Early 2nd century CE Earthquake
Erickson-Gini, T. (2014) noted
"indirect evidence" of "substantial destruction in the early
2nd century CE in which residential structures from the
earliest phase of the Nabataean settlement east of the late
Roman residential quarter were demolished and used as a source
of building stone for later structures," while pointing out
that destruction from the same earthquake is "well attested"
at nearby Horvat Hazaza, `En Rahel in the Arava, Mampsis, and along the Petra to
Gaza road at Mezad Mahmal, Sha'ar Ramon, Mezad Neqarot and
Moyat `Awad.
Erickson-Gini and Israel (2013) also noted
evidence for the same earthquake "at other sites along the
Incense Road at Nahal Neqarot, Sha'ar Ramon, and particularly
at the head of the Mahmal Pass where an Early Roman Nabataean
structure collapsed (Korjenkov and Erickson-Gini 2003;
Erickson-Gini 2011)." They added that "there is ample evidence
of the immediate reconstruction of buildings at Moyat ‘Awad,
Sha'ar Ramon, and Horvat Dafit" but not at "the Mahmal and
Neqarot sites."
At Moyat ‘Awad,
Erickson-Gini and Israel (2013) wrote that
"the Early Roman phase of occupation in the site ended with
extensive damage caused by an earthquake that took place
shortly before the Roman annexation of the region in 106 CE
(Korjenkov and Erickson-Gini 2003)." They noted that kiln works
and the building in Area C were destroyed, cave dwellings were
apparently abandoned, and "reconstruction was required in parts
of the fort." During this reconstruction, "deposition from its
floors was removed and thrown outside," and a new bath and
heating system were constructed inside the fort. Along the
eastern exterior and lower slope of the fort, rooms were added.
Thus, noted
Erickson-Gini and Israel (2013), "the great
majority of the finds from inside the fort and its ancillary
rooms date to the latest phase of its occupation in the Late
Roman, post-annexation phase," and the latest coins date to
the reign of
Elagabalus
(r. 219–222 CE).