Sinibaldi (2014:75) suggests that a long, narrow structure interpreted as a donjon, originally constructed by the Crusaders, may have suffered seismic damage some time after one of Saladin’s assaults. This sequence provides a terminus post quem in the late 12th century CE for possible seismic damage. An examination of the supposed remanants of the donjon reveals no obvious archaeoseismic evidence.

"Front" of Karak showing Crusader donjon at bottom and Mamluk constructions at top - Click on image to open in a new tab - Photo by Jefferson Williams - 31 Jan. 2026