Phase 3 Earthquake
Although potential archaeoseismic evidence has been
identified at several locations and in multiple phases
across Khirbat Faris, the clearest evidence for an
earthquake derives from Phase 3 (7th–9th century CE) at
Far V, the highest point of the site. Closely comparable
collapse evidence of the same phase was also identified
at Far II, specifically in Phase 3, chamber G2004.
At Far V, during Phase 3 sub-phase 1, house G5002—possibly
a former church that appears to have been abandoned at
the time—collapsed suddenly and "catastrophically",
depositing "rubble and debris to the east and west".
McQuitty et al. (2020:175–176) report that the collapse
layer and the subsequent sub-phase 2 dump layer contained
Late Roman/Byzantine architectural debris, including
"a
column drum,
a
capital, floor tiles,
wall cladding,
possible inlays, a possible funerary plaque and other
marble fragments possibly from church furniture". The
dump layer was located "in the areas to the north, east
and west of G5002"
(
McQuitty et al. 2020:104).
The remains of arches and
stone rafters that had supported
the flat roof of G5002 were described as being
"spectacularly and graphically preserved". These were
found together with "
loamy material, lumps of clay and
small rubble" embedded "in amongst the stones", likely
representing the remains of the "thick earthen layer that
would have topped the roof"
(
McQuitty et al. 2020:104–105). No roof tiles were
recovered. The stone rafters "appeared to have fallen
directly downwards as opposed to sliding off the arch",
and several limestone rafters showed evidence of burning.
McQuitty et al. (2020:104–105) emphasize that the
collapse "had all the appearance of being sudden rather
than gradual" and conclude that it was "almost
certainly the result of an earthquake", most plausibly
associated with one of the mid-8th-century CE seismic
events. The chronological range of the collapse is
constrained by Late Byzantine to Early Islamic ceramics
from Phase 2, sub-phase 3, and by 9th-century and later
ceramics from Phase 4.
Following the collapse, debris appears to have been
systematically cleared "over a period of years if not
decades", forming Phase 3 sub-phase 2, which contains redeposited and cleared material. Additional
archaeoseismic indicators at Far V include "broken and
collapsed stone
lintels"
(
McQuitty et al. 2020:227–228).
Comparable damage was identified at Far II in Phase 3,
where one of the two arches supporting the roof of
building G2004 collapsed. The "southwest corner (SG2116)
of G2004 also collapsed" and destruction debris was
recovered east of room G2004 in an area interpreted as an
open courtyard (
McQuitty et al. 2020:74–77).