's favour in the town of Marash testified that that same town had been entirely destroyed with its lord and bishop, also the clergy and all the people." - Walter the Chancellor "Marash was destroyed in such a frightful manner that as many as forty thousand persons died; it was a populous city and yet not one person survived." - Matthew of Edessa "Marash was completely overturned, and 40000 people were found dead." - Chronicle of Smbat Sparapet "the city of Mar'as was completely engulfed. It was overturned: that is to say, its foundations were thrown upwards and the buildings downwards. It became the tomb of its inhabitants, and a subject of terror for those who saw it." - Michael the Syrian "there was a severe earthquake and Germanicia, which is Mar`ash, was destroyed and entirely perished. Its houses were destroyed, its whole wall collapsed. Twenty-four thousand died besides strangers, and more than a hundred priests and deacons." - Chronicon Ad Annum 1234 "a terrible earthquake laid waste the districts of Aleppo, Harran, Antioch, Mar’ash and the Syrian borders" - Kemal ad-Din (aka Ibn Al-Adim) "the whole city of Mar'ash sunk underground and became the tomb of the inhabitants thereof." - Bar Hebraeus

• Earthquake Archeological Effects
  Earthquake Archeological Effects Chart
  
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  Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013)
  from Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224)
• Environmental Effects (ESI 2007)
  Graphic Representation of ESI 2007 Intensity
  
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• Synoptic Table of ESI 2007 Intensity Degrees
  Synoptic Table of ESI 2007 Intensity Degrees
  
  Accuracy improves in higher degrees, especially VIII–XII.
  
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  Michetti et al. (2007)
  from Michetti et al. (2007)
• Simple MMI Intensity Scale
  Simple MMI Intensity Scale
  
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• More Subjective MMI Intensity Scale
  More Subjective MMI Scale
  
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Effect	Location	Image(s)	Description	Intensity
collapsed walls foundaton damage subsidence fatalities due to collapsed walls	Marash		"They say that this quake destroyed the city of Marash, which I think is about sixty miles north of Antioch. The houses and walls were completely demolished and the people living there, alas! were all killed." - Fulcher of Chartres "certain people who had escaped by God's favour in the town of Marash testified that that same town had been entirely destroyed with its lord and bishop, also the clergy and all the people." - Walter the Chancellor "Marash was destroyed in such a frightful manner that as many as forty thousand persons died; it was a populous city and yet not one person survived." - Matthew of Edessa "Marash was completely overturned, and 40000 people were found dead." - Chronicle of Smbat Sparapet "the city of Mar'as was completely engulfed. It was overturned: that is to say, its foundations were thrown upwards and the buildings downwards. It became the tomb of its inhabitants, and a subject of terror for those who saw it." - Michael the Syrian "there was a severe earthquake and Germanicia, which is Mar`ash, was destroyed and entirely perished. Its houses were destroyed, its whole wall collapsed. Twenty-four thousand died besides strangers, and more than a hundred priests and deacons." - Chronicon Ad Annum 1234 "a terrible earthquake laid waste the districts of Aleppo, Harran, Antioch, Mar’ash and the Syrian borders" - Kemal ad-Din (aka Ibn Al-Adim) "the whole city of Mar'ash sunk underground and became the tomb of the inhabitants thereof." - Bar Hebraeus	VIII+ IX+ VI+ VIII+

This evidence requires a minimum Intensity of IX (9).