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Kursi

Aerial View of Kursi

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Names
Transliterated Name Source Name
Kursi Arabic الكرسي
Kursi Hebrew כורסי
Kursi Medieval Greek Κυρσοί
Tel el-Kursi
Introduction
Introduction

  • from ChatGPT

Kursi is an archaeological site located on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee in the Golan Heights. It is renowned for the remains of a large Byzantine monastery and is traditionally identified as the site of the Miracle of the Swine, where Jesus exorcised demons from a man into a herd of pigs.

The site is situated near the mouth of Nahal Samakh, a wadi descending from the Golan Heights, creating a fertile valley along the shoreline. This strategic location provided access to both land and water routes, facilitating pilgrimage and trade during antiquity.

During the Byzantine era, Kursi became a significant Christian pilgrimage site. A substantial monastery complex was constructed in the 5th century CE to commemorate the miracle attributed to Jesus. The complex included a basilica, baptistery, living quarters for monks, and facilities for pilgrims. The church featured intricate mosaic floors depicting geometric patterns, flora, and fauna, some of which are still visible today.

In 614 CE, the Sasanian Empire invaded the region, leading to widespread destruction of Christian sites, including the monastery at Kursi. The complex suffered significant damage but was partially restored in the subsequent years.

Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the monastery continued to function under Islamic rule. However, its prominence declined over time.

In 749 CE, a devastating earthquake struck the region, causing extensive damage to Kursi and leading to the abandonment of the monastery. Archaeological evidence, such as collapsed walls and displaced masonry, supports the occurrence of this seismic event.

The ruins of Kursi were rediscovered in the 20th century during road construction. Excavations conducted between 1971 and 1974 uncovered the monastery complex

Identification

Tel el-Kursi is situated at the mouth of Wadi es-Samak, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Ga1ilee (map reference 2113.2478) and is traditionally identified with the site of the miracle of the Gadarene swine (Mt. 8:28-34; Mk. 5:1-20; Lk. 8:26-39). According to the Gospels, the miracle took place at Perea, or "the other side," which is the eastern shore of the lake. Each of the three Gospels names the place differently: Matthew calls it Gadara; Mark, Gerasa; and Luke, Gergesa. The three names apparently refer to different locations; according to Origen, the miracle actually happened at Gerasa. Since the end of the third century CE, however, Christians have identified a site on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee as the location in question. Topographical and archaeological studies done in the nineteenth century suggested Tell el-Kursi as a suitable identification, both because of the name and in view of its physical features. Some scholars, however, preferred to locate the site at the southern part of the eastern shore. Excavations at the mouth of Wadi es-Samak in the early 1970s settled the question.

Archaeological Exploration and Excavations

In 1970, when a new road to the Golan was being built, a hitherto unknown site came to light in the el-Kursi valley, some 300m east of the mound. The discovery was followed by four consecutive seasons of excavation (1970- 1974), directed by V, Tzaferis, on behalf of the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums. As a result an ancient Christian basilica and the remains of a walled monastery were cleared

Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, and Photos
Maps, Aerial Views, Plans, and Photos

Maps

  • Fig. 1 Location Map
    Figure 1

    Location map of the site and of other Christian holy places around the Sea of Galilee

    Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)
    from Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)

Aerial Views

Normal Size

  • Annotated Satellite Map
    Annotated Satellite Map of Kursi and Environs

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    of Kursi and Environs from BibleWalks.com
  • Aerial View of Kursi
    Aerial View of Kursi

    Click on Image to open a higher resolution magnifiable view in a new tab

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    from BibleWalks.com
  • Annotated Aerial View
    Aerial View of Kursi

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    of Kursi from BibleWalks.com
  • Annotated Aerial View
    Annotated Aerial View of Kursi from Park Brochure

    Click on image to open a higher resolution magnifiable image in a new tab

    Israel Nature and Parks Authority
    of Kursi from Israel Nature and Parks Authority
  • Kursi in Google Earth
    Kursi

    click on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
  • Kursi on govmap.gov.il
    Kursi

    click on image to explore this site on a new tab in govmap.gov.il

Magnified

  • Annotated Satellite Map
    Annotated Satellite Map of Kursi and Environs

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    of Kursi and Environs from BibleWalks.com
  • Aerial View of Kursi
    Aerial View of Kursi

    Click on Image to open a higher resolution magnifiable view in a new tab

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    from BibleWalks.com
  • Annotated Aerial View
    Aerial View of Kursi

    Used with permission from BibleWalks.com
    of Kursi from BibleWalks.com
  • Annotated Aerial View
    Annotated Aerial View of Kursi from Park Brochure

    Click on image to open a higher resolution magnifiable image in a new tab

    Israel Nature and Parks Authority
    of Kursi from Israel Nature and Parks Authority
  • Kursi in Google Earth
    Kursi

    click on image to explore this site on a new tab in Google Earth
  • Kursi on govmap.gov.il
    Kursi

    click on image to explore this site on a new tab in govmap.gov.il

Plans

Site Plans

Kursi

Normal Size

Magnified

Kursi Beach

Normal Size

  • Fig. 2 Location Map and
    Fig. 2

    Location Map and the excavation areas

    Cohen and Artzy (2017)
    the excavation areas of Kursi Beach from Cohen and Artzy (2017)

Magnified

  • Fig. 2 Location Map and
    Fig. 2

    Location Map and the excavation areas

    Cohen and Artzy (2017)
    the excavation areas of Kursi Beach from Cohen and Artzy (2017)

Area Plans

Kursi

The Monastery

Normal Size

  • Fig. 2 Excavation Areas of
    Figure 2

    The areas of excavation within the monastery

    Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)
    the Monastery from Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)

Magnified

  • Fig. 2 Excavation Areas of
    Figure 2

    The areas of excavation within the monastery

    Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)
    the Monastery from Tzaferis and Bijovsky (2014)

Basilica

Normal Size

Magnified

Kursi Beach

Square B2

Normal Size

Magnified

Photos

Kursi Beach

Normal Size

Magnified

Chronology
Phasing

  • from ChatGPT
  • Appears correct although I am unsure if ChatGPT got the Phase numbers right
Phase Approximate Date Evidence Interpretation
I 5th century CE Initial construction of monastery and church Establishment as a Christian pilgrimage site
II 614 CE Damage and burning layers Attributed to Sassanian invasion of Palestine
III Post-614 CE Reconstruction of basilica and outbuildings Restoration during late Byzantine rule
IV 749 CE Widespread collapse debris, abandonment Attributed to 749 CE earthquake
V 9th century CE Light occupation layers inside ruins Squatter occupation before final abandonment

Mid 8th century CE Earthquake

Discussion

Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3:896), without citing specific evidence, reports that at Kursi, the Monastery, Church (also known as the Basilica), and a small tower and chapel located approximately 200 meters southeast of the Basilica were destroyed by an earthquake and subsequently abandoned in the mid-8th century CE. At Kursi Beach, Cohen and Artzy (2017) document that the western section of a building—possibly a synagogue—in Square B2 exhibited a sloping down and westward tilt, probably due to an earthquake.

References

Stern et al. (1993 v. 3)

The Monastery

During the four seasons of excavations only part of the monastery was cleared: the wall (in its entirety), the main gate in the wall, and residential quarters in the northern part of the monastery. The wall surrounded the monastery, forming a large rectangular enclosure (120 by 140m). It was built of well-dressed basalt stones, covered with light-colored plaster and decorated with floral patterns. The monastery's main entrance was located in the middle of the western wall. It consisted of a stone-paved gate and an attached structure, probably first used as a hospice or an inn, that was later converted into a watchtower.

An area of some 300 sq m was cleared in the monastery's residential quarter. The excavations exposed three large residential units on either side of a street. A subterranean hall (still unexcavated), reached by a staircase with twenty-two steps, was also found in this area.

The Basilica

A street paved with basalt slabs led from the main gate to the monastery church, a basilica, in the center of the enclosure. In front of the church was an open square as wide as the church.

The basilica, one of the largest and most magnificent ever discovered in Israel, covered an area of 25 by 45 m. Like other early Christian basilicas it has a wide atrium, a narthex, a main hall, an apse, ancillary rooms flanking the apse (pastophorae ), and two wings, one in the north and one in the south of the building. In its first phase, the atrium was an open square, paved with basalt slabs, and surrounded by four porticos. A cistern with two openings for drawing water was dug beneath it. In the building's two later phases, the porticos were walled up and converted into rooms, leaving only the square unroofed, while the eastern portico became a narthex.

The main hall ( 15 by 24 m) was rectangular and had two rows of eight columns each, dividing it into a nave and two aisles. The floor was decorated with colored mosaics, of which only those in the aisles have survived. The mosaics form an elongated carpet with square and rectangular medallions surrounding floral and faunal patterns. The animal figures in the medallions were systematically and completely obliterated. The eastern end of the basilica ended in an inner apse (above the floor level of the hall), reached by two steps; along the wall of the apse were the remains of the priest's seat, the synthronon. Flanking the apse were two rectangular rooms. The southern room was converted into a baptistery in 585 CE. The date is specified in a Greek inscription at the room's entrance. This inscription relates that the baptistery floor was paved in the time of the abbot Stephanos and the emperor Mauricius in his first haipatea (consulate). The two pastophorae were paved with colored mosaics, while the apse was paved with stone slabs. Each of two wings north and south of the main hall contained two elongated chapels with a small square room between them. In the northern wing a complete oil press was found; this wing may have been used in the manufacture of oil in the church's two later phases. The southern wing of the church contained two chapels; the western one served as a diaconicon. Beneath this chapel was a crypt containing six burial troughs in which the priests of the church or senior members of the monastery were interred.

Date Of The Monastery And Church

Based on ceramic and numismatic evidence, the construction of the church and the monastery began at the end of the fifth or the beginning of the sixth century CE. During this early phase the whole complex (wall, church, and streets) was built as a single organized unit. This was also the site's most prosperous phase, in which it functioned as a holy place and a much-frequented pilgrimage site.

According to an inscription found in the church, numerous modifications were introduced at the end of the sixth century CE: the porticos were walled up, the eastern portico was converted into a narthex, and the oil press was built. Changes were also made in the gate area, with the addition of rooms, walls, and apparently a second story. In addition, the hospice became a watchtower.

The complex was badly damaged in its third phase, probably by Persian invaders, but it continued to be used until the mid-eighth century. In 741 CE it was destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned by the Christians [JW: Incorrect Date - should be 749]. In the last phase of the site's history (the second half of the eighth century), Arabs settled in the complex and made further changes.

Site Of The Miracle

After the excavations at Kursi had been completed, and steps were being taken to preserve the site, excavations were carried out on the slope southeast of the monastery. These excavations exposed the remains of a square tower and a small chapel. The tower was built around a fairly high natural rock pillar, and the chapel was built to the east, behind the tower but attached to it. Half of the chapel was a natural cave and the other half was hewn out of the rock. The location of these remains on the slope, only about 200m southeast of the church, supports the identification of the site with the locale of the miracle of the Gadarene swine because the topographical conditions are so similar to those described in the Gospel account. The pottery found here indicates that these buildings were also erected at the end of the fifth century CE, at the same time as the monastery and the church, and were destroyed in the mid-eighth century.

Cohen and Artzy (2017)

In November–December 2015, the first season of the Avery-Tsui excavations was conducted at Kursi Beach, located on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, approximately 1 km northwest of Kursi National Park. ...

The Kursi Beach archaeological site (Hartal and Ben-Efraim 2012: Site 12 , H orbat Kursi [Harbor]; Fig. 1) is located in the Kursi Beach Nature Reserve, on the fringes of the western Golan Heights and the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, c. 1 km northwest of Kursi National Park. The entire complex was declared a nature reserve in 1980, and it was named Kursi Beach after the Syrian village and the nearby Byzantine site. It is widely believed that this is the settlement of Kursi that is mentioned in the Talmud or the “Land of the Gedarenes” or “Gerasenes”, where Jesus preformed the Miracle of the Swine (Matthew 8:28; Mark 5:1; Luke 8:26–27).

An ancient settlement on the northeastern shore of the Sea of Galilee was known since the 1960s (Nun 1987; Raban 1988:320–328). Surveys identified remains of a large breakwater and of a nearby fishpond, a round tower and a basalt threshold stone that were ascribed to a public building, possibly a synagogue. Another survey was performed along Kursi Beach in 2010 (Stepansky and Zingboym 2011).

The recent excavation focused on two areas (A, B; Figs. 1, 2): Area A, in the inner part of the breakwater—the inner harbor; and Area B, where architectural remains of a residential area and a public building were discovered.

Area A (Sqs A1–A3; Fig. 3)

The area, along the base of the breakwater near the current shore, to the south of the settlement, is bordered by Tel Kursi in the south; there is no reliable information regarding the periods when the mound was inhabited. The base of the breakwater was chosen for the beginning of the excavation because it was visible amongst the reeds and raspberry bushes, but its top was entirely obscured by dense thickets and could not be precisely located. It was necessary to remove the vegetation prior to the excavation.

Square A1. Remains of walls, the nature of which remains unclear, were visible at the beginning of the excavation. The pottery dated mainly to the Byzantine, Umayyad and Abbasid periods. A channel built on the breakwater in an east–west direction was also exposed. As the excavation went deeper, river gravel was found that apparently served as fill. At a depth of c. 0.7 m, a conical concrete border stone (height 0.54 m) that had fallen and was tilted on its side in a general north–south direction was discovered. Modern refuse was uncovered beneath the stone, including a cluster of barbed wire fences and a plastic IDF jelly tube, at which point it was decided to suspend the excavation in this square.

Square A2. At a depth of c. 0.5 m, it was ascertained that the excavation soil was a deposition or accumulation of geological material, consisting mainly of very thin-grained, light colored gravel. Here, too, it was decided to halt the excavation.

Square A3 was oriented in a general southeast-northwest direction, in accordance with the angle formed by the inner face of the breakwater (Fig. 4). After it became clear that the fill was a natural deposition or accumulation of homogeneous material, it was decided to excavate a trial trench (4 × 4 m, depth c. 3.5 m) with mechanical equipment, perpendicular to the breakwater. The inner face of the breakwater (height c. 2.5 m), which was exposed in the trench, was cleaned and documented.

The breakwater was built of large basalt stones. On its outer face, facing the sea, the stones (average width c. 5 m) were arranged diagonally toward the west. On the inner face (average height of 2.5 m), the stones were carefully placed vertically. The inner part of the breakwater (the inner harbor) was naturally stratified with fine, light-colored gravelly material, probably brought by flooding and the surf of the waves. Hundreds of very thin layers could be discerned. Samples were taken and sent for analysis in Spain and France.

It was possible to discern in the northwestern section, and especially in the southwestern section, that the breakwater was excavated during a previous survey.

Area B (Sqs B1–B3)

Architectural elements, apparently of residential buildings, were identified following the removal of the thick vegetation. A marble plaque bearing an inscription (below) was discovered in the center of the northern part of Sq B2.

Square B1. Remains of walls and parts of floors (L2002, not on the plan) were found; their nature has not yet been ascertained. Pottery sherds dating from the Byzantine, Umayyad and Early Abbasid periods were collected.

Square B2. Remains of a threshold stone and a wall that are part of a public building, possibly a synagogue previously reported by M. Nun, were identified amongst the thick shrubbery (1 m. thick), which had to be removed. The walls in the southern part of the building were exposed (Fig. 5). A bema (c. 2 sq m) was discovered in the center of a wall that is oriented in an east–west direction (W2012). Among the finds in the floor bedding of the bema were donkey millstones in secondary use. A floor abutted the northern side of the bema, and further north were five limestone slabs arranged in a general east–west direction. These slabs were apparently found in secondary use and were originally part of an arch. The western part of the building sloped downward, toward the west, probably due to an earthquake.

Inside the building, north of the bema was an opus sectile pavement with an incorporated plaque made of light-colored marble (length 1.25 m, width 0.7 m, thickness c. 8 cm; Figs. 6–8), which was broken into approximately 20 fragments. The marble was apparently imported from the Greek islands or northwest Anatolia (Y. Dray, pers. comm.). The plaque bore eight lines of Hebrew and Aramaic text engraved in an east–west direction, which are read from north to south. The inscription begins with the words “To be remembered in good memory” and ends with the word “amen”.

Fragments of two lamps from the Byzantine period (Fig. 9:1, 2) and a lamp (Fig. 9:3) and two jugs (Fig. 9:4, 5) from the Umayyad period were found. Three coins dating from the seventh and eighth centuries CE and a Byzantine coin were also discovered.

The excavation yielded the southwestern part of a public building, possibly a synagogue, on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, at the western fringes of the Golan. A unique inscription, the first of its kind to be found in Israel, was discovered. The inscription reinforces the assumption that the building was part of a Jewish settlement during the Byzantine, Umayyad and the beginning of the Abbasid periods. Further excavation and exposure of the building will clarify the entire picture.

Bibliography

Hartal M. and Ben Efraim Y. 2012. Map of Ein Gev (40) (Archaeological Survey of Israel).

Nun M. 1987. Ancient Anchorages and Harbors around the Sea of Galilee. ‘En Gev (Hebrew).

Raban A. 1988. Boat from Migdal Nunia, Sea of Galilee. IJNA 14:311–329.

Stepansky J. and Zingboym O. 2011. The Kinneret Trail, Survey. HA-ESI 123.

Chat GPT

Direct Query

Archaeoseismic Evidence at Kursi

Kursi, located on the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, is best known for its Byzantine monastic complex. Excavations have revealed significant evidence of seismic activity that led to the site's destruction and eventual abandonment.

Key Indicators:
  • Structural Collapse: Excavators documented large fallen masonry blocks and dislocated architectural elements in the church complex and bathhouse—signs consistent with earthquake damage.
  • Stratigraphic Disruption: Lateral displacements and vertical misalignments were observed in wall segments and floor levels, pointing to sudden ground motion.
  • Destruction Layer Dating: The principal destruction is dated to the early 8th century CE, likely corresponding to the 749 CE Sabbatical Year Earthquake.

Stratigraphic Summary of Seismic Phases at Kursi
Phase Approximate Date Evidence Interpretation
I 5th century CE Initial construction of monastery and church Establishment as a Christian pilgrimage site
II 614 CE Damage and burning layers Attributed to Sassanian invasion of Palestine
III Post-614 CE Reconstruction of basilica and outbuildings Restoration during late Byzantine rule
IV 749 CE Widespread collapse debris, abandonment Attributed to 749 CE earthquake
V 9th century CE Light occupation layers inside ruins Squatter occupation before final abandonment

Bibliography

Seismic Effects
Mid 8th century CE Earthquake

Effect Location Image(s) Description
  • Collapsed walls?            
 Monastery and Basilica (Areas A, B, and C)
Kursi: general plan of the site

Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3)
In 741 CE it [the Monastery and Basilica Complex] was destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned by the Christians [JW: Incorrect Date - should be 749] - Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3:896)
  • Collapsed walls?            
 Chapel and Small Tower ~200 m SE of Monastery/Basilica Complex
Kursi: general plan of the site

Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3)
The pottery found here indicates that these buildings were also erected at the end of the fifth century CE, at the same time as the monastery and the church, and were destroyed in the mid-eighth century. - Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3:896)
  • Sloping Building?            
 Building in Square B2 at Kursi Beach
Fig. 2

Location Map and the excavation areas

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
Fig. 5

Square B2, plan

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
Fig. 6

Square B2

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
The western part of the building sloped downward, toward the west, probably due to an earthquake. - Cohen and Artzy (2017)

Intensity Estimates
Mid 8th century CE Earthquake

Effect Location Image(s) Description Intensity
  • Collapsed walls?            
 Monastery and Basilica (Areas A, B, and C)
Kursi: general plan of the site

Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3)
In 741 CE it [the Monastery and Basilica Complex] was destroyed by an earthquake and abandoned by the Christians [JW: Incorrect Date - should be 749] - Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3:896)
  • VIII?
  • Collapsed walls?            
 Chapel and Small Tower ~200 m SE of Monastery/Basilica Complex
Kursi: general plan of the site

Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3)
The pottery found here indicates that these buildings were also erected at the end of the fifth century CE, at the same time as the monastery and the church, and were destroyed in the mid-eighth century. - Vassilios Tzaferis in Stern et al. (1993 v. 3:896)
  • VIII?
  • Sloping Building?            
    (seismic uplift/subsidence?)
 Building in Square B2 at Kursi Beach
Fig. 2

Location Map and the excavation areas

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
Fig. 5

Square B2, plan

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
Fig. 6

Square B2

Cohen and Artzy (2017)
The western part of the building sloped downward, toward the west, probably due to an earthquake. - Cohen and Artzy (2017)
  • VI?
The archeoseismic evidence requires a minimum Intensity of VIII (8) when using the Earthquake Archeological Effects chart of Rodríguez-Pascua et al (2013: 221-224).

Notes and Further Reading
References

Articles and Books

Alexandre, Y., & Bar-Nathan, R. (1997). Preliminary Excavation Reports from Kursi . Israel Antiquities Authority Excavation and Survey Reports.

Cohen, Haim and Artzy, Michael (2017) Kursi Beach – 2015 - Preliminary Report Hadashot Arkheologiyot, v. 129 Year 2017.

Marco, S., Agnon, A., & Ellenblum, R. (2003). The 749 CE Earthquake: Archaeology, Geology, and Historical Sources . Journal of Archaeological Science, 30(8), 907–926. - Marco et al. (2003) cite Amrian et al. (1994) in assessing that a church was destroyed in the Sabbatical Year Earthquakes and that local intensity was VII during this event.

Marco, S., Klinger, Y., & Lekkas, E. (2006) Archaeoseismology: Historical and Archaeological Evidence for Large Earthquakes in the Dead Sea Transform Region . Tectonophysics, 408(1–4), 133–147.

Tzaferis, V. (1983). Excavations at Kursi: A Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal, 33(3–4), 173–187.

Tzaferis, Vassilios and Bijovsky, Gabriela (2014) New Archaeological Finds from Kursi-Gergesa , Atiqot 2014, 175-197.

Williams, J. (2024). Mid-8th Century CE Seismic Sequences Along the Dead Sea Transform. Supplemental Appendices

Excavation Reports

V. Tsaferis, The Excavations of Kursi-Gergesa ('Atiqot 16), Jerusalem 1983

Websites

Kursi at BibleWalks.com

Kursi Excavation Project at the University of Arizona

Kursi-Gergesa Excavation 2002 Report at the University of Arizona

Kursi National Park at Israel Nature and Parks Authority Website

Kursi at Israel in Photos

Bibliography from Chat GPT

Bibliography: Archaeoseismology and Excavations at Kursi

Bibliography: Archaeoseismology and Excavations at Kursi

Bibliography from Stern et al. (1993)

Main publications

V. Tsaferis, The Excavations of Kursi~Gergesa ('Atiqot 16), Jerusalem 1983.

Other studies

F. M. Abel, JPOS7 (1927), 112~121

D. Urman, CNI22 (1971), 72~76

V. Tsaferis,I£!22 (1972), 176~177

id., RB 79 (1972)

409~411

id., Actes du Xe Congres International d'Archeologie Chretienne, Thessalonique 28~29.4.1980, Thessalonica 1984, 605~612

id., BAR 15/2 (1989), 44~ 51

F. B. Lavio, BTS 152(1973), 6~16

A. Ovadiah, PEQ 109(1977), 123~124

Y. Blomme, RB87 (1980), 404~407

CNI27 (1979~1982), 170-172

M. Provera, La Terra Santa (1982), 43~47

id., Bibbia e Oriente !57 (1988), 139~143

J. Potin, MdB 38 (1985), 48~49

A. Raban, /JNA 17 (1988), 311-329.

Bibliography from Stern et al. (2008)

J. F. Strange, BA 56 (1993), 153–157

V. Tzaferis. Ancient Churches Revealed (ed. Y. Tsafrir), Jerusalem 1993, 77–79

id., OEANE, 3, New York 1997, 314–315

M. Nun, The Land of the Gadarenes: New Light on an Old Sea of Galilee Puzzle, Ein Gev 1996

id., BAR 25/4 (1999), 18–31, 64

Z. Safrai, Jerusalem Perspective 51 (1996), 16–19

H. Goldfus, Tombs and Burials in Churches and Monasteries of Byzantine Palestine (324–628 A.D.), 1–2 (Ph.D. diss.), Ann Arbor, MI 1998, 206–211

H. Dudman, Galilee Revisited: With Mary Magdalene and 20 Other Immortals in Search of Jesus, Jerusalem 2000

B. Bagatti, Ancient Christian Villages of Galilee (SBF Collectio Minor 37), Jerusalem 2001, 64–67

A. Ovadiah, Art and Archaeology in Israel and Neighbouring Countries, London 2002 (index)

BAR 29/1 (2003), 55–56

30/1 (2004), 50–51

J. Sudilovsky, ibid. 29/1 (2003), 18

P. Gruson, MdB Hors Série 2005, 37.

Wikipedia pages

Kursi



Exorcism of the Gerasene demoniac