Sultan IVc Destruction - MB III or LB I Open site page in a new tab



Evidence for the destruction of Jericho in Stratum IVc includes a roughly one-meter-thick colluvial layer composed of “streaks of black, brown, white and pinkish ash,” which Kenyon (1957:259–265) interpreted as a deposit that had been carried downslope from burnt buildings higher on the mound. How the city was destroyed, abandoned, and eroded remains uncertain, with proposals including plague, earthquake, fire, military attack, or a combination of these. According to Kennedy (2023:4–7), the mudbrick tops of the fortification walls collapsed, followed by intense burning and further collapses inside the city. After this destruction, a period of abandonment allowed erosion to deposit the burnt colluvial layer described by Kenyon. Above this layer, Kenyon (1957:259–265) found structural remains and a Late Bronze juglet, which Kenyon (1978:33–40) dated to the late 14th century BCE. Further support for a Late Bronze reoccupation comes from Bienkowski (1986), who—using published and unpublished material from Garstang’s 1930s excavations—proposed a ~1400 BCE date for a limited occupation associated with the so-called Middle Building. This reoccupation provides a ~1400 BCE terminus ante quem for the Stratum IVc destruction. Although the terminus ante quem is undisputed, the destruction date itself remains debated. Bienkowski (1986), Kenyon (1957), and most archaeologists date the destruction to ~1550 BCE. Biblical apologists argue otherwise. Wood (1990a), a biblical apologist and Young Earth Creationist, argued for a destruction around 1400 BCE, a date more compatible with certain biblical reconstructions. His arguments rely on ceramic typology, stratigraphy, scarab evidence, and appeals to biblical narratives. This was answered by Bienkowski (1990), prompting a rejoinder by Wood (1990b). More recently, Kennedy (2023) further analyzed the apologetic framework, again using ceramics, stratigraphy, and Egyptian scarabs to argue for a ~1400 BCE destruction date.

By Jefferson Williams