Sultan IVc Destruction - MB III or LB I
Evidence for the destruction of Jericho in Stratum IVc includes a
roughly one-meter-thick
colluvial layer
composed of “streaks of black,
brown, white and pinkish ash,” which
Kenyon (1957:259–265) interpreted as
a deposit that had been carried downslope from burnt buildings higher on the mound.
How the city was destroyed, abandoned, and eroded
remains uncertain, with proposals including plague, earthquake, fire,
military attack, or a combination of these.
According to
Kennedy (2023:4–7), the
mudbrick tops of the
fortification walls collapsed, followed by intense burning and
further collapses inside the city. After this destruction, a period of
abandonment allowed erosion to deposit the burnt colluvial layer described by
Kenyon. Above this layer,
Kenyon (1957:259–265) found structural
remains and a Late Bronze
juglet, which
Kenyon (1978:33–40) dated to the late 14th
century BCE.
Further support for a Late Bronze reoccupation comes from
Bienkowski (1986), who—using published and
unpublished material from Garstang’s 1930s excavations—proposed a ~1400 BCE
date for a limited occupation associated with the so-called
Middle Building. This
reoccupation provides a ~1400 BCE
terminus ante quem
for the Stratum IVc destruction. Although the terminus ante quem is undisputed,
the destruction date itself remains debated.
Bienkowski (1986),
Kenyon (1957), and most archaeologists date
the destruction to ~1550 BCE.
Biblical apologists argue otherwise.
Wood (1990a), a
biblical apologist and
Young Earth Creationist, argued for a destruction around 1400 BCE, a date more
compatible with certain
biblical reconstructions.
His arguments rely on
ceramic typology,
stratigraphy,
scarab evidence, and appeals to
biblical narratives.
This was answered by
Bienkowski (1990), prompting a rejoinder by
Wood (1990b). More recently,
Kennedy (2023) further analyzed the
apologetic framework, again using ceramics, stratigraphy, and Egyptian
scarabs to argue for a ~1400 BCE destruction date.