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Other References

  • Van der Velde (1854) Volume 1 and Van der Velde (1854) Volume 2 discuss the 1837 CE Safed Quake while sometimes referencing Thomson (1861) and seemingly add nothing new.

  • Ambraseys (1997:935) wrote it is said that waves flooded the coast of Lake Tiberias but it is not clear whether this happened before, during, or after the earthquake (Shkelov, 1837; Kerhardene, 1859).

    • Shkelov (1837): In Letters from Eretz-Israel, edited by A. YARI, 357-363, 1971.
    • Kerhardene, G. De (1859): Voyage en orient, France Litter. and Artist., 3, 667-690. - Voyage to the Orient has been published in multiple versions including as The Women of Cairo Volume 1 and The Women of Cairo Volume 2. I could not find any reference to flooding in Lake Tiberias in either of these last two references after a cursory search.

  • Zohar (2017) reports that reports of damage in Tiberias are described by aid delegations sent to the city from Jerusalem.

    • Calman, S.E., 1837. Description of part of the scene of the late great earthquake in Syria. London: Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields.
    • Nee’man, A., 1837. Arieh Nee’man’s letter from Safed to Amsterdam about the earthquake in Safed. In: A. Ya’ari, ed. Letters of Eretz Israel. Tel-Aviv: Gazit, 363–367.

Online Versions and Further Reading
References

Van der Velde (1854) NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY THROUGH SYRIA AND PALESTINE IN 1851 AND 1852 Volume 1

Van der Velde (1854) NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY THROUGH SYRIA AND PALESTINE IN 1851 AND 1852 Volume 2

Zohar (2017)

Abbasi, M., 2006. The Tabri family and leadership of the Arab community of Tiberias during late Ottoman and British Mandate periods. Cathedra, 120, 183–200.

Avi-Yonah, M., 1951. Historical geography of Eretz Israel. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.

Avi-Yonah, M., 1980. In the days of Rome and Byzantium. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.

Avissar, O., 1973. The book of Tiberias. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd.

Ben-Arieh, Y., 1997. Painting the Holy Land in the nineteenth century. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Publications.

Ben-Arieh, Y., 2001. The view of Eretz Israel as reflected in biblical painting of the 19th century. In: R. Aharonson and H. Lavsky, eds. A land reflected in its past. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magnes Press and Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Press, 255–279.

Ben-Yaakov, M., 2001. The immigration and settlement of North African Jews in nineteenth century Eretz-Israel. Thesis (PhD). The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Ben-Zvi, I., 1954. Eretz-Israel under Ottoman rule. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.

Bnayahu, M., 1946. Rabbi Yaa’kov Birav - Zimrat Haa’retz. 5th ed. Jerusalem: Mekorot-Eretz Israel.

Buckingham, J.S., 1822. Travels in Palestine through the countries of Bashan and Gilead. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.

Burckhardt, L.J., 1822. Travels in Syria and the Holy Land. London: J. Murray.

Calman, S.E., 1837. Description of part of the scene of the late great earthquake in Syria. London: Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields.

Carne, J., 1826. Letters from the East. London: H. Colburn.

Clarke, E.D., 1810–1823. Travels in various countries of Europe, Asia and Africa. London: Printed for T. Cadell and W. Davies.

Davie, F.M. and Frumin, M., 2007. Late 18th century Russian Navy maps and the first 3D visualization of the walled city of Beirut. E-Perimetron, 2 (2), 52–65. de Aveiro, P., 1927. Itinerario da Terra Sancta, e Suas Particula

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Horne, T.H., 1836. Landscape illustrations of the bible: consisting of views of the most remarkable places mentioned in the old and new testaments. London: J. Murray.

Irby, C.L. and Mangles, J., 1823. Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and Asia Minor during the years 1817 & 1818. London: T. White and Co.

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Light, H., 1818. Travels in Egypt, Nubia, Holy Land, Mount Lebanon and Cyprus in the year 1814. London: Printed for Rodwell and Martin.

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Mariti, G., 1791. Travels through Cyprus, Syria, and Palestine. London: G. J. and J. Robinson.

Mendel, M., 1839. The book of ‘Korot HaI’tim of Yeshuron’ in Eretz Israel. Jerusalem: Anshine M., 1930.

Nee’man, A., 1837. Arieh Nee’man’s letter from Safed to Amsterdam about the earthquake in Safed. In: A. Ya’ari, ed. Letters of Eretz Israel. Tel-Aviv: Gazit, 363–367.

Nir, Y., 1985. The beginnings of photography in the Holy Land. Cathedra, 38, 67–80.

Olin, S., 1844. Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petra, and the Holy Land. New York: Harper & Brothers.

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Pueckler-Muskau, H.L.H.F., 1844. Aus Mehemed Ali’s Reich. Stuttgart: Hallberger.

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Robinson, E. and Smith, E., 1841. Biblical researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea. A journal of travels in the year 1838. London: J. Murray.

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Scholz, J.M.A., 1822. Travels in the countries between Alexandria and Paretonium, the Lebian Desert, Siwa, Egypt, Palestine, and Syria, in 1821. London: Sir Richard Philips & Co.

Schur, A.A., 2002. Letters from 1833 of ‘Hasidey Carlyne’ in Tiberias. Beit Aharon and Israel Corpus, 17 (4), 247–255.

Schur, N., 1987. Tiberias description in 1831. Ariel, 53–54, 62–66.

Schur, N., 1988. The population of Tiberias during the Ottoman period. Mituv Tveria, 6, 11–15.

Seetzen, M., 1810. A brief account of the countries adjoining the lake of Tiberias, the Jordan and the Dead Sea. London: Meyler and Son, Abbey-Church-Yard.

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Spilsbury, F.B., 1823. Picturesque scenery in the Holy Land and Syria, delineated during the campaigns of 1799 and 1800. London: Howlett and Brimmer.

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Thomson, W.M., 1837. Syria and the Holy Land. Journal of Mr. W. M. Thomson on a visit to Safet and Tiberias. Missionary Herald, 33 (11), 433–447.

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Ya’ari, A., 1976. Journies of Eretz Israel. Ramat Gan: Massada.

Zohar, M., Salamon, A., and Rubin, R., 2013. Damage patterns of past earthquakes in Israel – preliminary evaluation of historical sources. Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel.

Ambraseys (2009)

[1] PRO FO 78.316 (Beirut: Moore to Palmerstone) 2.1.1837, 9.1.1837, 2.3.1837 (enclosures 2 and 5 to Palmerstone), 17.1.1837 (Aleppo: Werry to Palmerstone); 17.1.1837 (Aleppo: Werry to Bidwell) and 1.2.1837 (Aleppo: Werry to Ponsonby).

[2] PRO FO 78.315 (Damascus: Farrer to Palmerstone) 25.1.1837, 20.3.1837, 24.5.1837 and enclosures that are not dated.

[3] Archives Dipl. Nantes (Turq.) Corr. Cons. (Damas) 15.1.1837 and 22.2.1837; and (Beyrouth) 28.1.1837.

[4] Archives Dept. des Bouches du Rhone (Marseille) 200.33.

[5] Archives Societe de Geographie, Paris, Corr. 1649 (Beyrouth: Joselle to H. Joselle) 15.1.1837; (Beyrouth: Guys to H. Joselle) 17.1.1837.

[6] Archives Abdin Palace, Cairo, Corr. 1252, vol. 254, no. 403 (Ibrahim Pasa to Sami Beg) 10.3.1837 (2.12.1252); also extracts in Rustum (1942).

PATH no. 418, 1837.
PCB vol. 12.305.1837 and vol. 13.150.1838.
PEMS 15.2.1837 and 20.5.1837.
PJS 21.1.1837.
PMR no. 11, 322-341, 1843.
PNH vol. 2, no. 9, 134-135, 1835.

Ambraseys (1997)

Unpublished Sources

  • Ml PRO: Public Record Office, Kew. F0.78.316 (Beirut: Moore to Palmerstone) 2.1.1837; 9.1.1837; 2.3.1837 (enclosures 2 and 5 to Palmerston); (Aleppo: Werry to Palmerstone) 17.1.1837; (Aleppo: Werry to Bidwell) 17.1.1837; (Aleppo: Werry to Ponsonby) 1.2.1837.

  • M2 F0.78.315 (Damascus: Farrer to Palmerstone) 25.1.1837, 20.3.1837, 24.5.1837 and enclosures not dated.

  • M3 Archives Dipl. Nantes (Turq.) Con Cons. (Damas) 15.1.1837, 22.2.1837; (Beyrouth) 28.1.1837.

  • M4 Archives Dep. des Bouches du Rhone (Marseille) 200.33.

  • M5 Archives Societe de Geographic, Paris, Con. 1649 (Beyrouth: Joselle to H. JoseIle) 15.1.1837; (Beyrouth: Guys to H. JoseIle) 17.1.1837.

  • M6 Archives: Abdin Palace, Cairo, Con. 1252, vol. 254, # 403 (Ibrahim Pasa to Sami Beg) 10.3.1837 (2.12.1252) also in Rustum 1942.

Press Reports
  • P1 Athena, No. 418, 420, 1837, Athens.
  • P2 Correspondenzblatt, vol. 12.305.1837; vol. 13.150.1838, Stutt.
  • P3 L'echo du monde savant: 15.2.1837; 20.5.1837, Paris.
  • P4 Journal de Smyrne, 21, 25, 27.1, 3.2 1837, Smyrna.
  • P5 Das Morgenland, No. 11, pp. 322-341, 1843.
  • P6 Natur and Heilkunde, vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 134-135, 1837, Weimar.
Published Works - partial
  • ANONYMOUS (1843): Das Erdbeben in GallIda, Das Morgenland, No. 11, 320-343.

  • ARVANITAKIS, G.L. (1903): Contribution for the study of earthquakes in Syria and Palaestine, in Himerologion Hierosolymon, 158-191, Jerusalem (in Greek), summary in Bull. Inst. Egypte, ser. 4, 4, 178-183, Cairo.

  • BELDAM, J. (1851): Recollections of scenes in Italy and the East, ii.173-185, London

  • BERTOU, J. DE (1843): Essai sur la Topographie de Tyr, p. 8, Paris.

  • BLONDEL, E. (1843): Deux Ans en Syrie et en Palestine 1838-1839, pp. 108, 200-202, Paris.

  • CALMAN, S.E. (1837): Description of Part of the Scene of the Late Great Earthquake in Syria, London.

  • COLLA, A. (1837): Terremoti sentiti in diversi punti del globo, Bibl. Ital., 92, p. 268.

  • ENLART, C. (1925): Les Monuments des Croises dans le Royaume de Jerusalem, p. 94, Paris.

  • FRANICL, L.A. (1858): Nach Jerusalem, ii.362, Leipzig Mimi-, P.M. (1847): Die Riickkehr, ii.162-165, Berlin.

  • GUERIN, V. (1880): Description de la Palestine, Galilee, 2 vols., Paris.

  • ITALIANDER, R. (1970): H. Barth, Er schloss uns einem Weltteil auf, Hamburg.

  • JENNER, TH. (1873): Goodly Mountain and Lebanon, p. 198, London.

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  • KALLNER-AMIRAN, D. (1951): Revised earthquake catalogue of Palestine, Isr. Explor. J., 1, 231.

  • KERHARDENE, G. DE (1859): Voyage en orient, France Litter. and Artist., 3, 667-690.

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  • LIEBETRUT, F. (1854): Reise nach dem Morgenlande, vol. 1, 188-189, Berlin.

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  • MALLET, R. (1854): On the facts of earthquake phaenomena, Br. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Rep., p. 263.

  • MERYON, C.L. (1845): Memoirs of the Lady Hester Stanhope, i.260-303, London.

  • MITFORD, E.L. (1884): A Land March from England to Ceylon Forty Years Ago, vol. i.209, 224.

  • MONTEFIORI, J. (1844): Notes from a Private Journal, 228-257, London.

  • MOORE, M. (1837): (no title) J. R. Geogr. Soc., 7, 100-102, and Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 2, p. 540.

  • NEMAN, A. (1971): in Letters from Eretz-Israel (1837), edited by A. YARI, 363-367.

  • OLIM, S. (1843): Travels in Egypt, Arabia Petrea and the Holy Land.

  • PAXTON, J.D. (1839): Letters from Palestine, 205-206, London.

  • PFEIFFER, I. (1856): Reise einen wienerin im heilige Land, 12-16, Vienna.

  • PRUTZ, H. (1876): Aus Phoenizien, p. 133, Leipzig.

  • ROBINSON, E. (1856): Biblical Researches in Palestine, ii.229, 334, 346, 350, 370, 380, 422-424, 445, 465, 479, 466, 529-531, iii.370, London.

  • RUSSEGGER, J. (1847): Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, iii.127, Stuttgart.

  • RUSTUM, A.J. (1923): Syria under Mehmet Ali, Doct. Disert., Univ. Chicago.

  • RUSTUM, A.J. (1942): A Calendar of State Papers from the Royal Archives of Egypt Relating to the Affairs of Syria, vol. 3 (1251-1254 a.H.; 1835-1839 AD.); 208-211, Beirut.

  • SAULCY, F. DE (1854): Narrative of a Journey Round the Dead Sea and in the Bible Lands in 1850 and 1851, vol. 1.38, vol. 2.449, 453, 487.

  • SAULCY, L.F. DE (1955): Carnets de Voyage en Orient, p. 117, Paris.

  • SCHUBERT, G.H. VON (1840): Reise nach dem Morgenlande, vol. 3, p. 168, 222, Erlangen.

  • SHKELOV (1837): In Letters from Eretz-Israel, edited by A. YARI, 357-363, 1971.

  • THOMSON, W. (1837): A journal on a visit to Safet and Tiberias, The Mission. Herald, vol. 33, 433-443.

  • THOMSON, W. (1959): The Land and the Book, i.420-436, ii.70,76, London.

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  • TRISTRAM, H. (1874): The Land of Moab, p. 135, London

  • VERED, M. and H. STRIEM (1977): A macroseismic study and the implications of structural damage of two recent major earthquakes in the Jordan Rift, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 67, 1607-1613.

  • VISSESO, J.N. (1840): Meine Wanderung nach Palastina, p. 249, Passau.

  • WACHS, D. and D. LEVETTE (1981): Earthquake-induced landslides in the Galilee, Isr. J. Earth-Sci., 30, 39-43.

  • WAGHORN, M. (1837): Syria, Asiatic. J., 24, p. 175.

Amiran et al (1994)

  • 4 D. Wachs and D. Levitte (Earthquake-Induced Landslides in the Galilee, Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 30 [1981], pp. 39-43) draw attention to the need for actual evidence in mapping earthquake damage. An analysis of the two major earthquakes of I January 1837 and 11 July 1927 produced evidence of very light or even no damage at places not far from severely affected areas. This indicates that local ground conditions play a decisive role in determining the degree of damage.

  • 14 N. Shalem: Seismic Tidal Waves (Tsunamis) in the Eastern Mediterranean, BIES 20 (1956), pp. 159-170, ref. p. 168 (Hebrew), according to talmudic sources.

  • 42 E. Robinson: Biblical Researches in Palestine and in the Adjacent Regions, A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, Boston, 1841, II, p. 38.

  • 48 N.N. Ambraseys: Data for the Investigation of the Seismic Sea-Waves in the Eastern Mediterranean, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 52 (1962), pp. 895-913.

  • 68 E. Robinson: Physical Geography of the Holy Land (German ed.), Leipzig, 1865, p. 325.

  • 84 Robinson (above, n. 42), 11, pp. 229-230, travelling on 10 May 1838 along the south-western shore of the Dead Sea, found small pieces of asphalt. He was told by his Arab guides that large pieces of asphalt floated on the lake after both the earthquakes of 1834 and 1837. In the latter case the block was so large that 70 men were required to break it up for sale. M.G. Ionides (Report on the Water Resources of Transjordan and their Development, Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, 1939, pp. 122-123, P1. 44) reproduces an undated photograph of a block of bitumen, its volume estimated as 150 cu.m., floating on the Dead Sea, probably the effect of the earthquake of July 1927.

  • 86 Y. Rotstein and E. Arieh: Tectonic Implications of Recent Microearthquake Data from Israel and Adjacent Areas, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 78 (1986), pp. 237-244.

  • 87 M. Vered and H.L. Striem: A Macroseismic Study and the Implications of Structural Damage of Two Recent Major Earthquakes in the Jordan Rift, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 67 (1977), pp. 1607-1613, contains the attempt of an isoseismic map, p. 1610.

  • 88 Robinson (above, n. 42), Ill, pp. 204, 209, 237, 254-256, 259, 321-324, 367, 369, 399-401, 419; 2nd ed., 1860, II, pp. 529-531, n. XLI.

  • 89 Particulars of victims and damage by districts are contained in the official report by Soliman Pasha, governor of Sidon, reproduced by U. Ben-Horin: An Official Report on the Earthquake of 1837, IEJ 2 (1952), pp. 63-65.

  • 90 Moore, extract from a letter published in Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 7 (1837), p. 101.

  • 91 Wachs and Levitte (above, n. 4) assume that the particularly severe damage at el-Jish, Ein Zeitun, Safed and er-Reina is due to landslides caused by the earthquake in the unstable chalk of the Senonian Ein Zeitim formation and the Kabri marl. This applies in particular to Safed, a large part of which is built on a rather steep slope consisting of Senonian chalk, which offers poor resistance in the case of a severe earthquake.

  • 92 A. Musil: Arabia Petraea, II, Moab, Vienna, 1907, ref. p. 172, n. 8. As for the ford, cf. C.L. Irby and J. Mangles: Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and Asia Minor during the Years 1817 and 1818, London, 1823, ref. p. 454.