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Geographicum by Strabo

Background and Biography
Biography - Posidonius

Biography - Strabo

Excerpts

Strabo (~ 64 BCE – ~ 24 CE), in his book Geographicum, possibly using Posidonius (~135 BCE – ~ 51 BCE) as his source (Kidd,1988:40), reports sea wave flooding between Tyre and Acre (aka Ptolemais). Although he does not specifically cite an earthquake as the cause of the sea wave, he speculates that ground movement may have caused the sea wave comparing this event to another possible earthquake and tsunami reported in ~20 BC near Mount Casius (aka Cassium) in Egypt.
English from Jones and Sterrett (1916)

A marvellous occurrence of a very rare kind is reported as having taken place on this shore between Tyre and Ptolemaïs: at the time when the Ptolemaeans, after joining battle the Sarpedon the general, were left in this place, after a brilliant rout had taken place, a wave from the sea, like a flood-tide, submerged the fugitives; and some were carried off into the sea and destroyed, whereas others were left dead in the hollow places; and then, succeeding this wave, the ebb uncovered the shore again and disclosed the bodies of men lying promiscuously among dead fish. Like occurrences take place in the neighborhood of the Mt. Casius situated near Aegypt, where the land undergoes a single quick convulsion, and makes a sudden change to a higher or lower level, the result being that, whereas the elevated part repels the sea and the sunken part receives it, yet, the land makes a reverse change and the site resumes its old position again, a complete interchange of levels sometimes having taken place and sometimes not. Perhaps such disturbances are subject to periodic principles unknown to us, as is also should be the case of the overflows of the Nile, which prove to be variant but follow some unknown order.

Greek from Jones and Sterrett (1916)

῾ιστορεῖται δὲ παράδοξον πάθος τῶν πάνυ σπανίων κατὰ τὸν αἰγιαλὸν τοῦτον τὸν μεταξὺ τῆς τε Τύρου καὶ τῆς Πτολεμαΐδος. καθ᾽ ὃν γὰρ καιρὸν οἱ Πτολεμαεῖς μάχην συνάψαντες πρὸς Σαρπηδόνα τὸν στρατηγὸν ἐλείφθησαν ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τούτῳ τροπῆς γενομένης λαμπρᾶς, ἐπέκλυσεν ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους κῦμα τοὺς φεύγοντας ὅμοιον πλημμυρίδι, καὶ τοὺς μὲν εἰς τὸ πέλαγος ἀπήρπασε καὶ διέφθειρεν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐν τοῖς κοίλοις τόποις ἔμειναν νεκροί: διαδεξαμένη δὲ ἡ ἄμπωτις πάλιν ἀνεκάλυψε καὶ ἔδειξε τὰ σώματα τῶν κειμένων ἀναμὶξ ἐν νεκροῖς ἰχθύσι. τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ περὶ τὸ Κάσιον συμβαίνει τὸ πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ, σπασμῷ τινι ὀξεῖ καὶ ἁπλῷ περιπιπτούσης τῆς γῆς καὶ εἰς ἑκάτερον μεταβαλλομένης ἅπαξ, ὥστε τὸ μὲν μετεωρισθὲν αὐτῆς μέρος ἐπαγαγεῖν τὴν θάλατταν, τὸ δὲ συνιζῆσαν δέξασθαι, τραπομένης δὲ τὴν ἀρχαίαν πάλιν ἕδραν ἀπολαβεῖν τὸν τόπον, τοτὲ μὲν οὖν καὶ ἐξαλλάξεώς τινος γενομένης τοτὲ δ᾽ οὔ, τάχα καὶ περιόδοις τισὶν ἐνδεδεμένων τῶν τοιούτων παθῶν ἀδήλοις ἡμῖν, καθάπερ τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ τὸν Νεῖλον ἀναβάσεων λέγεται διαφόρων γινομένων, ἄδηλον δὲ τὴν τάξιν ἐχουσῶν.

Chronology

If there was an earthquake, there is some uncertainty about its date. According to Ambraseys (2009), it could have occurred between 138 BCE and 125 BCE. According to Karcz (2004), it likely struck between 145/144 BCE and in 138/137 BCE. Karcz (2004) added that if the Dead Fish and Soldiers Quake and the Seventeenth of Adar Quake are the same event, this event would likely have occurred in 143/142 BCE - a date which coincides with archaeoseismic evidence at Tel Ateret.

Seismic Effects
  • a wave from the sea, like a flood-tide, submerged the fugitives
  • then, succeeding this wave, the ebb uncovered the shore again and disclosed the bodies of men lying promiscuously among dead fish.
  • Like occurrences take place in the neighborhood of the Mt. Casius situated near Aegypt, where the land undergoes a single quick convulsion
Locations
  • on this shore between Tyre and Ptolemaïs (Acre)
Online Versions and Further Reading
References

Strabo

Posidonius

Notes
Comments by Ambraseys (2009) and Ben-Menahem (1991)

Ambraseys (2009) notes that an earthquake was not specifically mentioned adding that assuming that such a large event in fact occurred, it should have caused havoc in the coastal area of southern Lebanon and Palestine, for which there is not a hint in the sources. However, In quoting Strabo, Ambraseys (2009) neglected to include Strabo’s ground movement and tsunami-like speculations. Ben-Menahem (1991) assigned a Local Magnitude of 7.0 and a Maximum Local Intensity of X to this supposed earthquake also stating that there was partial subsidence of Sur Island and that earthquake shaking was strong in Cyprus. Although Ben-Menahem (1991) cites Strabo as his source, Strabo does not mention strong earthquake shaking in Cyprus and merely speculates about the possibility of uplift followed by subsidence with no permanent change in elevation in the vicinity of Sur Island. These observations are interpretations by Ben-Menahem (1991) .