End of Period II Earthquake

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The end of Period II likely occurred shortly before the onset of Period III construction, which McKenzie et al. (2013:62) suggest probably began in the 3rd century CE, “in association with other repairs after an earthquake.” This proposed date appears to be extrapolated from the chronology of Period II construction, which is securely anchored by pottery recovered in stratigraphic position. Additional support for a 3rd-century CE date is derived from stylistic analysis: McKenzie et al. (2002:73) noted similarities between the sculpture of Period III and late antique sculpture in Egypt, suggesting “the possibility of a date in the third century A.D.” Glueck, however, expressed reservations regarding the role of an earthquake in ending Period II. Glueck (1965:106) stated that “earthquake tremors or age or both may have brought about the collapse” of the Period II Altar-Base. He further characterized Altar-Base II as “aesthetically attractive but architecturally weak,” emphasizing deficiencies in its internal construction, particularly in the lowest foundation stones ( Glueck 1965:107).

By Jefferson Williams