Names
Transliterated Name |
Source |
Name |
Beirut |
English |
|
Bayrūt |
Arabic |
بيروت |
Beyrouth |
French |
|
Bērytós |
Greek |
Βηρυτός |
Berytus |
Latin |
|
Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus |
Latin |
|
Barut |
French (Crusaders) |
|
Baruth |
French (Crusaders) |
|
bēʾrūt |
Phoenician |
|
Biruta |
Akkadian cuneiform - Amarna letters |
|
Introduction
Beirut has a long history of occupation starting in prehistorical times. During the Byzantine period, Beirut was known as Berytus where it was
renowned in the Roman world as a commercial center but most especially for its school of law,
which flourished from the third to the sixth centuries CE.
(
Issam Ali Khalifeh in Meyers, 1997).
The
Beirut Quake of 551 CE apparently caused the city to shrink in size.
Archaeological excavations in the port area of Beirut where the old Roman/Byzantine city was located have been limited.
Maps and Plans
Chronology
551 CE tsunami
Marriner et al (2008)
reported on 20 cores taken in Beirut's buried ancient harbor; none of which contained
apparent tsunamites. However, the tsunami may have left evidence in other parts of the city. Some of their discussion regarding
tsunamogenic evidence is discussed below:
Excavations undertaken in Beirut's harbour by Curvers et al.
have revealed the presence of tree branches and considerable amounts of unabraded Roman pottery
and rubble in 6-7th century AD layers (Curvers, personal communication). Surveys in the Ottoman
harbour have unearthed harbour muds and silts which lie unconformably above sea-scoured bedrock
(Curvers and Stuart, 2004). These have been attributed to tsunami action and indirectly infer
considerable damage to the city's seaport infrastructure. This archaeological evidence, coupled
with the stratigraphic data, support major changes in the port's configuration at this time.
At no point during the Islamic and medieval periods do we record such a well-protected harbour.
In light of this, there appears to be a clear link between the retraction of the Byzantine Empire
to its Anatolian core and the catastrophic destruction of many parts of Beirut, including its
harbour area, during the 551 AD earthquake and tsunami.
...
Although sedimentary traces of the tsunami impacts are not observed in the cores, recent excavations suggest
that the ancient sources did not exaggerate in their description of the archaeological destruction caused by
the event (Curvers and Stuart, 2004). New research has yielded closely dated stratigraphic sequences at a
number of dig sites that unequivocally corroborate the widespread earthquake damage
(Elayi and Sayegh, 2000; Curvers and Stuart, in press). In the aftermath, Beirut underwent altering
patterns of trade, production and consumption. The archaeology also shows that many parts of the city
were left in partial ruin or even abandoned, with limited evidence for reconstruction.
Mikati and Perring (2006) present a model of 'continuity' but degradation of urban infrastructure
at post-earthquake Beirut. Dating of raised shorelines north of Beirut confirms uplift of 50-80 cm (Morhange et al., 2006).
Tsunamogenic Effects
551 CE tsunami
presence of tree branches and considerable amounts of unabraded Roman pottery
and rubble in 6-7th century AD layers (Curvers, personal communication).
Surveys in the Ottoman
harbour have unearthed harbour muds and silts which lie unconformably above sea-scoured bedrock
(Curvers and Stuart, 2004).
Notes and Further Reading