January 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquakes - Talking Mule Quake
The destruction at
Mabbug (Manbij) in January 749 CE
is among the strongest textual evidence that northern
Syria experienced a destructive earthquake
(the Talking
Mule Quake) in the
Sabbatical Year sequence distinct from
the
Sea of Galilee-centered
Holy
Desert Quake North. Four
Syriac authors independently or
semi-independently describe catastrophic damage at
Mabbug (Manbij), including the collapse of churches, city walls,
and numerous fatalities.
According to
Pseudo-Dionysius of
Tell-Mahre, the sequence began with a tremor
during the night accompanied by a distant roaring sound.
The following morning, the bishop led the inhabitants of
Mabbug (Manbij) to an impromptu prayer service at the Church of
the Mother of God outside the city. While the
congregation was assembled, a second and much stronger
earthquake struck, collapsing the church and killing
everyone inside, including the bishop. Unlike later
Syriac authors, Pseudo-Dionysius does not describe this
as a regular Sunday Mass but rather as a special prayer
service called in response to the tremor experienced the
previous night.
Elias of Nisibis,
Michael the Syrian,
and
Chronicon Ad Annum
1234 preserve essentially the same tradition,
although they simplify or modify some details by
describing the collapse as occurring during Mass and
emphasizing the destruction of the city's churches and
walls.
The sequence of events described by Pseudo-Dionysius is
particularly significant because he appears to be the
only approximately local and contemporaneous witness to
preserve both earthquakes. The initial nighttime tremor
was probably the
Holy
Desert Quake North, which
Williams (2024) interpreted
as having been centered in the northern
Jordan Valley and
Sea of Galilee.
After experiencing this distant but alarming earthquake,
the bishop assembled the townspeople and led them to pray
outside the city. During this prayer service, probably
around mid-morning on 18 January 749 CE, a second and
more local earthquake struck northern Syria. Williams (2024) labeled this event as the
Talking
Mule Quake, interpreting it as the earthquake
responsible for the collapse of the church at Mabbug (Manbij) and
for reports of destruction in northern Syria and
Jazira.
This interpretation reconciles a number of otherwise
conflicting textual and archaeological observations.
Archaeoseismic evidence from Pella combined with Jewish sources indicates that the Holy Desert
Quake North struck during the night, whereas Byzantine authors
consistently report a destructive earthquake at
the fourth hour (~10 a.m.). Williams (2024) proposed that the Byzantine tradition
inadvertently transferred the time of day from the
Talking
Mule Quake to the Holy Desert Quakes (North and South) because the
earthquakes occurred tens of hours apart and became
conflated in later textual transmission.
The agreement among
Pseudo-Dionysius of
Tell-Mahre,
Elias of Nisibis,
Michael the Syrian,
and
Chronicon Ad Annum
1234 that Mabbug (Manbij) suffered collapsed churches,
fallen city walls, and heavy loss of life makes Mabbug (Manbij)
one of the strongest textual
IDPs
for the northern Syrian component
(i.e. the Talking
Mule Quake) of the
mid-eighth-century seismic sequence.