Stratum IIB Destruction - Early Bronze III
Rast and Schaub (2003:346–349) report that the end of
Stratum IIB in Field XIV was marked by the collapse of a
section of retaining Wall 18 in Field XIV.6. This structural
failure was followed by “massive erosion” that led to the
“downslope transport and deposition of over one meter of
detrital sediment” across the lower areas. The collapse was
also associated with significant mud-brick wall tilting of up to
~45°. Although Stratum IIA succeeded Stratum IIB elsewhere
at the site, Field XIV was not reoccupied. As
Rast and Schaub (2003:346) emphasize, “In Field XIV.6
the damage was so thorough that no later attempts were made to
utilize this area.”
Field XIV was built on a steeply sloping surface where notable
differences in elevation between structural foundations required
the construction of retaining walls and terracing to mitigate
erosion and potential soil creep
(Rast and Schaub, 2003:341–342).
Rast and Schaub (2003:346–349) note that “the
collapsed structures in Field XIV raise the question whether an
earthquake may have caused these buildings to slump.”
Raphael and Agnon (2018:774) argue more
directly that the ~45° tilting of mud-brick walls in this area
was “probably caused by an earthquake.” While alternative
mechanisms such as soil creep, repeated seismic shocks, or a
torrential downpour cannot be entirely ruled out, the stratigraphic
evidence indicates a sudden slumping, collapse, and debris-flow
event, suggesting an earthquake as the most likely
trigger.
Dating based on ceramics places Stratum II in late EB III
(Rast and Schaub, 2003:356). EB III dates to
2650–2300 BCE according to
Meyers et al. (1997) and 2700–2200 BCE according to
Stern et al. (1993)
and Fall et al. (2023).
One radiocarbon sample (Beta-134014, charcoal) recovered from mud-brick debris
in Square 3 of Field XIV calibrated to 3240–3100 cal BCE (1σ) and
3400–2900 cal BCE (2σ), fitting EB II rather than EB III.