Batrawy IIb Earthquake
Nigro (2008:251–255) reported that damage to the Batrawy IIb
fortifications and buildings on the site show that a violent earthquake brought to a
sudden end the earliest city
. Archaeoseismic evidence was
identified along both the northern and southern city walls,
particulalrly in Area B North and Area B South. The earthquake
provoked almost the full collapse of the mudbrick
superstructure and seriously damaged the 2 m-high stone
foundations of the
Batrawy IIb [north] city-wall,
as evidenced by
the cracks and inner collapses detected in the
EB IIB city-wall
and city-gate in Area B North.
After seismic destruction,
Nigro (2025:526) reports that an
outer wall was constructed in addition to the damaged fortification wall,
identified as the Main Inner Wall (MIW)
in some publications.
Nigro and Sala (2009:377) reported that the
Early Bronze IIB
Broad Room Temple F1 also collapsed during the same earthquake, a
failure that may have been exacerbated by poor construction
practices. The original temple was erected directly over the
bedrock, by filling in a shallow depression under the approximate
centre of the building with virgin soil and small rock
fragments
(Nigro ed. 2008: 276–282, plan III).
Nigro and Sala (2009:377) further observed that the presence
of this depression weakened the central part of the structure,
which in fact collapsed during the tremendous
Batrāwī IIb EB IIB earthquake.
Nigro (2025:528) reports that the Palace of the Copper Axes
(Pillared Unit L.1750) aka the Eastern Pavilion in Area B South,
just south of the Main Inner Wall and City Gate L.160 — both part
of the northern fortifications — also collapsed during the same
earthquake, leaving a debris layer with ashes (F.1748/F.988) which
was sealed by a compact floor made of gray clay (F.1740/L.990)
,
a floor which presumably would have been built during reconstruction efforts.
Nigro (2025:522) estimated that the earthquake took place around
2700 BCE, placing it between Early Bronze IIB and Early Bronze IIIA,
as well as between site periods Batrawi IIb and Batrawi IIIa
(
Nigro 2025: Table 1). These dates are based primarily on ceramic
chronology and avoid discrepancies indicated by radiocarbon results
(
Nigro 2025:523 n.1).
Nigro (2008:87 n. 30) noted that centres of the
North-Central Jordan Valley
such as
Pella / Tell el-Ḥusn, Tell Abu Kharaz and Tell es-Saʿidiyeh […]
were apparently destroyed in the same period and by a similar
agent (Bourke 2000, 233–235)
.
Nigro (2008:87 n. 30) also pointed to similar destruction at:
- Megiddo –
Such a conflagration apparently caused by an
earthquake is attested to also at Megiddo (Finkelstein, Ussishkin
and Peersmann 2006, 49–50)
- ‘Ai (Callaway 1980, 147; 1993, 42)
- Jericho / Tell es-Sultan (Kenyon 1957, 175–176, pl. 37a; 1981,
373, pls. 200–201, 343a; Nigro 2006c, 359–361, 372–373)
- Khirbet ez-Zeraqon –
phase 3 (EB II) ends in a fierce
conflagration (Douglas 2007, 27–28), though it is not surely
ascribable to an earthquake