Phase 3 Earthquake

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Although potential archaeoseismic evidence has been identified at several locations and in multiple phases across Khirbat Faris, the clearest evidence for an earthquake derives from Phase 3 (7th–9th century CE) at Far V, the highest point of the site. Closely comparable collapse evidence of the same phase was also identified at Far II, specifically in Phase 3, chamber G2004.

At Far V, during Phase 3 sub-phase 1, house G5002—possibly a former church that appears to have been abandoned at the time—collapsed suddenly and "catastrophically", depositing "rubble and debris to the east and west". McQuitty et al. (2020:175–176) report that the collapse layer and the subsequent sub-phase 2 dump layer contained Late Roman/Byzantine architectural debris, including "a column drum, a capital, floor tiles, wall cladding, possible inlays, a possible funerary plaque and other marble fragments possibly from church furniture". The dump layer was located "in the areas to the north, east and west of G5002" ( McQuitty et al. 2020:104). The remains of arches and stone rafters that had supported the flat roof of G5002 were described as being "spectacularly and graphically preserved". These were found together with " loamy material, lumps of clay and small rubble" embedded "in amongst the stones", likely representing the remains of the "thick earthen layer that would have topped the roof" ( McQuitty et al. 2020:104–105). No roof tiles were recovered. The stone rafters "appeared to have fallen directly downwards as opposed to sliding off the arch", and several limestone rafters showed evidence of burning. McQuitty et al. (2020:104–105) emphasize that the collapse "had all the appearance of being sudden rather than gradual" and conclude that it was "almost certainly the result of an earthquake", most plausibly associated with one of the mid-8th-century CE seismic events. The chronological range of the collapse is constrained by Late Byzantine to Early Islamic ceramics from Phase 2, sub-phase 3, and by 9th-century and later ceramics from Phase 4. Following the collapse, debris appears to have been systematically cleared "over a period of years if not decades", forming Phase 3 sub-phase 2, which contains redeposited and cleared material. Additional archaeoseismic indicators at Far V include "broken and collapsed stone lintels" ( McQuitty et al. 2020:227–228).

Comparable damage was identified at Far II in Phase 3, where one of the two arches supporting the roof of building G2004 collapsed. The "southwest corner (SG2116) of G2004 also collapsed" and destruction debris was recovered east of room G2004 in an area interpreted as an open courtyard ( McQuitty et al. 2020:74–77).

By Jefferson Williams