Asutay-Effenberger and Weksler-Bdolah (2022) observe that the extensive use of spolia, particularly Hasmonean and Herodian ashlars, in the walls of Jerusalem may reflect both symbolic motives— a conscious re-use of stones from the city’s Jewish past—and pragmatic ones, given the likely abundance of rubble left after the 363 CE Cyril Quake. They cite textual evidence indicating that the Roman-Byzantine walls were constructed in the late fourth or early fifth century, subsequent to the 363 CE Cyril Quake.