Transliterated Name | Language | Name |
---|---|---|
Damascus | English | |
Damascus | Latin | Damascus |
Damascus | Ancient Greek | Δαμασκός |
Dimašq | Modern Arabic | دمشق |
aš-Šām | Local Arabic colloquialism | الشَّام |
Madīnat al-Yāsmīn | Arabic | ܕمَدِينَةُ الْيَاسْمِينِ |
Darmswq | Classical Syriac | ܕܰܪܡܣܘܩ |
Dammaśq | Old Aramaic | דמשק |
Dammeśeq | Biblical Hebrew | דַּמֶּשֶׂק |
Damask | Modern Hebrew | דמשק |
T-m-ś-q | Ancient Egyptian (15th century BCE) | |
Imerišú | Akkadian | |
Dimasqa | Amarna letters - Akkadian | |
Dimàsqì | Amarna letters - Akkadian | |
Dimàsqa | Amarna letters - Akkadian |
Damascus resides in a basin east of the Anti-Lebanon range, at the foot of Mt. Qasiyun. Despite low annual rainfall, the plain is well watered by the Barada River allowing Damascus to exist as an oasis. Damascus has one of the longest periods of occupation (perhaps the longest period of occupation) of any city in the world. Due to its high urban density, very little excavation has been possible in Damascus (Stern et al, 1993). In 661 CE, the Umayyad Caliphate moved the capital to Damascus where it remained until 744 CE when Caliph Marwan II moved the capital to Harran. It was during the Umayyad period that the the Great Mosque of Damascus was built on the site of a Christian Basilica dedicated to John the Baptist. Construction was completed in 715 CE. When the Abbasid Caliphate supplanted the Umayyad Caliphate in 750 CE, the capital of the Caliphate moved to Baghdad.
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Wellhausen (1927:382-383) relates that in the summer of 746 CE (A.H. 128) during the 3rd Muslim Civil War, Marwan II ordered the walls of Hims, Jerusalem, Baalbek, Damascus, and other prominent Syrian cities razed to the ground. In Theophanes entry for A.M.a 6237, we can read in Mango and Scott (1997:587)'s translation (Turtledove's translation is available here):
[A.M. 6237, AD 744/5]...
- Constantine, 5th year
- Marouam, 2nd year
- Zacharias, 12th year
- Anastasios, 16th year
- Theophylaktos, 2nd year
At that time Marouam, after victoriously taking Emesa [aka Homs], killed all the relatives and freedmen of Isam. He also demolished the walls of Helioupolish [aka Baalbek] Damascus, and Jerusalem, put to death many powerful men, and maimed those remaining in the said cities.