Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that Jerusalem’s Roman–Byzantine wall was abandoned in the late 10th or early 11th century and replaced by a new Early Islamic circuit. Scholars such as Weksler-Bdolah in Galor and Avni (2011:421-423) link this change to seismic damage, arguing that the older wall was likely damaged by the 1033 CE earthquake and that repairs and a new line of walls were erected afterward. Another piece of evidence comes from archaeological excavations summarized by Baruch, Avni, and Parnos in stern et al. (2008), who report that a stone collapse dated by ceramics to the end of the Early Islamic period (10th–11th centuries CE) was found near Herod’s Gate, possibly corresponding to destruction caused by the 1033 CE earthquake or the Crusader conquest when they breached the walls in 1099 CE.